NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Didanosine

Didanosine (2'-3'-dideoxyinosine, ddI) is sold under the trade names Videx® and Videx EC®. It is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, effective against HIV and usually used in combination with other antiviral drug therapy as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Image File history File links Didanosine. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother. ... Motto: none (formerly Advance Australia) Anthem: Advance Australia Fair Capital Canberra Largest city Sydney Official language(s) English (de facto)1 Government â€¢ Queen â€¢ Governor-General â€¢ Prime Minister Const. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Human immunodeficiency virus, commonly known by the initialism HIV, formerly known as HTLV-III and lymphadenopathy-associated virus, is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. ... Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. ...

History

Didanosine was developed by Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan in the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Since the NCI cannot market a product, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded a ten-year exclusive licensed to Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (BMS) to market and sell ddI as Videx® tablets. Samuel Broder is an oncologist and medical researcher. ... Hiroaki Mitsuya (1950 - ) is a Japanese virologist famous for his discovery of the anti-HIV drug AZT. Mitsuya obtained his M.D. and Ph. ... Robert Yarchoan (born 1950) is a medical researcher who played an important role in the development of the first effective drugs for AIDS. Dr. Yarchoan attended Amherst College and subsequently received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. ... The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the United States federal governments principal agency for cancer research and training, and the first institute of the present-day National Institutes of Health. ... The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for medical research. ... Bristol-Myers Squibb NYSE: BMY, colloquially referred to as BMS, is a pharmaceutical corporation, formed by a 1989 merger between pharmaceutical companies Bristol-Myers Company and Squibb Corporation. ...

Didanosine became the second drug approved for the treatment of HIV infection in many other countries, including in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Oct 9, 1991. Its FDA approval helped bring down the price of zidovudine (AZT), the initial anti-HIV drug. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States is the government agency responsible for regulating food (human and animal), dietary supplements, drugs (human and animal), cosmetics, medical devices (human and animal), biologics, and blood products in the United States. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (283rd in Leap years). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Zidovudine (INN) or azidothymidine (AZT) (also called ZDV) is an antiretroviral drug, the first one approved for treatment of HIV. It is also sold under the names RetrovirÂ® and RetrovisÂ®, and as an ingredient in CombivirÂ® and TrizivirÂ®. It is an analog of thymidine. ...

Didanosine has weak acid stability and is easily damaged by stomach acid. Therefore, the original formula approved by the FDA used chewable tablets that included an antacid buffering compound to neutralize stomach acid. The chewable tablets were not only large and fragile, they also were foul-tasting and the buffering compound would cause diarrhea. Although the FDA had not approved the original formulation for once-a-day dosing it was possible for some people to take it that way. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

At the end of its ten-year license, BMS re-formulated Videx® as Videx EC® and patented that, which reformulation the FDA approved in 2000. The new formulation is a smaller capsule containing coated microspheres instead of using a buffering compound. It is approved by the FDA for once-a-day dosing. Also at the end of that ten-year period, the NIH licensed didanosine to Barr Laboratories under a non-exclusive license, and didanosine became the first generic anti-HIV drug marketed in the United States.

One of the patents for ddI will expire in the United States on 2006-08-29, but other patents extend beyond that time. 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ...

Mechanism of action

Didanosine (ddI) is a nucleoside analogue of adenosine. It differs from other nucleoside analogues, because it does not have any of the regular bases, instead it has hypoxanthine attached to the sugar ring. Within the cell, ddI is, by cellular enzymes, phosphorylated to active metabolite of dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, ddATP. Like other anti-HIV nucleside analogs, it acts as a chain terminator by incorporation and inhibits viral reverse transcriptase by competing with natural dATP. Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose ring. ... An analog is in chemistry a chemical closely related to another usually sharing the same nucleus. ... The chemical structure of adenosine Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative, and one of the products of the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine, though more normally in purine degradation, hypoxanthine is oxidized by xanthine oxidase to form xanthine. ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide primarily known in biochemistry as the molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ...

Oral absorption of ddI is fairly low (40%) but rapid. The half-life in plasma is only 30 minutes, but in intracellular environment more than 12 hours. An enteric-coated formulation is now marketed as well. The kidneys actively secrete didanosine, the amount being 20 % of the oral dose.

Adverse affects

The side effects of didanosine are mainly headache and nausea, but also peripheral neuropathy, insomnia, pancreatitis and alterations of liver functions have been reported. Drug resistance to didanosine does develop, though slower than to Zidovudine (AZT). Neuropathy is a disease of the peripheral nervous system. ... It has been suggested that Primary insomnia be merged into this article or section. ... Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. ... Zidovudine (INN) or azidothymidine (AZT) (also called ZDV) is an antiretroviral drug, the first one approved for treatment of HIV. It is also sold under the names RetrovirÂ® and RetrovisÂ®, and as an ingredient in CombivirÂ® and TrizivirÂ®. It is an analog of thymidine. ...

References

* Männistö P.T., Tuominen R.K. in Farmakologia ja Toksikologia, 5^th edition: (ed. Koulu, Tuomisto, Paasonen) Medicina, 1996

* Rang H.P., Dale M.M., Ritter J.M.: Pharmacology, 3^rd edition. Pearson Professional Ltd, 1995

* Watson et. al.: Molecular Biology of the Gene 4^th edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1987

* Mitsuya H, Yarchoan R, Broder S. Molecular targets for AIDS therapy. Science 1990;249(4976):1533-44

* Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Thomas RV, et al. In vivo activity against HIV and favorable toxicity profile of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine. Science 1989;245(4916):412-5

Category: Antivirals Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Genera Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Simplexvirus Varicellovirus Mardivirus Iltovirus Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae Cytomegalovirus Muromegalovirus Roseolovirus Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae Lymphocryptovirus Rhadinovirus Unassigned Ictalurivirus The Herpesviridae is a family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals. ... Aciclovir (INN) (IPA: ) or acyclovir (USAN), marketed as Zovirax, is one of the main antiviral drugs. ... Chemical structure of cidofovir Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis. ... Docosanol 10% cream is a topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters). ... Famciclovir is an antiviral medicine that stops the varicella zoster virus that causes shingles. ... Ganciclovir sodium (CytoveneÂ®) is an antiviral medication used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. ... Tromantadine Tromantadine is an antiviral medicine used to treat herpes simplex virus. ... Valaciclovir (INN) or valacyclovir (USAN) is an antiviral drug used in the management of herpes simplex. ... Valganciclovir hydrochloride (ValcyteÂ®) is an antiviral medication used to treat cytomegalovirus infections. ... Chemical structure of vidarabine Vidarabine is an anti-viral drug which is active against herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses. ... Influenza, commonly known as the flu or the grippe, is a contagious disease of the upper airways and the lungs, caused by an RNA virus of the orthomyxoviridae family. ... Amantadine, 1-aminoadamantane, is an antiviral drug that was approved by the FDA in 1976 for the treatment of influenza type A in adults. ... Oseltamivir (INN) (IPA: ) is an antiviral drug used in the treatment and prophylaxis of both Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus B. Like zanamivir, oseltamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor, acting as a transition-state analogue inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase and thereby preventing new viruses from emerging from infected cells. ... Please expand this article. ... Rimantadine (systematic name 1-(1-aminoethyl)adamantane) is an orally administered medicine used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, Influenzavirus A infection. ... Zanamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor used in the treatment of and prophylaxis of both influenza A and influenza B. Zanamivir was the first neuraminidase inhibitor commercially developed. ... Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV. Different classes of antiretroviral drugs act at different stages of the HIV life cycle. ... Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection. ... Zidovudine (INN) or azidothymidine (AZT) (also called ZDV) is an antiretroviral drug, the first one approved for treatment of HIV. It is also sold under the names RetrovirÂ® and RetrovisÂ®, and as an ingredient in CombivirÂ® and TrizivirÂ®. It is an analog of thymidine. ... Stavudine (2-3-didehydro-2-3-dideoxythymidine, d4T, brand name ZeritÂ®) is a thymidine analogue active against HIV. It is phosphorylated by cellular kinases into active triphosphate. ... Zalcitabine (2-3-dideoxycytidine, ddC), is a derivative of the naturally existing deoxycytidine, made by replacing the hydroxyl group in position 3 with a hydrogen. ... Lamivudine (2,3-dideoxy-3-thiacytidine, 3TC) is a potent reverse transcriptase inhibitor. ... Abacavir (ABC) is extremely potent reverse transcriptase inhibitor, meant for the treatment of AIDS. ABC is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. ... Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate belongs to a class of antiretroviral drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), which block reverse transcriptase, an enzyme crucial to viral production in HIV-infected people. ... Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection. ... Nevirapine, with trade name of ViramuneÂ®, is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) meant to treat HIV and AIDS. History Nevirapine was the first NNRTI (tenth antiretroviral) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection. ... Protease inhibitors are a class of medication used to treat or prevent viral infections. ... Saquinavir (FortovaseÂ®, Roche) is a protease inhibitor, used as a component of HIV therapy. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Categories: Stub ... Ritonavir is a drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat AIDS. It is manufactured as Norvir® by Abbott Laboratories. ... Nelfinavir (ViraceptÂ®) is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ... Amprenavir (AgeneraseÂ®) is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV. It was approved by the FDA on April 15, 1999, for twice-a-day dosing instead of needing to be taken every eight hours. ... Tipranavir is a new protease inhibitor (PI) that was approved by the FDA in June 2005. ... Enfuvirtide is a novel antiretroviral drug used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. ... Imiquimod (Aldaraâ„¢) is a prescription medication used to treat certain diseases of the skin, including skin cancer (malignant melanoma and actinic keratosis) as well as genital warts. ... Interferons (IFNs) are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune systems of most animals in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumor cells. ... Ribavirin (CopegusÂ®; RebetolÂ®; RibasphereÂ®; VilonaÂ®,VirazoleÂ®, also generics from Sandoz, Teva, Warrick) is an anti-viral drug which is active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. ... Viramidine (ICN 3142) is an anti-viral drug in Phase III human trials, but not yet approved for pharmaceutical use. ...

Contents

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Mechanism of action

Adverse affects

References

History