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Jesus (8–2 BC/BCE to 29–36 AD/CE),^[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. He is commonly referred to as Jesus Christ, where "Christ" is a Greek-derived title meaning "Anointed One" which corresponds to the Hebrew-derived "Messiah". Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. ... The Common Era (CE or C.E.), sometimes known as the Current Era or Christian Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 (the traditional birthdate of Jesus) to the present. ... Nazareth (Arabic Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø§ØµØ±Ø© an-NÄá¹£irah; Hebrew × Ö¸×¦Ö°×¨Ö·×ª, Standard Hebrew Naáº“É™rat, Tiberian Hebrew NÄá¹£É™raá¹¯) is an ancient town in the North District in Israel. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... This page is about the title or the Divine Person. For the Christian figure, see Jesus. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (×žÖ¸×©Ö´××™×—Ö· Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , Aramaic ) initially meant any person who was anointed by a prophet of God. ...

The main sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Most scholars in the fields of biblical studies and history agree that Jesus was a Jewish teacher from Galilee, who was regarded as a healer, was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on orders of the Roman Governor Pontius Pilate under the accusation of sedition against the Roman Empire.^[2] A small minority of scholars, based on their analysis and dating of the relevant biblical and extra-biblical sources, question the historical existence of Jesus.^[3] For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Î¸Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½ or ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Ï„Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second New Testament Gospel, ascribed to Mark the Evangelist. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ... Biblical studies is the academic study of the Christian and Jewish Scriptures. ... A historian is someone who writes history, and history is a written accounting of the past. ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ... Galilee (Arabic al-jaleel Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù„ÙŠÙ„, Hebrew hagalil ×”×’×œ×™×œ), meaning circuit, is a large area overlapping with much of the North District of Israel. ... Spiritual healing redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Crucifixion of St. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew: , YerushalÃ¡yim or Yerushalaim; Arabic: , al-Quds (the Holy); official Arabic in Israel: Ø£ÙˆØ±Ø´Ù„ÙŠÙ… Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¯Ø³, Urshalim-al-Quds (combining the Hebrew Bible and common usage Arabic names) is the capital and largest city of the State of Israel with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006[1... A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief adminstator of Roman law throughout one or more of Ancient Romes many provinces. ... Ecce Homo (Behold the Man!), Antonio Ciseris depiction of Pontius Pilate presenting a scourged Jesus of Nazareth to the people of Jerusalem Pilate redirects here. ... Sedition is a deprecated term of law to refer to covert conduct such as speech and organization that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... This article discusses whether Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, actually existed as a historical figure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup, suggested by its AFD discussion. ...

Christian views of Jesus, though diverse and complex, center on the belief in Jesus as the Messiah or Christ promised in the Old Testament and in his resurrection after his crucifixion. Most Christians believe in Jesus as the Son of God sent to provide salvation and reconciliation with God by atoning for the sins of humanity. Most Christians are Trinitarian and believe that Jesus is God incarnate, while Nontrinitarian Christians adopt various other interpretations regarding the divinity of Jesus. The area of study concerning these issues is known as Christology. Other beliefs shared by most Christians include his Virgin Birth, his ascension into Heaven and his future Second Coming. Most Christians also believe that Jesus performed miracles and fulfilled biblical prophecy. The Death of Jesus and the Resurrection of Jesus are two events in the New Testament in which Jesus is crucified on one day (the Day of Preparation, i. ... Crucifixion of St. ... Son of God is a biblical phrase from the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament. ... In religion, salvation refers to being saved from an undesirable state or condition â€” typically one in which an individual faces the prospect of eternal torment in hell. ... The Atonement, arguably the single greatest act of love, was initiated and accomplished by Jesus Christ as a means for members of the human family to reunite with God, as documented by the Bible and testified by other Christian scripture. ... Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral code of conduct or the state of having committed such a violation. ... For other uses, see Trinity (disambiguation). ... God is the deity believed by monotheists to be the supreme reality. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nontrinitarianism or (the Roman Catholic term) Antitrinitarianism, is the doctrine that rejects the Trinitarian doctrine that God subsists as three distinct persons in the single substance of the Holy Trinity. ... Divinity has a number of related uses in the field of religious belief and study. ... Christology is that part of Christian theology which studies and attempts to define Jesus the Christ. ... The Virgin Birth is a key doctrine of the Christian faith, and is also held by Muslims (Quran 3. ... The Christian doctrine of the Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples, following his resurrection. ... Heaven is an afterlife concept found in many religions or spiritual philosophies. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ... According to the canonical Gospels, Jesus worked many miracles in the course of his ministry. ... Bible prophecy is the concept held by various people that many Bible verses contain prophecies. ...

Chronology

The most detailed accounts of Jesus' birth are contained in the Gospel of Matthew (probably written between 65 and 90 AD/CE)^[4] and the Gospel of Luke (probably written between 65 and 100 AD/CE).^[5] There is considerable debate about the details of Jesus' birth among even Christian scholars, and few scholars claim to know precisely either the year or the date of his birth or of his death. For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ... The Census of Publius Sulpicius Quirinius was an enrolment (apographai) of the Roman Provinces of Syria and of Iudaea (which included Samaria, Judea and Idumea), for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. ... The chronology of Jesus depicts the traditional chronology established for the events of the life of Jesus by the four canonical gospels (which allude to various dates for several events). ... The Census of Publius Sulpicius Quirinius was an enrolment (apographai) of the Roman Provinces of Syria and of Iudaea (which included Samaria, Judea and Idumea), for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Î¸Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½ or ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Ï„Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ...

The nativity accounts in Matthew and Luke do not mention a date or time of year for the birth of Jesus. In Western Christianity, it has been traditionally celebrated in the liturgical season of Christmastide as Christmas on 25 December, a date that can be traced as early as 330 among Roman Christians. Before then, and still today in Eastern Christianity, Jesus' birth was generally celebrated on January 6 as part of the feast of Theophany,^[6] also known as Epiphany, which commemorated not only Jesus' birth but also his baptism by John in the Jordan River and possibly additional events in Jesus' life. Many scholars note that the account in Luke of the shepherds' activities suggest a spring or summer date for Jesus' birth.^[7] Scholars speculate that the date of the celebration was moved in an attempt to replace the Roman festival of Saturnalia (or more specifically, the birthday of the pagan god Sol Invictus).^[6] The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in some Christian churches which determines when Feasts, Memorials, Commemorations, and Solemnities are to be observed and which portions of Scripture are to be read. ... The Christmas season (also known as the holiday season) is a term that covers the time when two interconnected periods of celebration are held. ... Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday that marks the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. ... Eastern Christianity refers collectively to the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, the Balkans, the rest of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, northeastern Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... John the Baptist baptizes Jesus Christ as Angels look on in wonder in an Eastern Orthodox icon of the Theophany A theophany is a visible appearing or other local manifestation of Gods presence to humans. ... This article is about the Christian feast. ... Baptism in early Christian art. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia. ... Saturnalia was the feast at which the Romans commemorated the dedication of the temple of the god Saturn, which took place on 17 December. ... Pagan may refer to: A believer in Paganism or Neopaganism Bagan, a city in Myanmar also known as Pagan Pagan (album), the 6th album by Celtic metal band Cruachan Pagan Island, of the Northern Mariana Islands Pagan Lorn, a metal band from Luxembourg, Europe (1994-1998) Pagans Mind, is... Coin of Emperor Probus, circa 280, with Sol Invictus riding a quadriga, with legend SOLI INVICTO, to the undefeated Sun. Sol Invictus (the unconquered sun) or, more fully, Deus Sol Invictus (the unconquered sun god) was a religious title applied to three distinct divinities during the later Roman Empire. ...

In the 248th year during the Diocletian Era (based on Diocletian's ascension to the Roman throne), Dionysius Exiguus attempted to pinpoint the number of years since Jesus' birth, arriving at a figure of 753 years after the founding of Rome. Dionysius then set Jesus' birth as being December 25 1 ACN (for "Ante Christum Natum", or "before the birth of Christ"), and assigned AD 1 to the following year — thereby establishing the system of numbering years from the birth of Jesus: Anno Domini (which translates as "in the year of our Lord"). This system made the then current year 532, and almost two centuries later it won acceptance and became the established calendar in Western civilization due to its further championing by the Venerable Bede. Emperor Diocletian. ... A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. ... Dionysius Exiguus (Dennis the Little, meaning humble) (c. ... An Italian poster from World War II using the Romulus and Remus myth: the wolf is tearing apart a Union Jack to encourage Italians to buy war bonds The founding of Rome is reported by many legends, which in recent times are beginning to be supplemented by more scientific reconstructions. ... December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 6 days remaining for the year. ... Dionysius Exiguus invented Anno Domini years to date Easter. ... A lord is a male who has power and authority. ... Bede depicted in an early medieval manuscript Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ...

However, based on a lunar eclipse that Josephus reports shortly before the death of Herod the Great (who plays a major role in Matthew's account), as well as a more accurate understanding of the succession of Roman Emperors, Jesus' birth would have been some time during or before the year 4 BC/BCE. Having fewer sources and being further removed in time from the authors of the New Testament, establishing a reliable birth date now is particularly difficult. An eclipse refers to the phenomenon of one body passing into the shadow cast by another body. ... A representation of Flavius Josephus, a woodcutting in John C. Winstons translation of his works Josephus ( 37 â€“ 100 AD/CE), who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Flavius Josephus[1], was a 1st century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and royal ancestry who survived... Hordos (Hebrew: ×”×•Ö¹×¨Ö°×“×•Ö¹×¡, ; Greek: , ; trad. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ...

The exact date of Jesus' death is also unclear. Many scholars hold that the Gospel of John depicts the crucifixion just before the Passover festival on Friday 14 Nisan, called the Quartodeciman, whereas the synoptic gospels (except for Mark 14:2) describe the Last Supper, immediately before Jesus' arrest, as the Passover meal on Friday 15 Nisan; however, a number of scholars hold that the synoptic account is harmonious with the account in John.^[8] Further, the Jews followed a lunisolar calendar with phases of the moon as dates, complicating calculations of any exact date in a solar calendar. According to John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew, allowing for the time of the procuratorship of Pontius Pilate and the dates of the Passover in those years, his death can be placed most probably on April 7, 30 AD/CE or April 3, 33 AD/CE.^[9] The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ... Passover (Hebrew: ×¤×¡×—; transliterated as Pesach or Pesah), also called ×—×’ ×”×ž×¦×•×ª (Chag HaMatzot - Festival of Matzot) is a Jewish holiday which is celebrated in the spring. ... Nisan (× Ö´×™×¡Ö¸×Ÿ, Standard Hebrew Nisan, Tiberian Hebrew NÃ®sÄn: from Akkadian nisÄnu, from Sumerian nisag First fruits) is the first month of the civil year and the seventh month (eighth, in leap year) of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. ... Quartodecimanism (fourteenism, derived from Latin) refers to the practice of fixing the celebration of Passover for Christians on the fourteenth day of Nisan in the Old Testaments Hebrew Calendar (for example Lev 23:5, in Latin quarta decima). This was the original method of fixing the date of the... The Synoptic Gospels is a term used by modern New Testament scholars for the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke of the New Testament in the Bible. ... The Last Supper fresco in Milan (1498), by Leonardo da Vinci According to gospel, the Last Supper was the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles before his death. ... A lunisolar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. ... John Paul Meier is a prominent Biblical scholar and Catholic priest. ... A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. ... Ecce Homo (Behold the Man!), Antonio Ciseris depiction of Pontius Pilate presenting a scourged Jesus of Nazareth to the people of Jerusalem Pilate redirects here. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... Events The Sermon on the Mount (according to proponents of the 33 theory) April 7 - Crucifixion of Jesus (suggested date, but it is also suggested that he died on April 3, AD 33) Births Quintus Petillius Cerialis, brother-in-law of Vespasian Deaths April 7 - Judas Iscariot, disciple of Jesus... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... Events The following Christian chronology uses traditional dates set by biblical scholars; 30 and 28 are also suggested as a date for the Messianic events. ...

Life and teachings, as told in the Gospels

As few of the details of Jesus' life can be independently verified, it is difficult to gauge the historical accuracy of the Biblical accounts. The four canonical gospels are the main sources of information for the traditional Christian narrative of Jesus' life. This article presents a description of Jesus life, as based on the four gospels. ... The chronology of Jesus depicts the traditional chronology established for the events of the life of Jesus by the four canonical gospels (which allude to various dates for several events). ... This article presents a description of Jesus life, as based on the four gospels. ... For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ... The Nativity refers to the birth of Jesus. ... The Baptism of Christ, by Piero della Francesca, 1449 The Baptism of Jesus is the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. ... In Christianity, the temptation of Christ refers to the temptation of Jesus by the devil as detailed in each of the three Synoptic Gospels, specifically at Matthew 4:1-11, Mark 1:12-13, and Luke 4:1-13. ... The Sermon on the Mount was, according to the Gospel of Matthew, a particular sermon given by Jesus of Nazareth (estimated around AD 30) on a mountainside to his disciples and a large crowd (Matt 5:1-7:29). ... The Twelve Apostles (, apostolos, Liddell & Scott, Strongs G652, someone sent forth/sent out) were men that according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus for a mission. ... According to the canonical Gospels, Jesus worked many miracles in the course of his ministry. ... Palm Sunday is a moveable feast in the church calendar observed by Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians. ... Jesus vertreibt die HÃ¤ndler aus dem Tempel by Giovanni Paolo Pannini The narrative of Jesus and the Money Changers occurs in both the Synoptic Gospels and in the Gospel of John, although it occurs close to the end of the Synoptic Gospels (at Mark 11:15-19, Matthew 21... Mary Magdalene is traditionally depicted with a vessel of ointment, in reference to the Anointing of Jesus, in reality the jar is more likely to have been an Amphora, a much larger object. ... The Last Supper fresco in Milan (1498), by Leonardo da Vinci According to gospel, the Last Supper was the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles before his death. ... Paraclete comes from the Koine Greek word (Strongs G3875) meaning one who consoles or one who intercedes on our behalf, which appears in the New Testament in the Gospel of John (14:16, 14:26, 15:26, 16:7). ... Gethsemane by Wassilij Grigorjewitsch Perow The Arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the Canonical Gospels, in which Jesus is arrested. ... The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels. ... Pontius Pilate (Latin Pontius Pilatus) was the governor of the small Roman province of Judea from 26 until 36? AD although Tacitus believed him to be the procurator of that province. ... The Death of Jesus and the Resurrection of Jesus are two events in the New Testament in which Jesus is crucified on one day (the Day of Preparation, i. ... The Great Commission is a tenet in Christian theology emphasizing mission work and evangelism, particularly (but not exclusively) emphasized by evangelicals. ... The Christian doctrine of the Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples, following his resurrection. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ... For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ... The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may... For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ...

Genealogy and family

Of the four gospels, only Matthew and Luke give accounts of Jesus' genealogy. Matthew's account gives the male line through his legal father Joseph; Luke either gives the male line or, according to another interpretation, the line through Jesus' mother, Mary.^[10] Both accounts trace his line back to King David and from there to Abraham. These lists are identical between Abraham and David, but they differ between David and Joseph. Matthew starts with Solomon and proceeds through the kings of Judah to the last king, Jeconiah. After Jeconiah, the line of kings terminated when Babylon conquered Judah. Thus, Matthew shows that Jesus is the legal heir to the throne of Israel. Luke's genealogy is longer than Matthew's; it goes back to Adam and provides more names between David and Jesus. Lukes genealogy of Jesus, from the Book of Kells transcribed by Celtic monks circa 800 The genealogy of Jesus through his legal father Joseph is given by two passages from the Gospels, Matthew {niv|Matthew|1:2-16|1:2â€“16}} and Luke 3:23â€“38. ... The Desposyni (from Greek (desposunos) of or belonging to the master or lord[1]) was a sacred name reserved only for Jesus blood relatives. ... Image File history File links Our_Lady_of_Czestochowa. ... Image File history File links Our_Lady_of_Czestochowa. ... Black Madonna, Fleur de lys of CzÄ™stochowa, Poland The Black Madonna of CzÄ™stochowa, (Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska CzÄ™stochowska in Polish) icon was, according to legend, painted by St. ... Joseph led his family to safety in Egypt to escape from Herod, as depicted by Lorenzo Monaco According to the Christian Gospel accounts Joseph of the House of David â€“ in tradition also called Joseph the Betrothed and Saint Joseph â€“ was the husband of Mary (Matthew 1:16) and the legal... According to the New Testament, Mary (Judeo-Aramaic ×ž×¨×™× MaryÄm Bitter; Arabic Ù…Ø±ÙŠÙ… (Maryam); Septuagint Greek ÎœÎ±ÏÎ¹Î¬Î¼, Mariam, ÎœÎ±ÏÎ¯Î±, Maria; Geez: áˆ›áˆªá‹«áˆ, MÄryÄm; Syriac: Mart, Maryam), was the mother of Jesus of Nazareth, who at the time of his conception was the betrothed wife of Saint Joseph (cf. ... David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. ... Tomb of Abraham Abraham (Hebrew: ××‘×¨×”×, Standard Avraham Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom Tiberian ; Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù‡ÙŠÙ…, ; Geez: áŠ á‰¥áˆáˆƒáˆ, ; Father/Leader of many) in Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditon is regarded as the founding patriarch of the Israelites whom God chose to bless, and to make into a blessing for all peoples on Earth. ... Artists depiction of Solomons court (Ingobertus, c. ... Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew ×žÖ·×œÖ°×›×•Ö¼×ª ×™Ö°×”×•Ö¼×“Ö¸×”, Standard Hebrew Malá¸«ut YÉ™huda, Tiberian Hebrew Malá¸µÃ»á¹¯ YÉ™hÃ»á¸Äh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... Jeconiah (also known as Jehoiachin, Joachin, and Coniah) was king of Judah. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... It has been suggested that Adam be merged into this article or section. ...

Joseph appears only in descriptions of Jesus' childhood. With Jesus commending Mary into the care of the beloved disciple during his crucifixion (John 19:25–27), it is likely that he had died by the time of Jesus' ministry.^[11] The New Testament books of Matthew, Mark, and Galatians tell of Jesus' relatives, including possible brothers and sisters.^[12] The Greek word adelphos in these verses, often translated as brother, can refer to any familial relation, and most Catholics and Eastern Orthodox translate the word as kinsman or cousin in this context (see Perpetual virginity of Mary).
According to the New Testament, Mary (Judeo-Aramaic ×ž×¨×™× MaryÄm Bitter; Arabic Ù…Ø±ÙŠÙ… (Maryam); Septuagint Greek ÎœÎ±ÏÎ¹Î±Î¼, Mariam, ÎœÎ±ÏÎ¹Î±, Maria; Geez: áˆ›áˆªá‹«áˆ, MÄryÄm; Syriac: Mart, Maryam, Madonna), was the mother of Jesus of Nazareth, who at the time of his conception was the betrothed wife of Saint Joseph (cf. ... The phrase disciple whom Jesus loved or Beloved Disciple is used several times in the Gospel of John. ... The perpetual virginity of Mary is a doctrine of faith of Roman and Eastern Orthodox Catholic Christianity, as well of Islam, stating that Mary, the mother of Jesus, remained an actual virgin, implying both virginal disposition and physical integrity, before, during, and after the birth of Jesus, and thus is...

Nativity and early life

According to Matthew and Luke, Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea to Mary, a virgin, by a miracle of the Holy Spirit. The Gospel of Luke gives an account of the angel Gabriel visiting Mary to tell her that she was chosen to bear the Son of God (Luke 1:26–38). According to Luke, an order of Caesar Augustus forced Mary and Joseph to leave their homes in Nazareth and come to the home of Joseph's ancestors, the house of David, for the Census of Quirinius. After Jesus' birth, the couple was forced to use a manger in place of a crib because there was no room for them in the town's inn (Luke 2:1–7). According to Luke, an angel announced Jesus' birth to shepherds who came to see the newborn child and subsequently publicized what they had witnessed throughout the area (see The First Noël). Matthew also tells of the "Wise Men" or "Magi" who brought gifts to the infant Jesus after following a star which they believed was a sign that the Messiah, or King of the Jews, had been born (Matthew 2:1-12), and of the flight to Egypt after Jesus' birth in order to escape Herod's Massacre of the Innocents. A key piece of the Paleologan Mannerism - the Annunciation icon from Ohrid. ... The Nativity refers to the birth of Jesus. ... Jacopo Bellinis Madonna and Child Blessing depicts the infant Jesus in the act of blessing the viewer The Child Jesus is a religious symbol based on the activities of Jesus as an infant up to the age of twelve that recurs throughout history, starting from around the third or... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x1873, 220 KB) Description: Title: de: Anbetung der Hirten Technique: de: Leinwand Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Niederlande (Holland) Current location (city): de: Nantes Current location (gallery): de: MusÃ©e des Beaux-Arts Other notes: de: Utrechter Caravaggisten Source: The Yorck... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x1873, 220 KB) Description: Title: de: Anbetung der Hirten Technique: de: Leinwand Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Niederlande (Holland) Current location (city): de: Nantes Current location (gallery): de: MusÃ©e des Beaux-Arts Other notes: de: Utrechter Caravaggisten Source: The Yorck... Gerard van Honthorst (1590 - 1656), also known as Gherardo della Notte, was a Dutch painter of Utrecht. ... Bethlehem (Arabic Ø¨ÙŠØª Ù„ØÙ… house of meat; Standard Hebrew ×‘×™×ª ×œ×—× house of bread, Bet lÃ©á¸¥em / Bet lÃ¡á¸¥em; Tiberian Hebrew BÃªá¹¯ lÃ©á¸¥em / BÃªá¹¯ lÄá¸¥em; Greek: Î’Î·Î¸Î»ÎµÎÎ¼) is a city in the West Bank under Palestinian Authority considered a central hub of Palestinian cultural and tourism industries. ... Saint Mary and Saint Mary the Virgin both redirect here. ... In Roman times, Vestal Virgins were strictly celibate or they were punished by death. ... According to many religions, a miracle, derived from the old Latin word miraculum meaning something wonderful, is a striking interposition of divine intervention by God in the universe by which the ordinary course and operation of Nature is overruled, suspended, or modified. ... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... The Annunciation - the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus (El Greco, 1575) An angel is a supernatural being found in many religions. ... 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod. ... Son of God is a biblical phrase from the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament. ... Augustus (Latin: IMPâ€¢CAESARâ€¢DIVIâ€¢Fâ€¢AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC â€“ August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English Octavian, Latin: Câ€¢IVLIVSâ€¢Câ€¢Fâ€¢CAESARâ€¢OCTAVIANVS) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important... Nazareth (Arabic Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø§ØµØ±Ø© an-NÄá¹£irah; Hebrew × Ö¸×¦Ö°×¨Ö·×ª, Standard Hebrew Naáº“É™rat, Tiberian Hebrew NÄá¹£É™raá¹¯) is an ancient town in the North District in Israel. ... David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. ... The Census of Publius Sulpicius Quirinius was an enrolment (apographai) of the Roman Provinces of Syria and of Iudaea (which included Samaria, Judea and Idumea), for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. ... A manger is a trough or box of carved stone or wood construction used to hold food for animals (as in a stable). ... Inns are establishments where travellers can procure food, drink, and lodging. ... The Annunciation - the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus (El Greco, 1575) An angel is a supernatural being found in many religions. ... The First NoÃ«l (sometimes The First Nowell) is a traditional English Christmas carol, most likely from the 16th or 17th century, but possibly dating from as early as the 13th century. ... The Three Wise Men are given the names Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar in this late 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of St Apollinarius in Ravenna, Italy. ... The Wise Men are given the names Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthasar in this Romanesque mosaic from the Basilica of St Apollinarius in Ravenna, Italy. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (×žÖ¸×©Ö´××™×—Ö· Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , Aramaic ) initially meant any person who was anointed by a prophet of God. ... King of the Jews may refer to: a title given mockingly by the Romans to captured Jewish partisans who defied Roman rule of Iudaea Province right before their execution. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Holy Innocents by Giotto di Bondone. ...

Jesus' childhood home is stated in the Bible to have been the town of Nazareth in Galilee. According to Luke, Joseph and Mary lived in Nazareth before Jesus' birth and returned there afterwards. According to Matthew, the family remained in Egypt until Herod's death, whereupon they moved to Nazareth in order to avoid living under the authority of Herod's son and successor Archelaus (Matthew 2:19-23). Nazareth (Arabic Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø§ØµØ±Ø© an-NÄá¹£irah; Hebrew × Ö¸×¦Ö°×¨Ö·×ª, Standard Hebrew Naáº“É™rat, Tiberian Hebrew NÄá¹£É™raá¹¯) is an ancient town in the North District in Israel. ... Galilee (Arabic al-jaleel Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù„ÙŠÙ„, Hebrew hagalil ×”×’×œ×™×œ), meaning circuit, is a large area overlapping with much of the North District of Israel. ... Herod Archelaus (23 BCâ€“c. ...

Aside from the flight to Egypt and a short trip to Tyre and Sidon, all other events in the Gospels are set in ancient Israel.^[13] According to Luke (Luke 3:23) Jesus was "about thirty years of age" when he was baptized. The only event mentioned between Jesus' infancy and baptism in any of the canonical Gospels is Luke's Finding in the Temple (Luke 2:41–52). In Mark Jesus is called a carpenter (Mark 6:3), and in Matthew a carpenter's son (Matthew 13:55), suggesting that Jesus spent some of the intervening time practising carpentry with his father. This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Triumphal Arch Tyre (Arabic , Phoenician , Hebrew Tzor, Tiberian Hebrew , Akkadian , Greek TÃ½ros) is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. ... , Sidon or Saida, (Arabic ØµÙŠØ¯Ø§ á¹¢aydÄ) is the third-largest city in Lebanon. ... In compiling the history of ancient Israel and Judah, there are many available sources. ... Depiction of Jesus at age twelve from Jesus and the doctors of the Faith, a painting by the entourage of Giuseppe Ribera. ...

Baptism and temptation

The Gospel of Mark begins with the Baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist, which Biblical scholars describe as the beginning of Jesus' public ministry. According to Mark, Jesus came to the Jordan River where John the Baptist had been preaching and baptizing people in the crowd. Matthew adds to the account by describing an attempt by John to decline Jesus' request for baptism, saying that it is Jesus who should baptize John. Jesus insisted however, claiming that baptism was necessary to "fulfill all righteousness." (Matthew 3:15). After Jesus had been baptized and rose from the water, Mark states Jesus "saw the heavens parting and the Spirit descending upon Him like a dove. Then a voice came from heaven saying: ‘You are My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.’" (Mark 1:10–11). The Baptism of Christ, by Piero della Francesca, 1449 The Baptism of Jesus is the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. ... Ary Scheffers The Temptation of Christ In Christianity, the temptation of Christ refers to the temptation of Jesus by the devil as detailed in each of the three Synoptic Gospels, specifically at: Matthew 4:1-11 Mark 1:12-13 Luke 4:1-13 According to these texts, after... Image File history File links Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_(1854). ... Image File history File links Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_(1854). ... Ary Scheffer (February 10, 1795 _ June 15, 1858), French painter of Dutch extraction, was born at Dordrecht. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second New Testament Gospel, ascribed to Mark the Evangelist. ... The Baptism of Christ, by Piero della Francesca, 1449 The Baptism of Jesus is the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Î¸Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½ or ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Ï„Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ...

Following his baptism, according to Matthew, Jesus was led into the desert by God where he fasted for forty days and forty nights. During this time, the devil appeared to him and tempted Jesus to demonstrate his supernatural powers as proof of being the Son of God, although each temptation was refused by Jesus with a quote of scripture from the Book of Deuteronomy. In all, he was tempted three times. The Gospels state that having failed, the devil departed and angels came and brought nourishment to Jesus (Matthew 4:1-11). It has been suggested that Fast Day be merged into this article or section. ... Raising the devil. ... Look up Supernatural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Son of God is a biblical phrase from the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament. ... Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ... Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible. ... The Annunciation - the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus (El Greco, 1575) An angel is a supernatural being found in many religions. ...

The narrative of the Baptism and Temptation is in the Synoptics, but not in the Gospel of John. The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ...

Ministry

The Gospels state that Jesus, as Messiah, was sent to "give his life as a ransom for many" and "preach the good news of the Kingdom of God."^[14] Over the course of his ministry, Jesus is said to have performed various miracles, including healings, exorcisms, walking on water, turning water into wine, and raising several people, such as Lazarus, from the dead (John 11:1–44). According to the Canonical Gospels, the Ministry of Jesus began when Jesus was around 30 years old, and lasted a period of 1-3 years, with the Synoptic Gospels generally being considered to argue for it having been a period of 1 year, and the Gospel of John arguing for... The Sermon on the Mount was, according to the Gospel of Matthew, a particular sermon given by Jesus of Nazareth (estimated around AD 30) on a mountainside to his disciples and a large crowd (Matt 5:1-7:29). ... The Sermon on the Plain, said to be by Jesus according to Gospel of Luke 6:17-49, may be compared to the longer Sermon on the Mount. ... The Twelve Apostles (, apostolos, Liddell & Scott, Strongs G652, someone sent forth/sent out) were men that according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus for a mission. ... The word Transfiguration means a changing of appearance or form. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Carl Heinrich Bloch (May 23, 1834 – February 22, 1890) was a Danish painter. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (×žÖ¸×©Ö´××™×—Ö· Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , Aramaic ) initially meant any person who was anointed by a prophet of God. ... The Kingdom of God (Greek basileia tou theou,[1] or the Kingdom of Heaven) is a key concept in Christianity based on a phrase attributed to Jesus of Nazareth in the gospels. ... According to the canonical Gospels, Jesus worked many miracles in the course of his ministry. ... Saint Francis exorcised demons in Arezzo, fresco of Giotto Exorcism is the practice of evicting demons or other evil spiritual entities which are supposed to have possessed (taken control of) a person or object. ... Walking on water is one of the miracles that the Gospels attribute to Jesus. ... Marriage at Cana The Marriage at Cana is an event reported by the Gospel of John but not by any of the Synoptic Gospels. ... Resurrection of Lazarus by Juan de Flandes, around 1500. ...

The Gospel of John describes three different passover feasts over the course of Jesus' ministry. This implies that Jesus preached for a period of three years, although some interpretations of the Synoptic Gospels suggest a span of only one year. The focus of his ministry was toward his closest adherents, the Twelve Apostles, though many of his followers were considered disciples. Jesus led what many believe to have been an apocalyptic following. He preached that the end of the current world would come unexpectedly; as such, he called on his followers to be ever alert and faithful. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (587x790, 30 KB) Summary This is a map of First Century Palestine that I created using Illustrator CS2. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (587x790, 30 KB) Summary This is a map of First Century Palestine that I created using Illustrator CS2. ... Passover (Hebrew: ×¤×¡×—; transliterated as Pesach or Pesah), also called ×—×’ ×”×ž×¦×•×ª (Chag HaMatzot - Festival of Matzot) is a Jewish holiday which is celebrated in the spring. ... The Synoptic Gospels is a term used by modern New Testament scholars for the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke of the New Testament in the Bible. ... The Twelve Apostles (, apostolos, Liddell & Scott, Strongs G652, someone sent forth/sent out) were men that according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus for a mission. ... In Christianity, the disciples were the students of Jesus during his ministry. ... Look up Apocalypse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... // The End Times are a time of tribulation that will precede the coming of a Messiah figure in many world religions. ...

At the height of his ministry, Jesus attracted huge crowds numbering in the thousands, primarily in the areas of Galilee and Perea (in modern-day Israel and Jordan respectively). Some of Jesus' most famous teachings come from the Sermon on the Mount, which contained the Beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer. Jesus often employed parables, such as the Prodigal Son, and the Parable of the Sower. His teachings centered around unconditional self-sacrificing God-like love for God and for all people. During his sermons, he preached about service and humility, the forgiveness of sin, faith, turning the other cheek, love for one's enemies as well as friends, and the need to follow the spirit of the law in addition to the letter.^[15] Galilee (Arabic al-jaleel Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù„ÙŠÙ„, Hebrew hagalil ×”×’×œ×™×œ), meaning circuit, is a large area overlapping with much of the North District of Israel. ... The Sermon on the Mount was, according to the Gospel of Matthew, a particular sermon given by Jesus of Nazareth (estimated around AD 30) on a mountainside to his disciples and a large crowd (Matt 5:1-7:29). ... The Beatitudes (from Latin, beatitudo, happiness) is the name given to the well-known, definitive and beginning portion of the Sermon on the Mount of the Gospel of Matthew. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Lords Prayer The Lords Prayer, sometimes also known amongst English speakers as the Paternoster, a term derived from the first two words in Latin versions, is probably the best-known prayer in Christianity. ... The Parables of Jesus are a collection of parables told by Jesus that embody much of his teaching and are recorded in the four Gospels. ... The Return of the Prodigal Son (1773) by Pompeo Batoni The Prodigal Son, also known as The Lost Son is one of the best known parables of Jesus. ... For the novel Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler, see Parable of the Sower (novel). ... AgapÄ“ (written Î±Î³Î¬Ï€Î· in the Greek alphabet, and pronounced or ), is one of several Greek words meaning love. ... Turn the other cheek is a famous phrase taken from the Sermon on the Mount in the Christian New Testament. ... The Expounding of the Law (KJV:Matthew 5:17-48), sometimes called the Antithesis of the Law, is a less well known but highly structured (Ye have heard . ... Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ...

Jesus often met with society's outcasts, such as the publicani (Imperial tax collectors who were despised for extorting money), including the apostle Matthew; when the Pharisees objected to meeting with sinners rather than the righteous, Jesus replied that it was the sick who need a physician, not the healthy (Matthew 9:9–13). According to Luke and John, Jesus also made efforts to extend his ministry to the Samaritans, who followed a different form of the Israelite religion. This is reflected in his preaching to the Samaritans of Sychar, resulting in their conversion (John 4:1–42). A Publican can be the manager of a public house, or in New Testament times, a tax collecter. ... Matthew the Evangelist (×ž×ª×™ Gift of the LORD, Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew Mattay; Septuagint Greek ÎœÎ±Î¸Î¸Î±Î¹Î¿Ï‚, Matthaios) is traditionally believed to be the author of the Gospel of Matthew. ... The Pharisees (from the Hebrew perushim, from parash, meaning to separate) were, depending on the time, a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought among Jews that flourished during the Second Temple Era (536 BCEâ€“70 CE). ... For the ethnic group of this name, see Samaritan. ... Main article: Samaritan It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Samaritan. ... Shechem or Shchem (שְׁכֶם / שְׁכָם Shoulder, Standard Hebrew Šəḫem / Šəḫam, Tiberian Hebrew Šəḵem / Šəḵām) was the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel. ...

Arrest, trial, and death

According to the Gospels, Jesus came with his followers to Jerusalem during the Passover festival where a large crowd came to meet him, shouting, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Blessed is the King of Israel!"^[16] Following his triumphal entry, according to the synoptic gospels, Jesus created a disturbance at Herod's Temple by overturning the tables of the moneychangers operating there, claiming that they had made the Temple a "den of robbers." (Mark 11:17). Later that week, according to the synoptic gospels, Jesus celebrated the Passover meal with his disciples, subsequently known as the Last Supper in which he prophesied his future betrayal by one of his apostles and ultimate execution. In this ritual he took bread and wine in hand, saying: "this is my body which is given for you" and "this cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood," and instructed them to "do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:7-20). Following the supper, Jesus and his disciples went to pray in the Garden of Gethsemane. Jesus vertreibt die HÃ¤ndler aus dem Tempel by Giovanni Paolo Pannini The narrative of Jesus and the Money Changers occurs in both the Synoptic Gospels and in the Gospel of John, although it occurs close to the end of the Synoptic Gospels (at Mark 11:15-19, Matthew 21... The Last Supper fresco in Milan (1498), by Leonardo da Vinci According to gospel, the Last Supper was the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles before his death. ... Gethsemane by Wassilij Grigorjewitsch Perow The Arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the Canonical Gospels, in which Jesus is arrested. ... The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels. ... The Passion is the technical term for the suffering and Agony of Jesus that led directly to the Crucifixion, a central Christian event. ... Image File history File links Eccehomo2. ... Image File history File links Eccehomo2. ... This article is a work in progress being translated from the German Wiki Ecce Homo by Quentin Massys, ca. ... Ecce Homo (Behold the Man), a depiction of Pontius Pilate presenting a scourged Jesus of Nazareth to the people of Jerusalem. ... A scourge (from the Italian scoriada, ultimately from the Latin excoriare = to flay and corium = skin) is a whip or lash, especially one used in order to inflict corporal punishment. ... Hosanna, (Î©ÏƒÎ±Î½Î½Î±) is the cry of praise or adoration shouted in recognition of the Messiahship of Jesus on his entry into Jerusalem (Matt. ... Triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem is when Jesus, towards the end of public ministry, enters Jerusalem on colt or donkey as people shouted Hossana! and waved palm fronds. ... Herods Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Second Temple along with renovations of the entire Temple Mount. ... Jesus vertreibt die HÃ¤ndler aus dem Tempel by Giovanni Paolo Pannini The narrative of Jesus and the Money Changers occurs in both the Synoptic Gospels and in the Gospel of John, although it occurs close to the end of the Synoptic Gospels (at Mark 11:15-19, Matthew 21... Passover (Hebrew: ×¤×¡×—; transliterated as Pesach or Pesah), also called ×—×’ ×”×ž×¦×•×ª (Chag HaMatzot - Festival of Matzot) is a Jewish holiday which is celebrated in the spring. ... The Last Supper fresco in Milan (1498), by Leonardo da Vinci According to gospel, the Last Supper was the last meal Jesus shared with his apostles before his death. ... Anamnesis (from Greek ana-, up and mimnÄ“skein, to recall), or medical history, is the process in which physician obtains information about patients health status by asking specific questions or by asking such questions of other people that know the person and can give suitable information (in this case... The Garden of Gethsemane. ...

While in the garden, Jesus was arrested by Roman soldiers on the orders of the Sanhedrin and the high priest, Caiaphas. ^[17] The arrest took place clandestinely at night to avoid a riot, as Jesus was popular with the people at large (Mark 14:2). According to the synoptics, Judas Iscariot, one of his apostles, betrayed Jesus by identifying him to the guards with a kiss. Another apostle used a sword to attack one of the captors, cutting off his ear, which, according to Luke, Jesus immediately healed.^[18] Jesus rebuked the apostle, stating "all they that take the sword shall perish by the sword" (Matthew 26:52). After his arrest, Jesus' apostles went into hiding. Gethsemane by Wassilij Grigorjewitsch Perow The Arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the Canonical Gospels, in which Jesus is arrested. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... For the tractate in the Mishnah, see Sanhedrin (tractate). ... Yehosef Bar Qayyafa (Hebrew ×™Ö°×”×•Ö¹×¡Öµ×£ ×‘Ö·Ö¼×¨ ×§Ö·×™Ö¸Ö¼×¤Ö¸×), also known as Caiaphas (Greek ÎºÎ±ÏŠÎ¬Ï†Î±Ï‚) in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest to whom Jesus was taken after his arrest in the garden of Gethsemane, and who played a part in Jesus trial before the Roman Governor, Pontius Pilate. ... For the American black metal band, see Judas Iscariot (band). ...

During the Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus, the high priests and elders asked Jesus, "Are you the Son of God?", and upon his reply of "You say that I am", condemned Jesus for blasphemy (Luke 22:70–71). The high priests then turned him over to the Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate, based on an accusation of sedition for claiming to be King of the Jews. ^[19] While before Pilate, Jesus was questioned "Are you the king of the Jews?" to which he replied, "It is as you say." According to the Gospels, Pilate personally felt that Jesus was not guilty of any crime against the Romans, and since there was a custom at Passover for the Roman governor to free a prisoner (a custom not recorded outside the Gospels), Pilate offered the crowd a choice between Jesus of Nazareth and an insurrectionist named Barabbas. The crowd chose to have Barabbas freed and Jesus crucified. Pilate washed his hands to display that he himself was innocent of the injustice of the decision (Matthew 27:11–26). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (768x836, 41 KB) Summary Cristo de VelÃ¡zquez. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (768x836, 41 KB) Summary Cristo de VelÃ¡zquez. ... Crucifixion of St. ... VelÃ¡zquezs 1643 self-portrait Diego RodrÃguez de Silva y VelÃ¡zquez (June, 1599 â€“ August 6, 1660), commonly referred to as Diego VelÃ¡zquez, was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary baroque period... The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels. ... Son of God is a biblical phrase from the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament. ... Look up blasphemy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ecce Homo (Behold the Man!), Antonio Ciseris depiction of Pontius Pilate presenting a scourged Jesus of Nazareth to the people of Jerusalem Pilate redirects here. ... Sedition is a deprecated term of law to refer to covert conduct such as speech and organization that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ... Give us Barabbas!, from The Bible and its Story Taught by One Thousand Picture Lessons, 1910 In the Christian narrative of the Passion of Jesus, Barabbas, according to some texts Jesus bar-Abbas, (Aramaic Bar-abbÃ¢, son of the father), was the insurrectionary whom Pontius Pilate freed at the Passover...

According to all four Gospels, Jesus died before late afternoon. The wealthy Judean Joseph of Arimathea, according to Mark and Luke a member of the Sanhedrin, received Pilate's permission to take possession of Jesus' body, placing it in a tomb.^[20] According to John, Joseph was joined in burying Jesus by Nicodemus, who appears in other parts of John's gospel (John 19:38–42). The three Synoptic Gospels tell of an earthquake and of the darkening of the sky from twelve until three that afternoon. Joseph of Arimathea, according to the Gospels, was the man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion. ... For the tractate in the Mishnah, see Sanhedrin (tractate). ... Nicodemus (Greek: ÎÎ¹ÎºÏŒÎ´Î·Î¼Î¿Ï‚) was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, who, according to the Gospel of John, showed favour to Jesus. ...

Resurrection and Ascension

According to the Gospels, Jesus was raised from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion.^[21] The Gospel of Matthew states that an angel appeared near the tomb of Jesus and announced his resurrection to the women who had arrived to anoint the body. According to Luke it was two angels, and according to Mark it was a youth dressed in white. Mark states that on the morning of his resurrection, Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:9). John states that when Mary looked into the tomb, two angels asked her why she was crying; and as she turned round she initially failed to recognize Jesus until he spoke her name (John 20:11-18). Download high resolution version (712x1185, 133 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (712x1185, 133 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Crucifixion, central panel of the Isenheim Altarpiece Matthias GrÃ¼newald (1470-1528) is a highly regarded figure from the German Renaissance. ... The resurrection of Jesus is an event in the New Testament in which God raised him from the dead[1] after his death by crucifixion. ... Christs Descent into Limbo by studio of Andrea Mantegna, c. ... The resurrection of Jesus is an event in the New Testament in which God raised him from the dead[1] after his death by crucifixion. ... The Great Commission is a tenet in Christian theology emphasizing mission work and evangelism, particularly (but not exclusively) emphasized by evangelicals. ... The Christian doctrine of the Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples, following his resurrection. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ... The resurrection of Jesus is an event in the New Testament in which God raised him from the dead[1] after his death by crucifixion. ... Crucifixion of St. ... To anoint is to apply perfumed oil. ... Mary Magdalene is described, both in the canonical New Testament and in the New Testament apocrypha, as a devoted disciple of Jesus. ...

The Acts of the Apostles state that Jesus appeared to various people in various places over the next forty days. Hours after his resurrection, he appeared to two travellers on the road to Emmaus. To his assembled disciples he showed himself on the evening after his resurrection. Although his own ministry had been specifically to Jews, Jesus is said to have sent his apostles to the Gentiles with the Great Commission and ascended to heaven while a cloud concealed him from their sight. According to Acts, Paul of Tarsus also saw Jesus during his Road to Damascus experience. Jesus promised to come again to fulfill the remainder of Messianic prophecy.^[22] The Acts of the Apostles (Greek Praxeis Apostolon) is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ... Supper at Emmaus by Caravaggio, 1601 Emmaus is the name of two places in Palestine. ... The Great Commission is a tenet in Christian theology emphasizing mission work and evangelism, particularly (but not exclusively) emphasized by evangelicals. ... The Christian doctrine of the Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples, following his resurrection. ... Paul of Tarsus, also known as Paul the Apostle or Saint Paul (AD 3â€“14 â€” 62â€“69),[1] is widely considered to be central to the early development and spread of Christianity, particularly westward from Jerusalem. ... The Road to Damascus is a Biblical reference to the conversion of a persecutor of Christians named Saul on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus in the Roman province of Syria in 36 C.E. According to the Acts of the Apostles, Jesus appeared to Saul and he immediately converted... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ... In Abrahamic religions, messianic prophecies describe the coming, acts, authority, personality, nature, etc. ...

Historicity

Scholars arguing in favor of the existence of Jesus as a historical figure present probable reconstructions of his life by using the historical method. This is to be distinguished from the Biblical Jesus, which derives from a theological reading of the Gospel texts. Some scholars dispute the historicity of Jesus.^[3] The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. ... This article presents a description of Jesus life, as based on the four gospels. ... Theology (Greek Î¸ÎµÎ¿Ï‚, theos, God, + Î»Î¿Î³Î¿Ï‚, logos, word or reason) means reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and God. ... This article discusses whether Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, actually existed as a historical figure. ...

Historical and archeological reconstructions of Jesus' day to day life

Most scholars agree the Gospels were written shortly before or after the destruction of the Jewish Temple in the year 70 by the Romans. Examining the New Testament account of Jesus in light of historical knowledge about the time when Jesus was purported to live, as well as historical knowledge about the time during which the New Testament was written, has led several scholars to reinterpret many elements of the New Testament accounts. Many have sought to reconstruct Jesus' life in terms of contemporaneous political, cultural, and religious currents in Israel, including differences between Galilee and Judea; between different sects such the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes and Zealots;^[23] and in terms of conflicts among Jews in the context of Roman occupation. Scholars arguing in favor of the existence of Jesus as a historical figure attempt a reconstruction of his life using the historical method. ... The story of the cultural and historical background of Jesus is the story of a tempestuous time when Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity first diverged. ... Herods Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Second Temple along with renovations of the entire Temple Mount. ... The Pharisees (from the Hebrew perushim, from parash, meaning to separate) were, depending on the time, a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought among Jews that flourished during the Second Temple Era (536 BCEâ€“70 CE). ... The sect of the Sadducees (or Zadokites and other variants) - which may have originated as a political party - was founded in the 2nd century BC and ceased to exist sometime == after the 1st century AD. Their rivals, the Pharisees, are said to have originated in the same time period, but... The Essenes (es-eenz) were followers of a religious way of living in Judaism that flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. Many scholars today argue that there were a number of separate but related groups that had in common mystic, eschatological, messianic, and ascetic beliefs... Zealotry denotes zeal in excess, referring to cases where activism and ambition in relation to an ideology have become excessive to the point of being harmful to others, oneself, and ones own cause. ...

The Gospels record that Jesus was a Nazarene, but the meaning of this word is vague.^[24] Some scholars assert that Jesus was himself a Pharisee.^[25] In Jesus' day, the two main schools of thought among the Pharisees were the House of Hillel and the House of Shammai. Jesus' assertion of hypocrisy may have been directed against the stricter members of the House of Shammai, although he also agreed with their teachings on divorce (Mark 10:1–12).^[26] Jesus also commented on the House of Hillel's teachings (Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 31a) concerning the greatest commandment (Mark 12:28–34) and the Golden Rule (Matt 7:12). Nazarene may refer to: an artist in the Nazarene movement a member of the Church of the Nazarene. ... Hillel (×”×œ×œ) was a famous Jewish religious leader who lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod; he is one of the most important figures in Judaic history, associated with the Mishnah and the Talmud. ... The House of Shammai(Or Beit Shammai, beit is Hebrew for house) was the school of thought of Judaism founded by Shammai, a Jewish scholar of the 1st century. ... Shema Yisrael (or Shma Yisroel or just Shema) (Hebrew: ×©×ž×¢ ×™×©×¨××œ; Hear, [O] Israel) are the first two words of a section of the Torah (Hebrew Bible) that is used as a centerpiece of all morning and evening Jewish prayer services and closely echoes the monotheistic message of Judaism. ... The ethic of reciprocity or the Golden Rule, is a fundamental moral principle found in virtually all major religions and cultures, which simply means Its universality suggests an innate human altruism, and is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights. ...

Other scholars assert that Jesus was an Essene, a sect of Judaism not mentioned in the New Testament.^[27] Still other scholars assert that Jesus led a new apocalyptic sect, possibly related to John the Baptist,^[28] which became Early Christianity after the Great Commission spread his teachings to the Gentiles.^[29] This is distinct from an earlier commission Jesus gave to the twelve Apostles, limited to "the lost sheep of Israel" and not including the Gentiles or Samaritans (Matt 10). John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... Apocalypticism is a worldview based on the idea that important matters are esoteric in nature (hidden) and they will soon be revealed in a major confrontation of earth-shaking magnitude that will change the course of history. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Fourth-century inscription, representing Christ as the Good Shepherd. ... The Great Commission is a tenet in Christian theology emphasizing mission work and evangelism, particularly (but not exclusively) emphasized by evangelicals. ... A Gentile refers to a non-Israelite; the word is derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and is often employed in the plural. ... The Twelve Apostles (, apostolos, Liddell & Scott, Strongs G652, someone sent forth/sent out) were men that according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus for a mission. ...

Of special interest has been the names and titles ascribed to Jesus. According to most critical historians, Jesus probably lived in Galilee for most of his life and he probably spoke Aramaic and Hebrew. The name "Jesus" is an English transliteration of the Latin (Iēsus) which in turn comes from the Greek name (Ιησους). Since most scholars hold that Jesus was an Aramaic-speaking Jew living in Galilee around 30 AD/CE, it is highly improbable that he had a Greek personal name. Further examination of the Septuagint finds that the Greek, in turn, is a transliteration of the Hebrew name Yehoshua (יהושוע) (Yeho - Yahweh [is] shua` - help/salvation) or the shortened Hebrew/Aramaic Yeshua or Yeshua (ישוע). As a result, scholars believe that one of these was most likely the name that Jesus was known by during his lifetime by his peers.^[30] A large variety of names and titles are used in the New Testament to describe Jesus. ... Galilee (Arabic al-jaleel Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù„ÙŠÙ„, Hebrew hagalil ×”×’×œ×™×œ), meaning circuit, is a large area overlapping with much of the North District of Israel. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a four-thousand year history. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Brentons English translation. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Joshua, Josue or Yehoshua (Hebrew: ×™Ö°×”×•Ö¹×©Ö»××¢Ö·, Tiberian: , Israeli: Yhoshua) is a person mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, especially in the Book of Joshua. ... Yahweh1 (yaÂ·we) in the Bible, the God of Israel. ... Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. ... Yeshua (×™×©×•×¢) or Jeshua is believed by many to be the Hebrew or Aramaic name for Jesus. ...

Christ (which is a title and not a part of his name) is an Anglicization of the Greek term for Messiah, and literally means "anointed one". Historians have debated what this title might have meant at the time Jesus lived; some historians have suggested that other titles applied to Jesus in the New Testament (e.g. Lord, Son of Man, and Son of God) had meanings in the first century quite different from those meanings ascribed today: see Names and titles of Jesus. This page is about the title or the Divine Person. For the Christian figure, see Jesus. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (×žÖ¸×©Ö´××™×—Ö· Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , Aramaic ) initially meant any person who was anointed by a prophet of God. ... The phrase son of man is a primarily Semitic idiom that originated in Ancient Mesopotamia, used to denote humanity or self. ... A large variety of names and titles have been used to describe Jesus, many of which reflect various theological understandings or different beliefs about him. ...

Historicity of the texts

Most modern Biblical scholars hold that the works describing Jesus were initially communicated by oral tradition, and were not committed to writing until several decades after Jesus' crucifixion. The earliest extant texts which refer to Jesus are Paul's letters, which are usually dated from the mid-1st century. Paul wrote that he only saw Jesus in visions, but that they were divine revelations and hence authoritative (Gal 1:11–12). The earliest extant texts describing Jesus in any detail were the four New Testament Gospels. These texts, being part of the Biblical canon, have received much more analysis and acceptance from Christian sources than other possible sources for information on Jesus. This article discusses whether Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, actually existed as a historical figure. ... Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. ... An extant text is a textual source that is still in existence and that is not extinct, destroyed or lost (extant). ... Paul of Tarsus, also known as Paul the Apostle or Saint Paul (AD 3â€“14 â€” 62â€“69),[1] is widely considered to be central to the early development and spread of Christianity, particularly westward from Jerusalem. ... For information on the last book of the New Testament see the Book of Revelation. ... The Epistle to Galatians is a book of the New Testament. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... For other uses, see Gospel (disambiguation). ... The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may...

Many other early Christian texts detail events in Jesus' life and teachings, though they were not included when the Bible was canonised due to a belief that they were pseudepigraphical, not inspired, or written too long after his death, while others were suppressed because they contradicted Christian orthodoxy. It took several centuries before the list of what was and was not part of the Bible became finally fixed, and for much of the early period the Book of Revelation was not included while works like The Shepherd of Hermas were. The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may... Pseudepigrapha (Greek pseudos = false, epi = after, later and grapha = writing (or writings), latterly or falsely attributed, or down right forged works, describes texts whose claimed authorship is unfounded in actuality. ... The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho (right, correct) and doxa (thought, teaching, glorification), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. ... Visions of John of Patmos, as depicted in the TrÃ¨s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. ... The Shepherd of Hermas is a Christian work of the first or second century which had great authority in ancient times and was considered by some as one of the books of the Bible. ...

The books that did not make it into the final list have since become known as the New Testament apocrypha, and the chief amongst them, is the Gospel of Thomas, a collection of logia - phrases and sayings attributed to Jesus without a narrative framework, only rediscovered in the 20th century. Other important apocryphal works that had a heavy influence in forming traditional Christian beliefs include the Apocalypse of Peter, Protevangelium of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, and Acts of Peter. A number of Christian traditions (such as Veronica's veil and the Assumption of Mary) are found not in the canonical gospels but in these and other apocryphal works. The category of New Testament apocrypha reminds the modern reader of the wide range of responses that were engendered in the interpreting of the message of Jesus of Nazareth during the first several centuries of the Common Era, as mainstream Christianity emerged. ... The Gospel of Thomas is the modern name given to a New Testament-era apocryphon completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. ... Logia is a term applied to collections of sayings credited to Jesus and used as source materials by the Gospel writers in the writing of the familiar canonic narrative gospels. ... The recovered Apocalypse of Peter or Revelation of Peter is extant in two translations of a lost original, one Greek, one Ethiopic, which diverge considerably. ... The Gospel of James is an apocryphal gospel also sometimes known as the Infancy Gospel of James or the Protevangelium of James probably written about 150 AD. The document presents itself as written by James: I, James, wrote this history in Jerusalem. ... The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is a non-canonical Christian text that was part of a popular genre of the 2nd and 3rd centuriesâ€” a miracle literature of Infancy gospels that was both entertaining and inspirational, written to satisfy a hunger for more miraculous and anecdotal stories of the childhood... One of the earliest of the apocryphal acts of the apostles, the Acts of Peter is one of the books in the New Testament Apocrypha. ... Abgar of Edessa in a 10th-century icon, displaying the miraculous image of Edessa, a veronica Statue of Veronica, used during the Good Friday procession in Å»ejtun,Malta. ... The Assumption has been a subject of Christian art for centuries. ...

Possible earlier texts

Some texts with even earlier historical or mythological information on Jesus are speculated to have existed prior to the Gospels,^[31] though none have been found. Based on the unusual similarities and differences (see synoptic problem) between the Synoptic Gospels — Matthew, Mark and Luke, the first three canonical gospels — many Biblical scholars have suggested that oral tradition and logia (such as the Gospel of Thomas and the theoretical Q document)^[32] probably played a strong role in initially passing down stories of Jesus, and may have inspired some of the Synoptic Gospels. The synoptic problem concerns the literary relationship between and among the first three canonical gospels (the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke), known as the synoptic gospels. ... The Synoptic Gospels is a term used by modern New Testament scholars for the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke of the New Testament in the Bible. ... The Gospel of Matthew (literally, according to Matthew; Greek, ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Î¸Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½ or ÎšÎ±Ï„Î¬ ÎœÎ±Ï„Î¸Î±Î¯Î¿Î½) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. ... The Gospel of Mark is traditionally the second New Testament Gospel, ascribed to Mark the Evangelist. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... Oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next in a civilization without a writing system. ... Logia is a term applied to collections of sayings credited to Jesus and used as source materials by the Gospel writers in the writing of the familiar canonic narrative gospels. ... The Gospel of Thomas is the modern name given to a New Testament-era apocryphon completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt. ... The Q document or Q (Q for German Quelle, source) is a postulated lost textual source for the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. ...

Specifically, many scholars believe that the Q document and the Gospel of Mark were the two sources used for the gospels of Matthew and Luke; however, other theories, such as the older Augustinian hypothesis, continue to hold sway with some Biblical scholars. Another theoretical document is the Signs Gospel, believed to have been a source for the Gospel of John.^[32] The Two-Source Hypothesis is the most commonly accepted solution to the synoptic problem among biblical scholars, which posits that there are two sources to Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke: the Gospel of Mark and a lost, hypothetical sayings collection called Q. The Two-Source Hypothesis was first... The Augustinian hypothesis holds that Matthew was written first, then Mark, then Luke, and each Evangelist depended on those who preceded him. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. ...

There are also early noncanonical gospels which may predate the canonical Gospels, although few surviving fragments have been found. Among these are the Unknown Berlin Gospel, the Oxyrhynchus Gospels, the Egerton Gospel, the Fayyum Fragment, the Dialogue of the Saviour, the Gospel of the Ebionites, the Gospel of the Hebrews, and the Gospel of the Nazarenes. While the earliest surviving manuscripts and fragments of these texts are dated later than the earliest surviving manuscripts and fragments of the canonical Gospels, they are probably copies of earlier manuscripts whose precise dates are unknown. The Unknown Berlin Gospel is a fragmentary text considered a part of the New Testament apocrypha, which is also known as the Gospel of the Saviour. ... Two fragmentary manuscripts, the Oxyrhynchus Gospels with British Library accession numbers 840 and 1224, throw light on early non-canonical Gospel traditions of Christianity for scholars, but are ignored by most Christians, as they are extremely fragmentary. ... The Egerton Gospel (British Library Egerton Papyrus 2) refers to a group of fragments of a codex of a previously unknown gospel, found in Egypt and sold to the British Museum in 1934 and now dated to the very end of the 2nd century AD. It is one of the... The Fayyum Fragment is a papyrus fragment containing text that could form part of the New Testament, and consists of only about 100 Greek letters. ... The Dialogue of the Saviour is one of the New Testament apocrypha texts that was found within the Nag Hammadi collection of predominantly gnostic texts. ... The Gospel of the Ebionites is a text sharing an affinity with the Gospel of the Hebrews and the Gospel of the Nazarenes. ... The Gospel of the Hebrews (see About titles below), is a lost gospel that is only preserved in a few quotations in the Panarion of Epiphanius, a church writer who lived at the end of the 4th century AD, who goes on to say that. ... This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ...

Questions of reliability

As a result of the likely several-decade time gap between the writing of the Gospels and the events they describe, the accuracy of all early texts claiming the existence of Jesus or details of Jesus' life have been disputed by various parties. The authors of the Gospels are traditionally thought to have been witnesses to the events included. After the original oral stories were written down, they were transcribed, and later translated into other languages. Several Biblical historians have responded to claims of the unreliability of the gospel accounts by pointing out that historical documentation is often biased and second-hand, and frequently dates from several decades after the events described.

The Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution brought skepticism regarding the historical accuracy of these texts. Although some critical scholars, including archeologists, continue to use them as points of reference in the study of ancient Near Eastern history,^[33] others have come to view the texts as cultural and literary documents, generally regarding them as part of the genre of literature called hagiography, an account of a holy person regarded as representing a moral and divine ideal. Hagiography has a principal aim of the glorification of the religion itself and of the example set by the perfect holy person represented as its central focus. The Age of Enlightenment refers to either the eighteenth century in European philosophy, or the longer period including the seventeenth century and the Age of Reason. ... // Significance of the revolution Many contemporary writers and modern historians claim there was a change in world view that was revolutionary. ... Hagiography is the study of saints. ...

Some say that the Gospel accounts are neither objective nor accurate, since they were written or compiled by his followers and seem to exclusively portray a positive, idealized view of Jesus, while others point to the lack of any non-Christian sources until Josephus in the year 93. Those who have a naturalistic view of history generally do not believe in divine intervention or miracles, such as the resurrection of Jesus mentioned by the Gospels. One method used to estimate the factual accuracy of stories in the gospels is known as the "criterion of embarrassment", which holds that stories about events with embarrassing aspects (such as the denial of Jesus by Peter, or the fleeing of Jesus' followers after his arrest) would likely not have been included if those accounts were fictional. Naturalism is any of several philosophical stances, typically those descended from materialism and pragmatism, that do not distinguish the supernatural from nature. ... For the U.S. hockey teams victory in the 1980 Winter Olympics, see Miracle on Ice, or Miracle (movie) According to many religions, a miracle is an intervention by God in the universe. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Saint Peter, also known as Simon ben Jonah/BarJonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha â€” original name Simon or Simeon (Acts 15:14) â€” was one of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose from among his original disciples. ...

External influences on gospel development

Many scholars, such as Michael Grant, do not see significant similarity between the pagan myths and Christianity. Grant states in Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels that "Judaism was a milieu to which doctrines of the deaths and rebirths, of mythical gods seemed so entirely foreign that the emergence of such a fabrication from its midst is very hard to credit."^[34] This article discusses whether Jesus, the central figure of Christianity, actually existed as a historical figure. ... Scholars arguing in favor of the existence of Jesus as a historical figure attempt a reconstruction of his life using the historical method. ... The story of the cultural and historical background of Jesus is the story of a tempestuous time when Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity first diverged. ... Image File history File links ChristAsSol. ... Image File history File links ChristAsSol. ... Coin of Emperor Probus, circa 280, with Sol Invictus riding a quadriga, with legend SOLI INVICTO, to the undefeated Sun. Sol Invictus (the unconquered sun) or, more fully, Deus Sol Invictus (the unconquered sun god) was a religious title applied to three distinct divinities during the later Roman Empire. ... Michael Grant (21 November 1914 â€“ 9 August 2004) was a trained classicist who was one of the few classical historians to win respect from academics and a lay readership. ...

However, some scholars believe that the gospel accounts of Jesus have little or no historical basis. At least in part, this is because they see many similarities between stories about Jesus and older myths of pagan godmen such as Mithras, Apollo, Attis, Horus and Osiris-Dionysus, leading to conjectures that the pagan myths were adopted by some authors of early accounts of Jesus to form a syncretism with Christianity. A small minority, such as Earl Doherty, carry this further and propose that the gospels are actually a reworking of the older myths and not based on a historical figure. While these connections are disputed by many, it is nevertheless true that many elements of Jesus' story as told in the Gospels have parallels in pagan mythology, where miracles such as virgin birth were well-known. Some Christian authors, such as Justin Martyr and C.S. Lewis, account for this with the belief that such myths were created by ancient pagans with vague and imprecise foreknowledge of the Gospels; in other words the pagans gave prophetic attributes of the Christ as shown in the Jewish Torah and Prophets to their particular deity. In fact, Lewis wrote that Christianity would be less believable if it didn't have themes in common with said pagan myths. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning a country dweller or civilian) is a blanket term which has come to connote a broad set of spiritual or religious beliefs and practices of natural or polytheistic religions, as opposed to the Abrahamic monotheistic religions. ... Mithras and the Bull: fresco from the mithraeum at Marino, Italy, (3rd century) Mithras was the central savior god of Mithraism, a syncretic Hellenistic mystery religion of male initiates that developed in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and was practiced in the Roman Empire from... Lycian Apollo, early Imperial Roman copy of a fourth century Greek original (Louvre Museum) In Greek and Roman mythology, Apollo (Ancient Greek , ApÃ³llÅn; or á¼ˆÏ€ÎÎ»Î»Ï‰Î½, ApellÅn), the ideal of the kouros, was the archer-god of medicine and healing and also a bringer of death-dealing plague; as... Attis, a life-death-rebirth deity, was both the son and the lover of Cybele, her eunuch attendant and driver of her lion-driven chariot; he was driven mad by her and castrated himself. ... Horus is an ancient god of Egyptian mythology, whose cult survived so long that he evolved dramatically over time and gained many names. ... The term Osiris-Dionysus is used by some historians of religion to refer to a group of deities worshipped around the Mediterranean in the centuries prior to the birth of Jesus. ... Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... Earl Doherty, currently living in Canada, is the author of The Jesus Puzzle, a work published in 2000 by the Canadian Humanist Association arguing that Jesus never lived. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup, suggested by its AFD discussion. ... The Virgin Birth is a key doctrine of the Christian faith, and is also held by Muslims (Quran 3. ... Justin Martyr (Justin the Martyr, also known as Justin of Caesarea) (100 â€“ 165) was an early Christian apologist. ... Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an author and scholar. ... Prophecy, in a broad sense, is the prediction of future events. ...

Religious perspectives

Religious perspectives on Jesus is the specific significance some religions place on Jesus. ...

Christian views

Though Christian views of Jesus vary, it is possible to describe a general majority Christian view by examining the similarities between Catholic, Orthodox, and certain Protestant doctrines found in their catechetical or confessional texts.^[35] This view, given below as the Principal view, does not encompass all groups which describe themselves as Christian, with other views immediately following. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (951x1300, 166 KB) Christ Carrying the Cross as portrayed by EL GRECO - Domenikos Theotokopoulos 1580 Uploaded to en. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (951x1300, 166 KB) Christ Carrying the Cross as portrayed by EL GRECO - Domenikos Theotokopoulos 1580 Uploaded to en. ... Self portrait. ... Codex Manesse, fol. ... Confessionalism, in a religious (and particularly Christian) sense, is a belief in the importance of full and unambiguous assent to the whole of a religious teaching. ...

Principal view

Christians predominately profess that Jesus is the Messiah (Greek: Christos; English: Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament,^[36] who, through his life, death, and resurrection, restored man's communion with God in the blood of the New Covenant. His death on a cross is understood as the redemptive sacrifice: the source of mankind's salvation and the atonement for sin,^[37] which had entered human history through the sin of Adam.^[38] Some Bible translations use the term New Covenant. ... The Fall of Man, or simply The Fall, refers to the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden and the consequences of the expulsion, as told in the biblical book of Genesis. ... Michelangelos painting of the sin of Adam and Eve (the Fall) According to Christian tradition, Original sin is the general and non-personal condition of sinfulness (lack of holiness) into which human beings are born. ...

They profess Jesus to be the only Son of God, the Lord, ^[39] and the eternal Word,^[40] who became man in the incarnation,^[41] so that those who believe in him might have eternal life.^[42] They further hold that he was born of the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit in an event described as the miraculous virgin birth.^[43] In his life Jesus proclaimed the "good news" (Middle English: gospel; Greek: euangelion) that the coming Kingdom of Heaven was at hand,^[44] and established the Christian Church, which is the seed of the kingdom, into which Christ calls the poor in spirit.^[45] Jesus' actions at the Last Supper, where he instituted the Eucharist, are understood as central to worship and communion with God.^[46] Son of God is a biblical phrase from the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament. ... The Greek word Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚ or logos is a word with various meanings. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Blessed Virgin Mary A traditional Catholic picture sometimes displayed in homes. ... The Virgin Birth is a key doctrine of the Christian faith, and is also held by Muslims (Quran 3. ... The Kingdom of God (Greek basileia tou theou,[1] or the Kingdom of Heaven) is a key concept in Christianity based on a phrase attributed to Jesus of Nazareth in the gospels. ... The term Christian Church, or Catholic Church, as it was known by Christians beginning in the second century, expresses the idea that organised Christianity (the Christian religion) is seen as an institution. ...

These groups profess Jesus suffered death by crucifixion,^[47] descended into Hell,^[48] and rose bodily from the dead in the definitive miracle that foreshadows the resurrection of mankind at the end of time,^[49] when Christ will come again to judge the living and the dead, resulting in election to Heaven or damnation to Hell.^[50] Christs Descent into Limbo by studio of Andrea Mantegna, c. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Resurrection. ... In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Judgment Day is the ethical-judicial trial, judgment, and punishment/reward of individual humans (assignment to heaven or to hell) by a divine tribunal (God) at the end of time, following the destruction of humans present earthly existence. ...

The nature of Jesus was theologically articulated and refined by a series of seven ecumenical councils, between 325 and 681 (see Christology). These councils described Jesus as one of the three divine hypostases or persons of the Holy Trinity: the Son is defined as constituting, together with God the Father and the Holy Spirit, the single substance of the One God.^[51] Furthermore, Jesus is defined to be one person with a fully human and a fully divine nature, a doctrine known as the Hypostatic union^[52] (an articulation not accepted by Oriental Orthodoxy, see Nestorianism, Monophysitism and Miaphysitism). In defense of Jesus' divinity, some apologists argue that there is a trilemma, or three possibilities, resulting from Jesus' reported claims that he is the one God of Israel:^[53] either he is truly God, a liar, or a lunatic — the latter two dismissed on the basis of Jesus's coherence.^[54] See also General Council (disambiguation). ... Christology is that part of Christian theology which studies and attempts to define Jesus the Christ. ... In Christianity, the Greek word hypostasis [1] is usually translated into Latin as natura and then into English as nature, although the specific Greek word for nature and substance is physis. ... For other uses, see Trinity (disambiguation). ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary using the Transwiki process. ... The hypostatic union (also known as the mystical union), in Christian theology, refers to the dual nature of Jesus Christ as being simultaneously God and Man. ... The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only the first three ecumenical councils â€” the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus â€” and rejected the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning one, alone and physis meaning nature) is the christological position that Christ has only one nature, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ has two natures, one divine and one human. ... Miaphysitism is the christology of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. ... The term trilemma derives from the much older term dilemma, a choice between two unacceptable options. ...

Alternative views

Groups that do not accept the doctrine of the Trinity include the Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and Jehovah's Witnesses. LDS theology maintains that the Heavenly Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three separate and distinct beings, though all eternal and equally divine, who together constitute the Godhead. Though described as "one God in purpose", each play different roles: the Holy Ghost is a spirit without a physical body, the Father and Son possess distinct, perfected, bodies of flesh and bone. The Book of Mormon records that the resurrected Jesus visited and taught some of the inhabitants of the early Americas after he appeared to his apostles in Jerusalem.^[55] Mormons also believe that an apostasy occurred after the death of Christ and his apostles. They believe that Christ and the Heavenly Father appeared to Joseph Smith in 1820 as part of a series of heavenly visits to restore the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Lastly, they believe Jesus (not the Father) is the same as Jehovah or Yahweh of the Old Testament. Nontrinitarianism or (the Roman Catholic term) Antitrinitarianism, is the doctrine that rejects the Trinitarian doctrine that God subsists as three distinct persons in the single substance of the Holy Trinity. ... The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest attraction in the citys Temple Square. ... In Christianity, the Godhead is a unit consisting of God the Father, Jesus Christ (the Son), and the Holy Spirit. ... The Book of Mormon is one of the sacred texts of the Latter Day Saint movement, named after the prophet/historian Mormon, who according to the text compiled most of the book. ... The Great Apostasy is a term of opprobrium used by some religious groups to allege a general fallen state of traditional Christianity, or especially of Catholicism, reformist Protestantism and Eastern Orthodoxy: that it is not representative of the faith founded by Jesus and promulgated through his twelve Apostles: in short... Joseph Smith, Jr. ... Jehovah is an English transcription of ×™Ö°×”Ö¹×•Ö¸×”, a specific vocalized spelling of ×™×”×•×” which is found in the Masoretic Text. ... Yahweh1 (yaÂ·we) in the Bible, the God of Israel. ... NOTE: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the New Testament as a continuation or completion of the Jewish bible. ...

Jehovah's Witnesses believe Jesus to be the Archangel Michael, who became a human to come down to earth.^[56] They view the term "Son of God" as an indication of Jesus' importance to the creator and his status as God's "only-begotten (unique) Son",^[57] the "firstborn of all creation",^[58] the one "of whom, and through whom, and to whom, are all things".^[59] Lastly, they believe that Jesus died on a single-piece torture stake, not a cross.^[60] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Other non-Trinitarian group include Arians, in antiquity, and in more recent times Unitarians. This article is about theological views like those of Arius. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Unitarian Christianity Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to Christian doctrine of the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) established at the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE. Historic Unitarians believed in the moral authority, but not the...

Other early views

The Ebionites, an early Jewish Christian community, believed that Jesus was the last of the prophets and the Messiah. They believed that Jesus was the natural-born son of Mary and Joseph, and thus they rejected the Virgin Birth. The Ebionites were adoptionists, believing that Jesus was not divine, but became the son of God at his baptism. They rejected the Epistles of Paul, believing that Jesus kept the Mosaic Law perfectly and wanted his followers to do the same. However, they felt that Jesus' crucifixion was the ultimate sacrifice, and thus animal sacrifices were no longer necessary. Therefore, some Ebionites were vegetarian and considered both Jesus and John the Baptist to have been vegetarians.^[61] Shemayah Phillips founded a small community of modern Ebionites in 1985. These Ebionites identify as Jews rather than as Christians, and do not accept Jesus as the Jewish Messiah. The Ebionites (from Hebrew; Ebyonim, the poor ones) were an early sect of mostly Jewish followers of Jesus, which flourished in the early centuries of the Common Era, one of several ancient Jewish Christian groups that existed during the Roman and Byzantine periods in the Levant. ... Jewish Christians (sometimes called also Hebrew Christians or Christian Jews, but see below for differences) is a term which can have two meanings, an historical one and a contemporary one. ... In religion, a prophet is a person who has directly encountered God, of whose intentions he can then speak. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (×žÖ¸×©Ö´××™×—Ö· Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , Aramaic ) initially meant any person who was anointed by a prophet of God. ... Adoptionism, or adoptianism, is a view held by some Early Christians, that claims Jesus was born human, and later became divine during his baptism, at which point he became the adopted son of God. ... Son of God is a biblical phrase from the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Torah, (×ª×•×¨×”) is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or especially law. It primarily refers to the first section of the Tanakhâ€“the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written... Sacrifice is the practice of offering food, or the lives of animals or people to the gods, as an act of propitiation or worship. ... For animals adapted to eat primarily plants, sometimes referred to as vegetarian animals, see Herbivore. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Ebionites (from Hebrew; Ebyonim, the poor ones) were an early sect of mostly Jewish followers of Jesus, which flourished in the early centuries of the Common Era, one of several ancient Jewish Christian groups that existed during the Roman and Byzantine periods in the Levant. ... In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: ×ž×©×™×—; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word ×ž×©×™×—) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during the Messianic...

In Gnosticism, Jesus is said to have brought the secret knowledge (gnosis) of the spiritual world necessary for salvation.^[62] Their secret teachings were paths to gnosis, and not gnosis itself. While some Gnostics were docetics, most Gnostics believed that Jesus was a human who became possessed by the spirit of Christ during his baptism.^[63] Many Gnostics believed that Christ was an Aeon sent by a higher deity than the evil demiurge who created the material world. Some Gnostics believed that Christ had a syzygy named Sophia. The Gnostics tended to interpret the New Testament as allegory, and some Gnostics interpreted Jesus himself as an allegory. Modern Gnosticism has been a growing religious movement since fifty-two Gnostic texts were rediscovered at Nag Hammadi in 1945. The movement was also given a boost by the publication in 2006 of the Gospel of Judas. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In Christianity, Docetism is the belief, regarded by most theologians as heretical, that Jesus did not have a physical body; rather, that his body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion. ... The Latin word æon means forever. ... Within certain variations of Gnosticism, especially those inspired by Monoimus, the Monad was the highest God which created lesser gods, or elements (similar to aeons). ... The term Demiurge refers in some belief systems to a deity responsible for the creation of the physical universe and the physical aspect of humanity. ... Look up Syzygy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it easier to understand, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article discusses the relationship between Gnosticism and the New Testament. ... An allegory (from Greek Î±Î»Î»Î¿Ï‚, allos, other, and Î±Î³Î¿ÏÎµÏ…ÎµÎ¹Î½, agoreuein, to speak in public) is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than (and in addition to) the literal. ... Gnosticism includes a variety of ancient religions prevalent in the Mediterranean in the third century CE. Prior to the 20th century, little was known about the various Gnostic movements, due to paucity of original material available to scholars and the public. ... The Nag Hammadi library is a collection of early Christian Gnostic texts discovered near the Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945. ... The Gospel of Judas is a Gnostic gospel, the text of which was partially reconstructed in 2006. ...

Marcionites were 2nd century Gentile followers of the Christian theologian Marcion of Sinope. They believed that Jesus rejected the Jewish Scriptures, or at least the parts that were incompatible with his teachings.^[64] Seeing a stark contrast between the vengeful God of the Old Testament and the loving God of Jesus, Marcion came to the conclusion that the Jewish God and Jesus were two separate deities. Like some Gnostics, Marcionites saw the Jewish God as the evil creator of the world, and Jesus as the savior from the material world. They also believed Jesus was not human, but instead a completely divine spiritual being whose material body, and thus his crucifixion and death, were divine illusions. Marcion was the first known early Christian to have created a canon, which consisted of ten Pauline epistles, and a version of the Gospel of Luke (possibly without the first two chapters that are in modern versions, and without Jewish references),^[65] and his treatise on the Antithesis between the Old and New Testaments. Marcionism was declared a heresy by proto-orthodox Christianity. Marcionism is a sect founded in A.D. 144 at Rome by Marcion of Sinope. ... The word Gentile from the Latin gentilis, can either be a translation of the Hebrew Goy/×’×•×™ or of the Hebrew word Nochri/× ×›×¨×™. In the most common modern use it refers to the former being derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and it is... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Marcionism. ... TaNaKh [×ª× ×´×š] (also Tanach, IPA: or ), is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ... NOTE: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the New Testament as a continuation or completion of the Jewish bible. ... In Christianity, Docetism is the belief, regarded by most theologians as heretical, that Jesus did not have a physical body; rather, that his body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion. ... The Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Marcions Gospel of the Lord was a text used by the mid- 2nd-century Christian teacher to the exclusion of the other gospels, and now its reconstructed fragments appear among the New Testament apocrypha. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the Catholic or Orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. ...

Messianic Jewish view

Messianic Jews hold that Jesus is the prophesied Messiah. Strictly speaking, all Messianic Jews are Christians, but the term generally applies to those Jews who believe Jesus to be the Messiah but still hold to and practice many Jewish traditions and occasionally Jewish law. Often the tension between Jewish Monotheism and Christian Trinitarianism promotes a diversity of opinions about Jesus's divine status. A prominent group of Messianic Jews is Jews for Jesus, part of a loose affiliation of Evangelical Christians. Messianic Judaism is any of a group of loosely related religious movements, all claiming a connection with Judaism but predominantly evangelical Christian in their beliefs, believing Jesus to be the Messiah, and using the New Testament as scripture. ... In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: ×ž×©×™×—; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word ×ž×©×™×—) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during the Messianic... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Jews for Jesus is a Christian evangelical organization based in San Francisco, California, whose goal is to convince Jews that Jesus is the Messiah and God. ... Evangelicalism, in a strictly lexical, but rarely used sense, refers to all things that are implied in belief that Jesus is the savior. ...

Islamic views

In Islam, Jesus (known as Isa in Arabic, Arabic: عيسى), is considered one of God's most-beloved and important prophets and the Messiah.^[66] Like Christian writings, the seventh-century Qur'an holds that Jesus was born without a biological father to the virgin Mary, by the will of God (in Arabic, Allah) and for this reason is referred to as Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), a matronymic (since he had no biological father). (Qur'an 3:45, 19:21, 19:35, 21:91) In Muslim traditions, Jesus lived a perfect life of nonviolence, showing kindness to humans and animals (similar to the other Islamic prophets), without material possessions, and abstaining from sin.^[67] Most Muslims believe that Jesus abstained from alcohol, and many believe that he also abstained from eating animal flesh. Similarly, Islamic belief also holds that Jesus could perform miracles, but only by the will of God. ^[68] However, Muslims do not believe Jesus to have divine nature as God nor as the Son of God. Islam greatly separates the status of creatures from the status of the creator and warns against believing that Jesus was divine. (Qu'ran 3:59, 4:171, 5:116-117). Muslims believe that Jesus received a gospel from God called the Injil in Arabic that corresponds to the Christian New Testament, but that parts of it have been misinterpreted over time so that they no longer accurately represent God's message (See Tahrif).^[69] Islam holds Jesus (Arabic: `ÄªsÄ) to have been a messenger and a prophet of God and the Messiah. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... Main article: Jesus Islam holds Jesus (Arabic: â€Ž `ÄªsÄ) to have been a messenger and a prophet of God and the Masih. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as Prophets of Islam (Arabic: nabee Ù†Ø¨ÙŠ ; pl. ... The QurÄn [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran (the traditional term in English), and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ... AllÄh is the Arabic language word referring to God, the Lord and, literally according to the Quran, to the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the Abrahamic religions. ... A matronymic is a personal name based on the name of ones mother. ... Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral code of conduct or the state of having committed such a violation. ... A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Persian and Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Injil (Arabic Ø¥Ù†Ø¬ÙŠÙ„ , also transcribed Injeel) is one of the four Islamic Holy Books the Quran records as revealed by Allah - the others being the Zabur, Tawrat, and Quran. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Muslims also do not believe in Jesus' sacrificial role, nor do they believe that Jesus died on the cross. In fact, Islam does not accept any human sacrifice for sin (See Islamic conceptions of atonement for sin for further information). Regarding the crucifixion, the Qur'an states that Jesus' death was merely an illusion of God to deceive his enemies, and that Jesus ascended to heaven.^[66] (Qur'an 4:157-158.) Based on the quotes attributed to Muhammad, some Muslims believe that Jesus will return to the world in the flesh following Imam Mahdi to defeat the Dajjal (an Antichrist-like figure, translated as "Deceiver"). ^[70] Muslims believe he will descend at Damascus, presently in Syria, once the world has become filled with sin, deception, and injustice; he will then live out the rest of his natural life. Sunni Muslims believe that after his death, Jesus will be buried alongside Muhammad in Medina, presently in Saudi Arabia. ^[71] However, the sects of Sunni and Shi'ite Islam are divided over this issue. Some Islamic scholars like Javed Ahmed Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi question quotes attributed to Muhammad regarding a second coming of Jesus, as they believe it is against different verses of the Qur'an.^[72]^[73]^[74]^[75] Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral code of conduct or the state of having committed such a violation. ... Muhammad al-Mahdi (868 - ?) is the twelfth and final Imam of the Shia. ... al-Dajjal (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ù‘Ø¬Ù‘Ø§Ù„, ad-dajjÄl) (The Deceiver/impostor/quack[1]) is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology, who will appear before Yaum al-Qiyamah. ... This article deals with the religious term. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... Medina (Arabic: â€Ž or Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¯ÙŠÙ†Ø© ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (1951â€”) is a well-known Pakistani scholar, exegete, and educationist. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hadith (Arabic: â€Ž translit: ) are traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ...

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Movement (a very small percentage of Muslims) believes that Jesus survived the crucifixion and travelled to Kashmir, where he died as a prophet under the name of Yuz Asaf (whose grave they identify in Srinagar).^[76] Mainstream Muslims, however, consider these views heretical. Historical research found these accounts to be without foundation. Even then, the tomb of Jesus has been suggested to be found in Srinagar, Kashmir India. ^[77] Ahmadis (Urdu: Ahmadiyya), are followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. ... For the dispute concerning this region, see Kashmir conflict Shown in green is the region under Pakistani administration. ... Yuz Asaf (or Yus Asaph, or Shahzada Nabi Hazrat Yura Asaf) is believed, to be the name adopted by Jesus after he survived the crucifixion and subsequently migrated to Kashmir. ... Srinagar (Hindi: à¤¶à¥à¤°à¥€à¤¨à¤—à¤°, Urdu: Ø³Ø±ÛŒÙ†Ú¯Ø±, Kashmiri: Ø³ÙØ±ÛÙ†ÙŽÚ¯ÙŽØ± à¤¸à¤¿à¤°à¥€à¤¨à¤—à¤°) , is the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, and is situated in the valley of Kashmir. ...

Judaism's view

Judaism considers the idea of Jesus being God, or part of a Trinity, or a mediator to God, as heresy.(Emunoth ve-Deoth, II:5) Judaism also does not consider Jesus to be the Messiah primarily because he did not fulfill the Messianic prophecies of the Tanakh, nor embodied the personal qualifications of the Messiah.^[78] Judaisms view of Jesus per se reflects Jewish views of eschatology, the characteristics of the Messiah, the gift of prophecy, and the cosmological nature of God, which are derived from the Torah and Biblical prophecies expressed by Isaiah, Ezekiel, and others from Biblical times through the destruction of Solomon... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... Emunoth ve-Deoth (××ž×•× ×•×ª ×•×“×¢×•×ª; Hebrew: Beliefs and Opinions) written by Rabbi Saadia Gaon - originally Kitab al-Amanat wal-ltikadat (Book of the Articles of Faith and Doctrines of Dogma) - was the first systematic presentation and philosophic foundation of the dogmas of Judaism. ... In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: ×ž×©×™×—; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) has traditionally referred to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word ×ž×©×™×—) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during the Messianic... Messianic prophecies in the Jewish Tanach (also known as the Christian Old Testament) foretell the coming of the Messiah. ... TaNaKh [×ª× ×´×š] (also Tanach, IPA: or ), is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. ...

The Mishneh Torah (an authoritative work of Jewish law) states: The Mishneh Torah or Yad ha-Chazaka is a code of Jewish law by one of the most important Jewish authorities, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides or by the Hebrew abbreviation RaMBaM (usually written Rambam in English). ... Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ...

Reform Judaism, the modern progressive movement, states For us in the Jewish community anyone who claims that Jesus is their savior is no longer a Jew and is an apostate. (Contemporary American Reform Responsa, #68).^[80] Reform Judaism can refer to (1) the largest denomination of Judaism in America and its sibling movements in other countries, (2) a branch of Judaism in the United Kingdom, and (3) the historical predecessor of the American movement that originated in 19th Century Germany. ... Apostasy (Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is the formal renunciation of ones religion. ...

According to Jewish tradition, there were no more prophets after 420 BC/BCE, Malachi being the last prophet, who lived centuries before Jesus. Judaism states that Jesus did not fulfill the requirements set by the Torah to prove that he was a prophet. Even if Jesus had produced such a sign, Judaism states that no prophet or dreamer can contradict the laws already stated in the Torah (Deut 13:1–5)^[81] Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC - 420s BC - 410s BC 400s BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC Years: 425 BC 424 BC 423 BC 422 BC 421 BC - 420 BC - 419 BC 418 BC... Malachi or Malachi (מַלְאָכִי My messenger/angel, Standard Hebrew Malʾaḫi, Tiberian Hebrew Malʾāḵî) was a prophet in the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ... Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ...

Buddhist Views

Many Buddhists (including Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama) regard Jesus as a great bodhisattva who dedicated his life to the welfare of human beings. Buddhist scholars have often noted the striking parallels between the teachings of Jesus and Gautama Buddha not simply because they both preached a doctrine of love and compassion but also because they occupied a similar position with respect to the existing religious orthodoxy of their day of which they were both critical. Both were religious reformers. They both describe priests without personally verified spiritual realization as 'the blind leading the blind', an expression that occurs in both the Sutta Pitaka and the gospels. Especially since the discovery of The Gospel of Thomas in 1945 much comment has arisen as to the affinity between the doctrine contained there and Eastern spiritual thought generally. ^[82] Buddhist-Christian Parallels have been noted across the ages by scholars but are now being more widely appreciated as individuals search accessible Buddhist scriptures in ancient and modern languages. ... Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living. ... Tenzin Gyatso The fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (Tibetan: à½–à½¦à¾Ÿà½“à¼‹à½ à½›à½²à½“à¼‹à½¢à¾’à¾±à¼‹à½˜à½šà½¼à¼‹; Wylie: Bstan-dzin Rgya-mtsho) (b. ... In Buddhist thought, a bodhisattva (Pali: bodhisatta; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: pÃºsÃ ; Japanese: è©è–© bosatsu; Korean: ë³´ì‚´ bosal ; Tibetan changchub sempa (byang-chub sems-dpa); Vietnamese: Bá»“ TÃ¡t; Thai: à¸žà¸£à¸°à¹‚à¸žà¸˜à¸´à¸ªà¸±à¸•à¸§à¹Œ) is a being who is dedicated to assisting all sentient beings in achieving complete Buddhahood. ... Standing Buddha, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE, MusÃ©e Guimet. ... Roman Catholic priest A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... The Sutta Pitaka (or Sutra Pitaka) is the second of three divisions of the Tipitaka, the great Pali collection of Buddhist writings. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Hinduism's views

Hindu beliefs in Jesus vary. Some believe that Jesus was a normal man. Many Hindus see Jesus as a wise guru or yogi who was not God. Many in the Surat Shabd Yoga tradition regard Jesus as a Satguru. Swami Vivekananda has praised Jesus and cited him as a source of strength and the epitome of perfection.^[83] Paramahansa Yogananda taught that Jesus was the reincarnation of Elisha and a student of John the Baptist, the reincarnation of Elijah.^[84] Mahatma Gandhi considered Jesus one of his main teachers and inspirations for Nonviolent Resistance, saying "I like your Christ, I do not like your Christians. Your Christians are so unlike your Christ."^[85] Hinduism (Sanskrit: , , also known as , ) is a set of religious traditions that originated mainly in the Indian subcontinent. ... Guru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This page is Yogi as advanced practitioners of Yoga. ... Surat Shabd Yoga or Surat Shabda Yoga is a form of spiritual practice that is followed in the Sant Mat and many other related spiritual traditions. ... Satguru or Sadguru means true guru (Sanskrit à¤¸à¤¦à¤—à¥à¤°à¥‚ sat=true), literally: true teacher. ... Swami Vivekananda, whose pre-monastic name was Narendranath Dutta (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902) is considered one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the Vedanta philosophy. ... Paramahansa Yogananda (Bengali: à¦ªà¦°à¦®à¦¹à¦‚à¦¸ à¦¯à§‹à¦—à¦¾à¦¨à¦¨à§à¦¦ PÃ´romÃ´hongsho Joganondo, Hindi: à¤ªà¤°à¤®à¤¹à¤‚à¤¸ à¤¯à¥‹à¤—à¤¾à¤¨à¤¨à¥â€à¤¦; January 5, 1893â€“March 7, 1952), was an Indian yogi and guru. ... Elisha (×Ö±×œÖ´×™×©×Ö·×¢ My God is salvation, Standard Hebrew EliÅ¡aÊ¿, Tiberian Hebrew Ê¾Ä”lÃ®Å¡aÊ¿) was the son of Shaphat of Abel-meholah; he became the attendant and disciple of Elijah (1 Kings 19:16-19). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Elijah (×Ö±×œÖ´×™Ö¸Ö¼×”×•Ö¼ Whose/my God is the Lord, Standard Hebrew EliyyÃ¡hu, Tiberian Hebrew Ê¾Ä”liyyÄhÃ»), also Elias (NT Greek á¼¨Î»Î¯Î±Ï‚), is a prophet of the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: àª®à«‹àª¹àª¨àª¦àª¾àª¸ àª•àª°àª®àªšàª‚àª¦ àª—àª¾àª‚àª§à«€, DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤®à¥‹à¤¹à¤¨à¤¦à¤¾à¤¸ à¤•à¤°à¤®à¤šà¤‚à¤¦ à¤—à¤¾à¤‚à¤§à¥€, Romanized: mohandÄs karamcand gÄndhÄ«, IPA: ) (October 2, 1869 â€“ January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement. ... Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) comprises the practice of applying power to achieve socio-political goals through symbolic protests, economic or political noncooperation, civil disobedience and other methods, without the use of violence. ...

Yuz Asaf, regarded as Jesus by the minority Ahmadiyya Muslim Movement, is seen also as a holy man by some Hindus and Buddhists. Yuz Asaf (or Yus Asaph, or Shahzada Nabi Hazrat Yura Asaf) is believed, to be the name adopted by Jesus after he survived the crucifixion and subsequently migrated to Kashmir. ... Ahmadi Muslims are followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. ...

Other views of Jesus

The Bahá'í Faith considers Jesus, along with Muhammad, the Buddha, and others, to be "Manifestations" (or prophets) of God, with both human and divine stations. While some Bahá'í views of Jesus agree with Christian views, Christians do not accept the Bahá'í view of Jesus.^[86] Seat of the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel, governing body of the BahÃ¡Ãs The BahÃ¡Ã Faith is a religion founded by BahÃ¡ullÃ¡h in 19th century Persia. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa. ... The BahÃ¡Ã Faith refers to what are commonly called Prophets as Manifestations of God, or simply Manifestations (mazhar) who are directly linked with the concept of Progressive revelation. ...

Mandaeanism regards Jesus as a deceiving prophet (mšiha kdaba) of the false Jewish god of the Old Testament, Adonai, ^[87] and an opponent of the good prophet John the Baptist. Even so, they believe that John baptized Jesus. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Mandaeism. ... At the bottom of the hands, the two letters on each hand combine to form ×™×”×•×” (YHVH), the name of God. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The New Age movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus, with some representatives (such as A Course In Miracles) going so far as to trance-channel him. Many recognize him as a "great teacher" (or "Ascended Master") similar to Buddha, and teach that Christhood is something that all may attain. At the same time, many New Age teachings, such as reincarnation, appear to reflect a certain discomfort with traditional Christianity. Numerous New Age subgroups claim Jesus as a supporter, often incorporating contrasts with or protests against the Christian mainstream. Thus, for example, Theosophy and its offshoots have Jesus studying esotericism in the Himalayas or Egypt during his "lost years." New Age describes a broad movement characterized by alternative approaches to traditional Western culture. ... A Course in Miracles (ACIM), also referred to as the Course, is text of spiritual psychotherapy or spiritual transformation and a spiritual path. ... Channeling is the communication of information to or through a physically embodied human being, from a source that is said to exist on some other level or dimension of reality than the physical, and that is not from the normal mind (or self) of the channel. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... Seal of the Theosophical Society Theosophy is a body of ideas which holds that all religions are attempts by man to ascertain the Divine, and as such each religion has a portion of the truth. ... Esotericism is knowledge suitable only for an inner circle of the initiated, advanced or privileged. ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...

There are others who emphasize Jesus' moral teachings. Garry Wills argues that Jesus' ethics are distinct from those usually taught by Christianity.^[88] The Jesus Seminar^[89] portrays Jesus as an itinerant preacher (Matt 4:23), who taught peace (Matt 5:9) and love (Matt 5:44), rights for women (Luke 10:42) and respect for children (Matt 19:14), and who spoke out against the hypocrisy of religious leaders (Luke 13:15) and the rich (Matt 19:24). Many humanists, atheists and agnostics empathize with these moral principles. Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers that many consider to have been a deist, created a "Jefferson Bible" for the Indians entitled "The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth" that included only Jesus' ethical teachings. Garry Wills (born May 22, 1934) is a celebrated author and historian, and a frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books. ... The Jesus Seminar is a research team of about two hundred academic New Testament scholars founded in 1985 by the late Robert Funk under the auspices of the Westar Institute. ... Humanism is a broad category of active ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualitiesâ€”particularly rationalism. ... Atheism, in its broadest sense, is the absence of belief in the existence of deities. ... Agnosticism is the philosophical view that the (truth) values of certain claimsâ€”particularly theological claims regarding the existence of God, gods, or deitiesâ€”are unknown, inherently unknowable, or incoherent, and therefore, (some agnostics may go as far to say) irrelevant to life. ... Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. â€“ July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801â€“1809), principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and an influential founder of the United States. ... Deism is a religious philosophy and movement that became prominent in England, France, and the United States in the 17th century. ... The Jefferson Bible, or The Life And Morals of Jesus of Nazareth Extracted textually from the Gospels as it is formally titled, was an attempt by Thomas Jefferson to glean the teachings of Jesus from the Christian Gospels. ...

Legacy

Cultural effect of Jesus

According to most Christian interpretations of the Bible, the theme of Jesus' preachings was that of repentance, forgiveness of sin, grace, and the coming of the Kingdom of God. Jesus extensively trained disciples who, after his death, interpreted and spread his teachings. Within a few decades his followers comprised a religion clearly distinct from Judaism. Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire under a version known as Nicene Christianity and became the state religion under Constantine the Great. Over the centuries, it spread to most of Europe, and around the world. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x766, 141 KB) PietÃ by Michelangelo, St. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x766, 141 KB) PietÃ by Michelangelo, St. ... PietÃ PietÃ by Michelangelo, 1499 Marble, height 174 cm, width at the base 195 cm Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican PietÃ by Michelangelo, Museo dellOpera del Duomo, Florence PietÃ by Rogier van der Weyden, Museo del Prado, Madrid A still from Mel Gibsons 2004 film, The Passion of... Chalk portrait of Michelangelo by Daniele da Volterra Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 â€“ February 18, 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, Renaissance architect and poet. ... There are no undisputed historical images of Jesus; he sat for no portraits which are preserved and of unquestioned authenticity and undoubted provenance. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Jesus in popular culture. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dramatic portrayals of Jesus Christ. ... For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Kingdom of God (Greek basileia tou theou,[1] or the Kingdom of Heaven) is a key concept in Christianity based on a phrase attributed to Jesus of Nazareth in the gospels. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... The First Council of Nicaea, which took place during the reign of the emperor Constantine in 325 AD, was the first ecumenical (from Greek oikumene, worldwide) conference of bishops of the Christian Church. ... A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state. ... Constantine. ... World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...

Jesus has been drawn, painted, sculpted, and portrayed on stage and in films in many different ways, both serious and humorous. In fact most medieval art and literature, and many since, were centered around the figure of Jesus. A number of popular novels, such as The Da Vinci Code, have also portrayed various ideas about Jesus. Many of the sayings attributed to Jesus have become part of the culture of Western civilization. There are many items purported to be relics of Jesus, of which the most famous are the Shroud of Turin and the Sudarium of Oviedo. There are no undisputed historical images of Jesus; he sat for no portraits which are preserved and of unquestioned authenticity and undoubted provenance. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Jesus in popular culture. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Bath, a painting by Mary Cassatt (1891-1892). ... Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... This article is about the novel. ... See Occident (movement) for the French political movement. ... There are many relics of Jesus that people believe or believed to be authentic relics of the Gospel accounts. ... The first photo of the Shroud of Turin, taken in 1898, had the surprising feature that the image on the negative was clearer than the positive image. ... The Sudarium of Oviedo is a bloodstained cloth kept in Oviedo, Spain and claimed to be the cloth that was wrapped around the head of Jesus of Nazareth after he died. ...

Other legacies include a view of God as more fatherly, merciful, and more forgiving, and the growth of a belief in an afterlife and in the resurrection of the dead. His teaching promoted the value of those who had commonly been regarded as inferior: women, the poor, ethnic outsiders, children, prostitutes, the sick, prisoners, etc. Jesus and his message have been interpreted, explained and understood by many people. Jesus has been explained notably by Paul of Tarsus, Augustine of Hippo, Martin Luther, and more recently by C.S. Lewis. The afterlife (or life after death) is a generic term referring to a continuation of existence, typically spiritual and experiential, beyond this world, or after death. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Resurrection. ... Paul of Tarsus, also known as Paul the Apostle or Saint Paul (AD 3â€“14 â€” 62â€“69),[1] is widely considered to be central to the early development and spread of Christianity, particularly westward from Jerusalem. ... For the first Archbishop of Canterbury, see Saint Augustine of Canterbury Aurelius Augustinus, Augustine of Hippo, or Saint Augustine (November 13, 354 â€“ August 28, 430) was one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 â€“ February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an author and scholar. ...

For some, the legacy of Jesus has been a long history of Christian anti-Semitism, although in the wake of the Holocaust many Christian groups have gone to considerable lengths to reconcile with Jews and to promote interfaith dialog and mutual respect. For others, Christianity has often been linked to European colonialism (see British Empire, Portuguese Empire, Spanish Empire, French colonial empire, Dutch colonial empire); conversely, Christians have often found themselves as oppressed minorities in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and in the Maghreb. It has been suggested that Christian opposition to anti-Semitism be merged into this article or section. ... Selection procedure of Hungarian Jews at the Auschwitz camp on 26 May 1944, where the Nazis chose whom to kill immediately and whom to use as slave labor or for medical experimentation. ... See colony and colonisation for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Maximum extent of Portuguese colonial possessions in the 16th century. ... The flag of New Spain, one of the Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire. ... -1... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dutch Empire. ... The Algerian bay (view from the west). ...

Notes

^ Some of the historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth and death of Jesus within this range include D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo and Leon Morris. An Introduction to the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56; Michael Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, Scribner's, 1977, p. 71; John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, Doubleday, 1991-, vol. 1:214; E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin Books, 1993, pp. 10-11, and Ben Witherington III, "Primary Sources," Christian History 17 (1998) No. 3:12-20.
^ Raymond E. Brown, The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave (New York: Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library 1994), p. 964; D. A. Carson, et al., p. 50-56; Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Westminster Press, 1987, p. 78, 93, 105, 108; John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperCollins, 1991, p. xi-xiii; Michael Grant, p. 34-35, 78, 166, 200; Paula Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, Alfred A. Knopf, 1999, p. 6-7, 105-110, 232-234, 266; John P. Meier, vol. 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726; E.P. Sanders, pp. 12-13; Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew (Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1973), p. 37.; Paul L. Maier, In the Fullness of Time, Kregel, 1991, pp. 1, 99, 121, 171; N. T. Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions, HarperCollins, 1998, pp. 32, 83, 100-102, 222; Ben Witherington III, pp. 12-20.
^ ^a ^b Bruno Bauer; Timothy Freke & Peter Gandy. The Jesus Mysteries: Was the 'Original Jesus' a Pagan God? London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999, pp. 133, 158; Michael Martin; John Mackinnon Robertson; G.A. Wells. The Jesus Legend, Chicago: Open Court, 1996, p xii.
^ Darrell L. Bock, Jesus According to Scripture, pp. 29-30, gives a c. 60-70 date; L. Michael White, From Jesus to Christianity, p. 244, gives c. 80-90.
^ Bock, ibid., p. 38, gives c. 62-70; White, ibid., p. 252, gives c. 90-100.
^ ^a ^b Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, The Encyclopedia of Christianity [Grand Rapids, Mich.; Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003], 1:454–55
^ Porterm J. R. Jesus Christ: The Jesus of History, the Christ of Faith. Oxford University Press, 1999. Pg. 70 ISBN 0-19-521429-3
^ See Leon Morris, The Gospel According to John, Revised, pp. 284-295, for a discussion of several alternate theories with references.
^ Meier, p.1:402
^ Matt 1:2–16; Luke 3:23–38
^ Easton, Matthew Gallego.Joseph (the foster father of Jesus Christ). Accessed June 26, 2006
^ Matthew 13:55–56, Mark 6:3, and Galatians 1:19
^ For Egypt: Matt 2:13–23; For Tyre and sometimes Sidon:Matt 15:21–28 and Mark 7:24–30
^ Mark 10:45, Luke 4:43, John 20:31.
^ Sermon on the Mount: Matt 5–7; Prodigal Son: Luke 15:11–32; Parable of the Sower: Matt 13:1–9; Agape: Matt 22:34–40.
^ The crowd was quoting Psalms 118:26; found in John 12:13–16.
^ Cited later in Matt 26:65–67.
^ The apostle is identified as Simon Peter in John 18:10; the healing of the ear is found in Luke 22:51.
^ Matt 27:11; Mark 15:12.
^ Mark 15:42–46; Luke 23:50–56.
^ Matthew 28:5-10; Mark 16:9; Luke 24:12–16; John 20:10–17; Acts 2:24; 1Cor 6:14
^ Ministering to Israel: Matthew 15:24; ascension: Mark 16:19; Luke 24:51Acts 1:6–11.; Paul's conversion on the road to Damascus: Acts 9:1–19., 22:1-22; 26:9-24; Second coming: Matthew 24:36–44
^ For a comparison of the Jesus movement to the Zealots, see S.G.F Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots: a study of the political factor in primitive Christianity, Manchester University Press (1967) ISBN 0-684-31010-4
^ For a general comparison of Jesus' teachings to other schools of first century Judaism, see John P. Meier, Companions and Competitors (A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume 3) Anchor Bible, 2001. ISBN 0-385-46993-4.
^ Based on a comparison of the Gospels with the Talmud and other Jewish literature. Sanders, E. P. Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press, 1987. ISBN 0-8006-2061-5; Maccoby, Hyam Jesus the Pharisee, Scm Press, 2003. ISBN 0-334-02914-7; Falk, Harvey Jesus the Pharisee: A New Look at the Jewishness of Jesus, Wipf & Stock Publishers (2003). ISBN 1-59244-313-3.
^ Neusner, Jacob A Rabbi Talks With Jesus, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7735-2046-5. Rabbi Neusner contends that Jesus' teachings were closer to the House of Shammai than the House of Hillel.
^ Based on a comparison of the Gospels with the Dead Sea Scrolls, especially the Teacher of Righteousness and Pierced Messiah. Eisenman, Robert James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Penguin (Non-Classics), 1998. ISBN 0-14-025773-X; Stegemann, Hartmut The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Grand Rapids MI, 1998. See also Broshi, Magen, "What Jesus Learned from the Essenes," Biblical Archaeology Review, 30:1, pg. 32-37, 64. Magen notes similarities between Jesus' teachings on the virtue of poverty and divorce, and Essene teachings as related in Josephus' The Jewish Wars and in the Damascus Document of the Dead Sea Scrolls, repspectively.
^ The Gospel accounts show both John the Baptist and Jesus teaching repentance and the coming Kingdom of God. Some scholars have argued that Jesus was a failed apocalyptic prophet; see Schwietzer, Albert The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, pgs. 370–371, 402. Scribner (1968), ISBN 0-02-089240-3; Ehrman, Bart Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, Oxford University Press USA, 1999. ISBN 0-19-512474-X. Crossan, however, makes a distinction between John's apocalyptic ministry and Jesus' ethical ministry. See Crossan, John Dominic, The Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus, pgs. 305-344. Harper Collins, 1998. ISBN 0-06-061659-8.
^ This includes the belief that Jesus was the Messiah. Brown, Michael L. Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus: Messianic Prophecy Objections Baker Books, 2003. ISBN 0-8010-6423-6. Brown shows how the Christian concept of Messiah relates to ideas current in late Second Temple period Judaism. See also Klausner, Joseph, The Messianic Idea in Israel: From its Beginning to the Completion of the Mishnah, Macmillan 1955; Patai, Raphael, Messiah Texts, Wayne State University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8143-1850-9; Crossan, John Dominic, The Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus, pg. 461. Harper Collins, 1998. ISBN 0-06-061659-8. Patai and Klausner state that one interpretation of the prophecies reveal either two Messiahs, Messiah ben Yosef (the dying Messiah) and Messiah ben David (the Davidic King), or one Messiah who comes twice. Crossan cites the Essene teachings about the twin Messiahs. Compare to the Christian doctrine of the Second Coming.
^ Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944. p. 558; John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew. New York: Doubleday, 1991 vol. 1:205-7;
^ Henry Bettenson, Chris Maunder, Documents of the Christian Church (3rd edition), Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-288071-3
^ ^a ^b Daniel Gaztambide, "The Synoptic Problem: Two-Source Hypothesis and Q", AramaicNT.org, accessed August 19, 2006.
^ Craig S. Hawkins, "The Book of Acts and Archaeology", Apologetics Information Ministry, accessed March 14, 2006.
^ Michael Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, Scribner, 1995 p. 199. ISBN 0-684-81867-1
^ This section draws on a number of sources to determine the doctrines of these groups, especially the early Creeds, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, certain theological works, and various Confessions drafted during the Reformation including the Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, works contained in the Book of Concord, and others.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §436-40; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2; Irenaeus Adversus Haereses in Patrologia Graeca ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857-1866) 7/1, 93; Luke 2:11; Matthew 16:16
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §606-618; Council of Trent (1547) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §1529;John 14:2-3
^ Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 9; Augsburg Confession, article 2; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 8; Rom 5:12–21; 1 Cor 15:21–22.
^ Apostle's Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §441-451; Augsburg Confession, article 3; Luther, Small Catechism commentary on Apostle's Creed; Matthew 16:16-17; 1 Corinthians 2:8
^ Augsburg Confession, article 3; John 1:1
^ Apostle's Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §461-463;Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2; Luther, Small Catechism commentary on Apostle's Creed; John 1:14, 16; Hebrews 10:5-7
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §456-460; Gregory of Nyssa, Orat. catech. 15 in Patrologia Graeca ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857-1866) 45, 48B; St. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses 3.19.1 in ibid. 7/1, 939; St. Athanasius, De inc., 54.3 in ibid. 25, 192B. St. Thomas Aquinas, Opusc. in ibid. 57: 1-4; Galatians 4:4-5
^ Apostle's Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §484-489, 494-507; Luther, Small Catechism commentary on Apostle's Creed
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §541-546
^ Apostle's Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §551-553; Augsburg Confession, article 8; Luther, Small Catechism commentary on Apostle's Creed; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9; Leo the Great, Sermo 4.3 in Patrologia Latina ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1841-1855); Matthew 16:18
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §1322-1419; Luther, Augsburg Confession, article 10; Small Catechism: the Sacrament of the Altar
^ Apostle's Creed; Nicene Creed; Luther, Small Catechism commentary on Apostle's Creed; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9
^ Apostle's Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §632-635; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 3; Augsburg Confession, article 3; Council of Rome (745) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §587; Benedict XII, Cum dudum (1341) in ibid. §1011; Clement VI, Super quibusdam (1351) in ibid. §1077; Council of Toledo IV (625) in ibid. §485; Matthew 27:52-53
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §638-655; Byzantine Liturgy, Troparion of Easter; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 4 and 17; Augsburg Confession, article 3; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9; See also, apologetics.com and worldinvisible.com.
^ Apostle's Creed; Nicene Creed Catechism of the Catholic Church §668-675, 678-679; Luther, Small Catechism commentary on Apostle's Creed; Mt 25:32-46
^ Nicene Creed; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 1; Augsburg Confession, article 1; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 3; Council of Nicaea I (325) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §126; Council of Constantinople II (553) in ibid. §424 and 424; Council of Ephesus in ibid. §255; John 1:1; 8:58; 10:30
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §464-469; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2 and 3 Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9; Council of Ephesus (431) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §250; Council of Ephesus in ibid. §251; Council of Chalcedon (451) in ibid. §301 and 302; Hebrews 4:15
^ John 8:58
^ e.g. C.S. Lewis and Peter Kreeft (1988): "The Divinity of Jesus Christ" from Fundamentals of the Faith. Ignatius Press.
^ 3 Nephi 11:8
^ "Jesus The Ruler Whose Origin Is From Early Times", The Watchtower (15 June 1998) p. 22.
^ John 3:16
^ Col 1:15
^ Rom 11:36
^ See the Jehovah's Witnesses Official Web Site, c.f. Galatians 3:13 and Acts 5:30
^ Bart D. Ehrman, Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 102.
^ McManners, John, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 26-31.
^ Bart D. Ehrman, Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 124-125.
^ Wace, Henry, Commentary on Marcion
^ Bart D. Ehrman, Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 103, p. 104-105, p.108
^ ^a ^b Sheikh Ahmad Kuftaro, "What is Islam? Jesus", Kuftaro.org, accessed March 15, 2006.
^ III&E, "Prophethood in Islam", Accessed March 19, 2006
^ "The Islamic and Christian views of Jesus: a comparison", ISoundvision, accessed March 15, 2006.
^ Abdullah Ibrahim, "The History of the Quran and the Injil", Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry, accessed March 15, 2006.
^ Mufti A.H. Elias, "Jesus (Isa) A.S. in Islam, and his Second Coming", Islam.tc, accessed March 15,2006.
^ Mufti A.H. Elias, "Jesus (Isa) A.S. in Islam, and his Second Coming", Islam.tc Network, accessed May 10, 2006.
^ Geoffrey Parrinder, Jesus in the Quran, p.121, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1996. ISBN 1-85168-094-2
^ Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Qur'anic Verse regarding Second Coming of Jesus.
^ The Second Coming of Jesus, Renaissance - Monthly Islamic Journal, 14(9), September 2004.
^ Islahi, Amin. Tadabbur-i-Qur’an, 1st, Lahore: Faran Foundation. OCLC 60341215. vol.2, p.243
^ M. M. Ahmad, "The Lost Tribes of Israel: The Travels of Jesus", Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Accessed March 16, 2006.
^ Günter Grönbold, Jesus In Indien, München: Kösel 1985, ISBN 3-466-2070-1. Norbert Klatt, Lebte Jesus in Indien?, Göttingen: Wallstein 1988.
^ Rabbi Shraga Simmons, "Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus", accessed March 14, 2006; "Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus", Ohr Samayach - Ask the Rabbi, accessed March 14, 2006; "Why don't Jews believe that Jesus was the messiah?", AskMoses.com, accessed March 14, 2006.
^ "Hilchot Malachim (laws concerning kings) (Hebrew)", MechonMamre.org, accessed March 14, 2006.
^ "Question 18.3.4: Reform's Position On...What is unacceptable practice?", faqs.org, accessed March 14, 2006.
^ Rabbi Ephraim Buchwald, "Parashat Re'eh 5764-2004: Identifying a True Prophet", National Jewish Outreach Program, accessed March 14, 2006; Tracey Rich, "Prophets and Prophecy", Judaism 101, accessed March 14, 2006; Rabbi Pinchas Frankel, "Covenant of History: A Fools Prophecy", Orthodox Union of Jewish Congregations of America, accessed March 14, 2006;Laurence Edwards, "Torat Hayim - Living Torah: No Rest(s) for the Wicked", Union of American Hebrew Congregations, accessed March 14, 2006.
^ Gospel of Thomas:The Buddhist Jesus? accessed April 10, 2006.
^ name=vivekananda>Christ the Messenger. Accessed April 10, 2006.
^ Paramahansa Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi, 2nd ed., Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1-56589-212-7.
^ wikiquote:Mahatma Gandhi; Gandhi vs. Christ. Both accessed on April 10, 2006.
^ The Bahá'í Position on Christianity Jesus Christ was a "Manifestation" of God. Both accessed April 10, 2006.
^ Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments: The Haran Gawaitha
^ Wills, Garry, What Jesus Meant (2006) ISBN 0-670-03496-7
^ John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperSanFrancisco (1993), ISBN 0-06-061629-6; Robert Funk, The Five Gospels: What Did Jesus Really Say? The Search for the AUTHENTIC Words of Jesus, Harper San Francisco (1997), ISBN 0-06-063040-X; Robert Funk, The Acts of Jesus: What Did Jesus Really Do?, The Jesus Seminar, Harper San Francisco (1998), ISBN 0-06-062978-9; The Jesus Seminar, The Gospel of Jesus: According to the Jesus Seminar, Robert Walter Funk (Editor), Polebridge Press (1999), ISBN 0-944344-74-7

Donald A. (D.A.) Carson is an evangelical Christian scholar. ... Douglas J. Moo is a New Testament scholar who, after teaching for more than twenty years at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Illinois, has served as Blanchard Professor of New Testament at the Wheaton College Graduate School since 2000. ... Leon Morris is a New Testament scholar who is currently retired. ... Michael Grant (21 November 1914 â€“ 9 August 2004) was a trained classicist who was one of the few classical historians to win respect from academics and a lay readership. ... John Paul Meier is a prominent Biblical scholar and Catholic priest. ... Ed Parish Sanders (born 1937) is a leading New Testament theologian (Th. ... Ben Witherington III is a prominent evangelical Biblical scholar, and popular lecturer on New Testament Studies. ... Father Raymond Edward Brown, S.S., (born May 22, 1928, died of aids August 8, 1998), was an American Roman Catholic priest appointed in 1972 and in 1996 to the Pontifical Biblical Commission, which advises the pontiff on scriptural matters, and professor emeritus at the Protestant Union Theological Seminary in... Shaye J. D. Cohen is the Littauer Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations of Harvard University. ... John Dominic Crossan (born Nenagh, Co. ... Paula Fredriksen is a historian, and author of two books. ... Geza Vermes (born 22 June 1924) is a Jewish scholar and writer on religious history, particularly Jewish and Christian. ... Paul L. Maier is the Russell H. Seibert Professor of Ancient History at Western Michigan University. ... Tom (N.T.) Wright is the Bishop of Durham of the Anglican Church and a leading British New Testament scholar. ... 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Bock is a New Testament scholar and research professor of New Testament studies at Dallas Theological Seminary in Dallas, Texas. ... Leon Morris is a New Testament scholar who is currently retired. ... Saint Peter, also known as Simon ben Jonah/BarJonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha â€” original name Simon or Simeon (Acts 15:14) â€” was one of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose from among his original disciples. ... John Paul Meier is a prominent Biblical scholar and Catholic priest. ... Ed Parish Sanders (born 1937) is a leading New Testament theologian (Th. ... Hyam Maccoby (1924-2004) was a British scholar, dramatist, and Orthodox Jew specializing in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious tradition. ... Jacob Neusner (born July 28, 1932, Hartford, Connecticut) is an influential as well as controversial academic scholar of Judaism, and the most prolific. ... 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The Societys founder and editor-in-chief is Hershel Shanks. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Albert Schweitzer Albert Schweitzer, M.D., OM, (January 14, 1875 â€“ September 4, 1965) was a German Alsatian theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. ... Bart D. Ehrman is a New Testament Scholar and an expert on Early Christianity. ... John Dominic Crossan (born Nenagh, Co. ... Joseph Klausner (1874-1958) was a brilliant Jewish scholar born in Lithuania who emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine, and died in Israel. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... John Dominic Crossan (born Nenagh, Co. ... The Second Coming or Second Advent refers to the Christian belief in the return of Jesus to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy. ... Michael Grant (21 November 1914 â€“ 9 August 2004) was a trained classicist who was one of the few classical historians to win respect from academics and a lay readership. ... Very Reverend Henry Wace (December 10, 1836 - January 9, 1924) was the Dean of Canterbury from 1903, edited in and contributed to publications in Christian and Ecclesiastical history. ... Geoffrey Parrinder (April 10, 1910â€“June 16, 2005), was a professor of comparative religion at Kings College London, Methodist minister, and author of over thirty books. ... Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (1951â€”) is a well-known Pakistani scholar, exegete, and educationist. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Tadabbur-i-Qurâ€™an is a tafsir (exegeses) of the Quran by Amin Ahsan Islahi based on the concept of thematic and structural coherence, which was originally inspired by Allama Hamiduddin Farahi. ... Lahore (Urdu: Ù„Ø§ÛÙˆØ±) is the second largest city of Pakistan and is the capital of the province of Punjab. ... The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù…Ø§Ø¹Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø£ØÙ…Ø¯ÙŠØ©; transliterated: ; sometimes called the Qadiani community, after the locality of Qadian, India) is based on the Ahmadiyya movement (also known among some Muslim groups as Qadianism) founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (born 1839/40). ... Shraga Simmons is an influential Israeli Orthodox rabbi involved in kiruv (Jewish outreach). ... Ohr Somayach (also Or Samayach or Ohr Somayach International) was founded in 1970. ... AskMoses. ... A Torah database (×ž××’×¨ ×ª×•×¨× ×™ or ×ž××’×¨ ×™×”×“×•×ª) is an electronic collection of classic Jewish texts in electronic form, the kinds of texts which especially in Israel are often called The Traditional Jewish Bookshelf (××¨×•×Ÿ ×”×¡×¤×¨×™× ×”×™×”×•×“×™); the texts are in their original languages (Hebrew or Aramaic). ... Ephraim Buchwald is an influential Orthodox Judaism rabbi based in New York City. ... The National Jewish Outreach Program, known as NJOP, is a Jewish adult education and outreach organization that was founded in 1987, by Rabbi Ephraim Buchwald, a leading rabbi at the Lincoln Square Synagogue New York City. ... OU logo. ... The Union for Reform Judaism (URJ), formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (UAHC), is an organization which supports Reform Jewish congregations in North America. ... John Dominic Crossan (born Nenagh, Co. ... Robert W. Funk (July 18, 1926-September 3, 2005), was founder of the controversial Jesus Seminar and the nonprofit Westar Institute in Santa Rosa, California. ... Robert W. Funk (July 18, 1926-September 3, 2005), was founder of the controversial Jesus Seminar and the nonprofit Westar Institute in Santa Rosa, California. ... The Jesus Seminar is a research team of about two hundred academic New Testament scholars founded in 1985 by the late Robert Funk under the auspices of the Westar Institute. ...

Contents

Chronology

Life and teachings, as told in the Gospels

Genealogy and family

Nativity and early life

Baptism and temptation

Ministry

Arrest, trial, and death

Resurrection and Ascension

Historicity

Historical and archeological reconstructions of Jesus' day to day life

Historicity of the texts

Possible earlier texts

Questions of reliability

External influences on gospel development

Religious perspectives

Christian views

Principal view

Alternative views

Other early views

Messianic Jewish view

Islamic views

Judaism's view

Buddhist Views

Hinduism's views

Other views of Jesus

Legacy

Cultural effect of Jesus

Notes

See also

References

External links

Contents

Chronology GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Life and teachings, as told in the Gospels

Genealogy and family

Nativity and early life

Baptism and temptation

Ministry

Arrest, trial, and death

Resurrection and Ascension

Historicity

Historical and archeological reconstructions of Jesus' day to day life

Historicity of the texts

Possible earlier texts

Questions of reliability

External influences on gospel development

Religious perspectives

Christian views

Principal view

Alternative views

Other early views

Messianic Jewish view

Islamic views

Judaism's view

Buddhist Views

Hinduism's views

Other views of Jesus

Legacy

Cultural effect of Jesus

Notes

See also

References

External links

Chronology