Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ... Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ... Among the hundreds of endocrine diseases (or endocrinological diseases) are: Adrenal disorders: Adrenal insufficiency Addisons disease Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) Mineralocorticoid deficiency Conns syndrome Cushings syndrome Pheochromocytoma Adrenocortical carcinoma Glucose homeostasis disorders: Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia Idiopathic hypoglycemia Insulinoma Metabolic bone disease: Osteoporosis Osteitis deformans (Pagets... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Cretinism (most likely from the Latin Christiānum, Christian) is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism). ... Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) is a condition of thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. ... A goitre (or goiter) (Latin struma), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below Adams apple or larynx) due to an enlarged thyroid gland. ... Hyperthyroidism (or overactive thyroid gland) is the clinical syndrome caused by an excess of circulating free thyroxine (T4) or free triiodothyronine (T3), or both. ... Graves disease is a thyroid disorder characterized by goiter, exophthalmos, orange-peel skin, and hyperthyroidism. ... Toxic multinodular goitre (also known as toxic nodular goitre, toxic nodular struma) is a form of hyperthyroidism - where there is excess production of thyroid hormones. ... A teratoma is a type of neoplasm (specifically, a tumor). ... A teratoma is a type of tumor that derives from pluripotent germ cells. ... de Quervains thyroiditis, is also known as subacute granulomatous thyroiditis or subacute thyroiditis; usually occurs in women between 30 and 50 years of age. ... This disease was discovered by Mr. ... The pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine system (of vertebrates[2]). It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ... Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, Type I diabetes, T1D, IDDM) is a form of diabetes mellitus. ... See diabetes mellitus for further general information on diabetes. ... Diabetic coma is a medical emergency in which a person with diabetes mellitus is comatose (unconscious) because of one of three acute complications of diabetes: Severe diabetic hypoglycemia Advanced diabetic ketoacidosis advanced enough to result in unconsciousness from a combination of severe hyperglycemia, dehydration and shock, and exhaustion Hyperosmolar nonketotic... Angiopathy is a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. ... Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication in patients with untreated diabetes mellitus (chronic high blood sugar or hyperglycemia). ... Photomicrography of nodular glomerulosclerosis in Kimmelstein-Wilson syndrome. ... Diabetic neuropathies are neuropathic disorders that are associated with diabetes mellitus. ... Hypoglycemia (hypoglycæmia in the UK) is a medical term referring to a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. ... Hyperinsulism or hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which the bodys cells do not respond properly to insulin, the hormone that functions to control blood sugar levels. ... Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a disorder where increased levels of the hormone gastrin are produced, causing the stomach to produce excess hydrochloric acid. ... The four human parathyroid glands are adjacent to the thyroid. ... In medicine (endocrinology), hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands, leading to decreased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). ... Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition that mimics hypoparathyroidism, but is due to a resistance to parathyroid hormone, rather than a lack of the hormone (akin to the distinction between Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. ... Hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). ... Primary hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium levels) through the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), usually by an adenoma (benign tumors) of the parathyroid glands. ... Secondary hyperparathyroidism refers to the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and associated hypertrophy of the glands. ... Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a state of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) after a long period of secondary hyperparathyroidism and resulting in hypercalcemia. ... The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (pituitary fossa) covered by a dural fold (sellar diaphragm) at the base of the brain. ... Acromegaly (from Greek akros high and megas large - extremities enlargement) is a hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (hGH). ... Prolactin is a hormone secreted by lactotropes in the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) which is made up of 199 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 23,000 daltons. ... The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a condition commonly found in the hospital population, especially in patients being hospitalized for central nervous system (CNS) injury. ... Hypopituitarism is a medical term describing deficiency (hypo) of one or more hormones of the pituitary gland. ... Sheehan syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism or postpartum pituitary necrosis, is hypopituitarism (decreased functioning of the pituitary gland), caused by necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth. ... Kallmann syndrome is an example of hypogonadism (decreased functioning of the sex hormone-producing glands) caused by a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is created by the hypothalamus. ... Simmonds disease (also Simmonds syndrome) refers to panhypopituitarism caused by the destruction of the pituitary gland due to infiltrative processes (e. ... Growth hormone deficiency is the medical condition of inadequate production of growth hormone (GH) and its effects on children and adults. ... Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. ... Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction is a term to describe a nonorganic relative inactivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system of the hypothalamus and its dependent pituitary gonadotrophs that normally produce follicle stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH. The condition occurs during the reproductive years and leads to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. ... In mammals, the adrenal gland (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad, near or at + renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Pseudo-Cushings syndrome is a medical condition in which patients display the signs, symptoms, and abnormal hormone levels seen in Cushings syndrome. ... Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. ... Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, in all its forms, accounts for about 95% of diagnosed cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and CAH in most contexts refers to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. ... Conns syndrome is overproduction of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands. ... Bartter syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by low potassium levels (hypokalemia), decreased acidity of blood (alkalosis), and normal to low blood pressure. ... In medicine, adrenal insufficiency (or hypocortisolism) is the inability of the adrenal gland to produce adequate amounts of cortisol in response to stress. ... Addisons disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism) is a rare endocrine disorder in which the body produces insufficient amounts of adrenal steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). ... In medicine (endocrinology), hypoaldosteronism refers to decreased levels of the hormone aldosterone. ... The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. ... Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, also known clinically as Stein-Leventhal syndrome), is an endocrine disorder that affects 4%–7% of women. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Guevedoche. ... Hypogonadism is a medical term for a defect of the reproductive system which results in lack of function of the gonads (ovaries or testes). ... Puberty is described as delayed when a boy or girl has passed the usual age of onset of puberty with no physical or hormonal signs that it is beginning. ... Precocious puberty means early puberty. ... In medicine, autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes are a heterogenous group of rare diseases characterised by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organs, although non-endocrine organs can be affected. ... Carcinoid syndrome refers to the array of symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumors. ... Laron syndrome is a disorder characterized by an insensitivity to growth hormone, caused by a variant of the growth hormone receptor. ... Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) (or multiple endocrine adenomas, or multiple endocrine adenomatosis -- MEA) consists of three syndromes featuring tumors of endocrine glands, each with its own characteristic pattern. ... Psychogenic dwarfism, Psychosocial dwarfism or Stress dwarfism is a growth disorder that is observed between the ages of 2 and 15, caused by extreme emotional deprivation or stress. ... Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS, or Androgen resistance syndrome) is a set of disorders of sexual differentiation that results from mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor. ... The term Progeria narrowly refers to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome, but the term is also used more generally to describe any of the so-called accelerated aging diseases. The word progeria is derived from the Greek for prematurely old. Because the accelerated aging diseases display different aspects of aging, but... Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ... // A human eye. ... An eyelid is a thin fold of skin and muscle that covers and protects an eye. ... Tears are a liquid produced by the bodys process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. ... In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. ... A stye or hordeolum {IPA|/ˌhoɹˈdi. ... A chalazion, also known as a Meibomian gland lipogranuloma, is a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of the meibomian gland, usually on the upper eyelid. ... Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids. ... Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward. ... Ectropion is a condition of loose eyelids. ... Lagophthalmos describes difficulty in complete closure of the eyelid over the eyeball. ... Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue. ... In ophthalmology, ptosis is an abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eyelid. ... Xanthelasma (or xanthelasma palpebrarum) are sharply demarcated yellowish collections of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually around the eyes. ... Trichiasis is a medical term for ingrown eyelashes. ... Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands). ... Epiphora is excessive tear production, usually a result from an irritation of the eye. ... Exophthalmos (or proptosis) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. ... Enophthalmos is recession of the eyeball within the orbit. ... The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. ... A pterygium, meaning wing, is a benign growth of the conjunctiva. ... A Pinguecula is a type of conjunctival degeneration in the eye. ... A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a common and relatively minor post-LASIK complication. ... Schematic diagram of the human eye. ... The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eyes optical power [1]. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light and, as a result, helps the eye to focus. ... Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. ... A corneal ulcer is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. ... For other meanings see Snowblind. ... Thygesons superficial punctate keratopathy (TSPK) is a disease of the eyes. ... Fuchs dystrophy is a slowly progressing corneal disease that usually affects both eyes and is slightly more common in women than in men. ... Keratoconus (from Greek: kerato- horn, cornea; and konos cone), is a degenerative non-inflammatory disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than its normal gradual curve. ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also called keratitis sicca,[1] sicca syndrome,[1] xerophthalmia,[1] dry eye syndrome (DES),[1] or simply dry eyes,[1] is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in humans and some animals[2]. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is Latin and... Arc eye, also known as arc flash, welders flash, corneal flash burns, or flash burns, is a painful ocular condition sometimes experienced by welders who have failed to use adequate eye protection. ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in people and small animals. ... Corneal neovascularization is the excessive ingrowth of blood vessels from the limbal vascular plexus into the cornea. ... Kayser-Fleischer rings are pigmented rings in the peripheral cornea, resulting from copper deposition in Descemets membrane. ... Arcus senilis (or Arcus senilis corneae. ... The human iris The iris is the green/grey/brown area. ... Schematic diagram of the human eye The ciliary body is the part of the eye containing the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ... Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. ... Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the uvea but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye. ... Iridocyclitis, also known as anterior uveitis, is a condition in which the uvea of the eye suffers inflammation. ... Caused by a blunt blow to the eye. ... Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil. ... Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ... Human eye cross-sectional view, showing position of human lens. ... Aphakia is the absence of the lens of the eye, due to surgical removal, perforating wound or ulcer, or congenital anomaly; causes a loss of accommodation, hyperopia, and a deep anterior chamber. ... The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. ... Retinoschisis is an uncommon eye disease characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retinas sensory layers, usually in the outer plexiform layer, with resulting loss of visual function [1]. The retina, which consists of multiple layers of interconnected nerve and pigment cells, separates into separate layers resulting in a... Retinopathy is a general term that refers to some form of non-inflammatory damage to the retina of the eye. ... Hypertension, or high blood pressure that does not respond to treatment, has several ocular manifestations. ... Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born babies. ... Listen to this article · (info) · play in browser This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-07-19, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Normal vision. ... Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula, causing it to thicken and swell. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... This article is about the anatomical structure. ... The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. ... Optic [[neuritis](or retrobulbar neuritis) is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision. ... Papilledema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. ... Optic atrophy is a pathological term and somewhat misleading. ... MRI scan showing lateral and medial rectus muscles. ... Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together. ... Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ... The straw seems to be broken, due to refraction of light as it emerges into the air. ... Ophthalmoparesis is a physical finding in certain neurologic illnesses. ... Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a disorder of the mitochondria. ... Damage to the oculomotor nerve, termed oculomotor nerve palsy is known by the down n out symptoms. ... Fourth nerve palsy is a condition present at birth characterized by a vertical misalignment of the eyes due to a weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. ... Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve) which is responsible for contracting the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i. ... Kearns-Sayre syndrome (abbreviated KSS) is a disease caused by a 5,000 base deletion in the mitochondrial DNA. As such, it is a rare genetic disease in that it can be heteroplasmic, that is, more than one genome can be in a cell at any given time. ... For the protein Strabismus, see Strabismus (protein) Strabismus, also known as heterotropia, squint, crossed eye, cockeyed, wandering eye,weak eye or wall eyed, is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. ... Person exhibiting esotropia of the right eye Esotropia is a form of strabismus where one or both of the eyes turn inward. ... Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. ... Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye. ... Heterophoria is a type of eye condition where the motion of the eyes is not parallel to each other. ... Esophoria is characterised by inward deviation of the eye usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Browns syndrome is due to fibrous adhesions in the upper medial quadrant of the orbit. ... An individual diagnosed with Duane syndrome in the left eye. ...

Other binocular: Conjugate gaze palsy - Convergence insufficiency - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia - One and a half syndrome Conjugate gaze palsy refers to an inability of both eyes to move in the same direction at the same time. ... Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by an inability to converge the eyes or sustain convergence. ... Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is a physical finding, or sign, that is a particular form of [[[ophthalmoparesis]]. It can affect either the right or left eye. ... Schematic representation of most common extra-ocular movement abnormality in one and a half syndrome. ...