This article or section deals primarily with the United States and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

This article or section deals primarily with the United Kingdom and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

A modern Diesel locomotive.

A Diesel locomotive is a type of railroad locomotive in which the prime mover (main power source) is a Diesel engine. Several types of Diesel locomotive have been developed, the principal distinction being in the means by which the prime mover's mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels (drivers). Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixel Image in higher resolution (3504 × 2336 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixel Image in higher resolution (3504 × 2336 pixel, file size: 2. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Great Western Railway No. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ...

Early internal combustion engine-powered locomotives used gasoline as their fuel. Soon after Dr. Rudolph Diesel patented his first compression ignition engine in 1892^[1], its application for railway propulsion was considered. Progress was slow, however, due to the poor power-to-weight ratio of the early engines, as well as the difficulty inherent in mechanically applying power to multiple driving wheels on swivelling trucks (bogies). This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Great Western Railway No. ... Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Steady improvements in the Diesel engine's design (many developed by Sulzer Ltd. of Switzerland, with whom Dr. Diesel was associated for a time) gradually reduced its physical size and improved its power-to-weight ratio to a point where one could be mounted in a locomotive. Once the concept of Diesel-electric drive was accepted the pace of development quickened. By the mid 20th century the Diesel locomotive had become the dominant type of locomotive in much of the world, offering greater flexibility and performance than the steam locomotive, as well as substantially lower operating and maintenance costs. Currently, almost all Diesel locomotives are Diesel-electric. Sulzer Ltd. ... A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... Great Western Railway No. ... Great Western Railway No. ... Union Pacific Big Boy #4012 at work on a cold November 29, 1941 A steam locomotive is a locomotive powered by steam. ... Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (1858-1913), inventor of the diesel engine. ... Great Western Railway No. ...

History

Adaptation of the Diesel engine for rail use

Following the expiration of Dr. Diesel’s patent in 1912, his engine design was successfully applied to marine propulsion and stationary applications. However, the massiveness and poor power-to-weight ratio of these early engines made them unsuitable for propelling land-based vehicles. Therefore, the engine's potential as a railroad prime mover was not initially recognized.^[2] This changed as development reduced the size and weight of the engine. 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ...

The world’s first Diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the Winterthur-Romanshorn Railroad in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success.^[3] Adolphus Busch purchased the American manufacturing rights for the Diesel engine in 1898 but never applied this new form of power to transportation. Only limited success was achieved in the early twentieth century with direct-driven gasoline and Diesel powered railcars.^[4] 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Adolphus Busch Colonel Adolphus Busch (July 10, 1839 – October 10, 1913) was the founder of the Anheuser-Busch. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

General Electric (GE) entered the railcar market in the early twentieth century, as Thomas Edison possessed an outstanding patent on the electric locomotive, his design actually being a type of electrically propelled railcar.^[5] GE built its first electric locomotive prototype in 1895. However, high electrification costs caused GE to turn its attention to Diesel power to provide electricity for electric railcars. Control issues related to co-ordinating the Diesel engine and electric motor were immediately encountered, primarily due to limitations of the Ward Leonard electric elevator drive system that had been chosen. GE redirects here. ... A railcar (not to be confused with a railway car) is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. ... Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life around the world. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram. ... Harry Ward Leonard (February 8, 1861 – February 18, 1915) was an electrical engineer and inventor whose 30 year career spanned the late 19th century and the early 20th century. ...

The first significant breakthrough occurred in 1914, when Hermann Lemp, a GE electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable direct current electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp).^[6] Lemp's design used a single lever to control both engine and generator in a co-ordinated fashion, and was the prototype for all Diesel-electric locomotive control systems. Ge may refer to: Gê, a group of indigenous Brazilian tribes and their Ge languages Ge (Cyrillic) (Г, г), a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet Ge with upturn (Ґ, ґ), a letter of the Ukrainian alphabet Nikolai Ge, a Russian painter Gē, an ancient Chinese dagger-axe Ge (genus), a genus of butterflies Also... Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Prototyping. ...

In 1917, GE produced an experimental Diesel-electric locomotive using Lemp's control design, the first known to have built in the United States. Following this development, the Kaufman Act of 1923 banned steam locomotives from New York City due to severe pollution problems. The response to this law was to electrify high traffic rail lines. However, electrification was uneconomical to apply to lower traffic areas. Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... GE redirects here. ... {{year nav|1939 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area...

In response to the Kaufman Act, New York City railroads approached Ingersoll-Rand to build a prototype Diesel switching locomotive (shunter). The resulting unit was fitted with a generator and traction motors supplied by GE, as well as a form of Lemp's control system, and was delivered in July 1925. This locomotive demonstrated that Diesel-electric power unit could provide many of the benefits of an electric locomotive without the railroad having to bear the sizeable expense of electrification.^[7] Ingersoll Rand (NYSE: IR) is a diversified industrial firm founded in 1871. ... A modern US switcher, an EMD SW1500. ... Look up generator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram. ... GE redirects here. ... July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Modern three-phase AC locomotive (DBAG Class 152) A GG1 An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electric motors which draws current from an overhead wire (overhead lines), a third rail, or an on-board storage device such as a battery or a flywheel energy storage system. ...

In the mid 1920s, Baldwin Locomotive Works produced a prototype Diesel-electric locomotive for "special uses" (such as for runs where providing water for steam locomotives was scarce) using electrical equipment from Westinghouse Electric Company.^[8] Industry sources were beginning to suggest “the outstanding advantages of this new form of motive power.”^[9] Baldwin Locomotive Works builders plate, 1922 The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. ... The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an organization founded by George Westinghouse in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. ...

The first regular service of Diesel-electric locomotives was in switching applications. General Electric produced several small switching locomotives in the 1930s (the famous "44-tonner" switcher was introduced in 1940) Westinghouse Electric and Baldwin collaborated to build switching locomotives starting in 1929. However, the Great Depression curtailed demand for Westinghouse’s electrical equipment, and they stopped building locomotives internally, opting to supply electrical parts instead.^[10] The GE 44-ton switcher is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Electric between 1940 and 1956. ... 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Great Depression was a time of economic down turn, which started after the Stock Market Crash on October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday. ...

Diesel-electric railroad locomotion entered the mainstream when the Burlington Railroad and Union Pacific used Diesel "streamliners" to haul passengers.^[11]. Following the successful 1939 tour of EMD's FT demonstrator freight locomotive set, the transition from steam to Diesel power began, the pace substantially quickening in the years following the close of World War Two. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (AAR reporting marks CBQ) was a railroad that operated in the Midwestern United States. ... The Union Pacific Railroad (NYSE: UNP) is the largest railroad in the United States. ... A streamliner is any vehicle that incorporates streamlining to produce a shape that provides less resistance to air, and is more pleasing to the eye. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... General Motors Electro-Motive Division (normally shortened to GM EMD or just EMD) is the worlds largest builder of railroad locomotives. ... EMD FT - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

Diesel’s advantages over steam

Diesel engines slowly eclipsed those powered by steam as the manufacturing and operational efficiencies of the former made them cheaper to own and operate. While initial costs of diesel engines were high, steam locomotives were custom made for specific railway routes and lines, and as such economies of scale were difficult to achieve.^[12] Though more complex to produce with exacting manufacturing tolerances (1/10,000^th of an inch vs. 1/100^th of an inch for steam), diesel locomotive parts were more conducive to mass production. As such, while the steam engine manufacturer Baldwin offered almost five hundred steam models in its heyday, Electro-Motive offered less than ten diesel varieties. ^[13] Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. ...

Moreover, maintenance and operational costs of steam locomotives were much higher than diesel counterparts. Annual maintenance costs for steam locomotives accounted for 25% of the initial purchase price. Spare parts were machined from wooden masters for specific locomotives. The sheer amount of unique steam locomotives meant that there was no feasible way for spare part inventories to be maintained. ^[14] Steam engines also required large quantities of coal and water, which were expensive variable operating costs. ^[15] Further, the thermal efficiency of steam was considerably less than that of Diesel engines. Diesel’s theoretical studies demonstrated potential thermal efficiencies for a compression ignition engine of 73% (compared with 6-10% for steam), and his 1897 one-cylinder prototype operated at a remarkable 26% efficiency. ^[16] By the middle of the twentieth century, Diesel locomotives had effectively replaced steam engines. ^[17] The thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an internal combustion engine, a boiler, or a furnace, for example. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... // The term steam engine may also refer to an entire railroad steam locomotive. ...

United Kingdom

In the 1970s British Rail developed a high-speed diesel-electric train called the High Speed Train or HST. This train consists of two Class 43 locomotives (also known as power cars), one at each end, and a number of "Mark 3" carriages (usually 8). A complete HST set was originally designated as a Class 253 or 254 diesel multiple unit (DMU), but due to the frequent exchanges between sets the power cars were reclassified as locomotives and given class number 43. The unpowered carriages were simultaneously reclassified as individual coaches; the number of a DMU set should identify all its associated carriages as well. Logo of British Rail British Railways (BR), later rebranded as British Rail, ran the British railway system from the nationalisation of the Big Four British railway companies in 1948 until its privatisation in stages between 1994 and 1997. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Two distinct types of locomotive have been allocated Class 43. ... Mark 3 DVT at Norwich station British Rails third design of carriages was designated Mark 3. ... Class 253 and Class 254 were the classifications allocated to the production High Speed Train units. ... DMU, type SA108 of Great Poland Voivodship in Poznań, Poland German DMU of class 628 A diesel multiple unit (DMU) is a train whose carriages have their own motors powered by a diesel engine. ...

The HST holds the world speed record for diesel traction, having reached a speed of 148 mph, although the operating speed in service is 125 mph (200 km/h), hence the name "Inter-City 125".

Transmission types

Unlike steam engines, internal combustion engines require a transmission to power the wheels. The engine must be allowed to continue to run when the locomotive is stopped. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Great Western Railway No. ...

Diesel-mechanical

A British Rail Class 03 Diesel-mechanical shunter (switcher) with a jackshaft under the cab.

A diesel-mechanical locomotive uses a mechanical transmission in a fashion similar to that employed in highway vehicles. The earliest internal combustion locomotives were gasoline powered, diesel engines first appearing in diesel-mechanical locomotives shortly before World War I. Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 651 KB)BR Class 03, no. ... Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 651 KB)BR Class 03, no. ... The British Rail Class 03 locomotive is, together with Class 04, one of BRs most successful smaller 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters. ... A switcher (the general United States usage; common British terminology is shunter, while the Pennsylvania Railroad used shifter) is a small railroad locomotive intended not for moving trains any great distance but rather for assembling a train ready for a road locomotive to take over, disassembling a train that has... A British Rail Class 04 switcher with a jackshaft under the cab. ... A gearbox is an assembly of gears allowing the rotational speed of an input shaft to be changed to a different speed. ... Gasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna...

The mechanical transmissions used for railroad propulsion are generally more complex and much more robust than road versions. There is usually a fluid coupling interposed between the engine and gearbox, and the gearbox is often of the epicyclic (planetary) type to permit shifting while under load. Various systems have been devised to minimise the break in transmission during gear changing, e.g. the S.S.S. (synchro-self-shifting) gearbox used by Hudswell Clarke. A fluid coupling is a hydraulic device used for trasmitting mechanical shaft power from a rotating driver to a rotating driven load. ... Epicyclic gearing is used here to increase output speed. ... A typical Hudswell Clarke Diesel Locomotive from the 1950s Hudswell Clarke was an engineering and locomotive building company in Leeds, founded in 1860. ...

Diesel-mechanical propulsion is limited by the difficulty of building a reasonably sized transmission able to cope with the power and torque required to move a heavy train, but are generally more efficient as transmission losses are reduced^{[citation needed]}. A number of attempts to use diesel-mechanical propulsion in high horsepower applications have been made (e.g. the 1,500 kW (2000 horsepower) British Rail 10100 locomotive), although none have proved successful in the long run. This type of transmission is generally limited to low-powered shunting (switching) locomotives, lightweight multiple units and self-propelled railcars. The Danish IC3 and IC4 railcars use mechanical transmissions for 294 kW (400 horsepower) and 560 kW (750 horsepower) engines respectively. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Moment (physics). ... hp, see HP (disambiguation). ... British Rail 10100 was a steam powered locomotive built by BR Derby for British Rail in 1950. ... A modern US switcher, an EMD SW1500. ... A classic Belgian multiple unit of type 74 A multiple unit (MU) is a passenger train whose carriages have their own motors, either diesel (DMUs) or electric (EMUs), and do not need to be hauled by a locomotive, and can be coupled with other similar units to operate together, in... A railcar (not to be confused with a railway car) is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. ... Bombardier IC3 train set The Inter City 3 (IC3) is a Danish-built Diesel multiple unit train, built by ABB Scandia (which was later purchased by Adtranz, which itself was subsequently aquired by Bombardier Transportation). ... The IC4 is a inter-city train built by Italian Ansaldo Breda for the Danish State Railways’ cross-Great Belt routes. ...

Diesel-electric

General Motors FT demonstrator set #103, the locomotive that sold American railroads on the freight-hauling Diesel-electric locomotive.

In a Diesel-electric locomotive the Diesel engine prime mover drives an electric generator whose output provides power to the traction motors. There is no mechanical connection between the prime mover and the driving wheels (drivers). Conceptually, this type of locomotive is an electric locomotive that incorporates its own generating station, making it well suited for operation in areas that do not have electrified railways. General Motors Electro-Motive Division FT freight diesel locomotive demonstrator #103, shown on trial on the Denver and Rio Grande Western in Denver, Colorado, May 16, 1940. ... General Motors Electro-Motive Division FT freight diesel locomotive demonstrator #103, shown on trial on the Denver and Rio Grande Western in Denver, Colorado, May 16, 1940. ... Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. ... EMD FT - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... Great Western Railway No. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... Generator redirects here. ... Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... Great Western Railway No. ... Modern three-phase AC locomotive (DBAG Class 152) A GG1 An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electric motors which draws current from an overhead wire (overhead lines), a third rail, or an on-board storage device such as a battery or a flywheel energy storage system. ... Oil power plant in Iraq A power station or power plant is a facility for the generation of electric power. ... Overhead wire in Coventry, England Overhead wire and its suspension system in Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA A railway electrification system is a way of supplying electric power to electric locomotives and multiple units. ...

The important components of Diesel-electric propulsion are the prime mover, main generator (or traction generator, which may actually be an alternator), traction motors and a control system consisting of the engine governor, load regulator and traction motor switchgear. In principle, the electrical output from the generator is directed through the switchgear to the traction motors, which are mechanically coupled to the drivers by spur gearing. A number of vehicles use a diesel-electric powerplant for providing locomotion. ... Early 20th century Alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station. ... Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram. ... A governor is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine. ... The term switchgear, commonly used in association with the electric power system, or grid, refers to the combination of electrical disconnects and/or circuit breakers meant to isolate equipment in or near an electrical substation. ...

Originally, the traction motors and generator were DC machines. Following the development of high capacity silicon rectifiers in the 1960's, the DC generator was replaced by an alternator using a diode bridge to rectify its output to DC. This advance greatly improved locomotive reliability and decreased generator maintenance costs by elimination of the commutator and brushes. The elimination of the brushes and commutator, in turn, disposed of a particularly destructive type of event referred to as flashover, which would usually result in immediate generator failure and, in some cases, start an engine room fire. Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ... Types of diodes A diode functions as the electronic version of a one-way valve. ... City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ... Three bridge rectifiers. ... Rectification has the following technical meanings. ... Conventional continuous current flows from the battery. ... In electrical engineering, brushes conduct current between stationary wires and moving parts, most commonly in a rotating shaft. ... A flashover is the simultaneous ignition of all combustible material in an enclosed area. ...

More recently, the development of high power Variable Frequency/Variable Voltage (VVVF) drives, or "traction inverters," has allowed the use of polyphase AC traction motors, thus also eliminating the motor commutator and brushes. The result is a more efficient and reliable drive that requires relatively little maintenance and is better able to cope with overload conditions that often destroyed the older types of motors. Small Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a system for controlling the rotational speed of an alternating current (AC) electric motor by controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor. ...

Diesel-electric control

In mechanical terms, a Diesel locomotive is a "constant horsepower" machine. In other words, a Diesel locomotive's power output at any given throttle setting would (in theory) be the same without regard to road speed, as long as the unit is actually in motion. Therefore, the unit's ability to develop tractive effort (aka drawbar pull or tractive force, which is what actually propels the train) will tend to inversely vary with speed. In contrast, a steam locomotive may be considered a "constant torque" machine, whose maximum theoretical tractive effort will be relatively independent of locomotive speed, but whose power output will tend to increase with speed, an effect that will ultimately be limited by the steaming capacity of the boiler. hp, see HP (disambiguation). ... Tractive Effort (abbr. ... Tractive Effort (abbr. ... Tractive Effort (abbr. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Moment (physics). ...

Since the Diesel locomotive is a constant horsepower machine, the propulsion system must be designed to, at all times, apply the maximum load to the prime mover that it can safely withstand, if maximum performance and efficiency are to be realized. Underloading, while not actually harmful, will cause a loss of efficiency, as the prime mover's output will not be fully utilized. On the other hand, overloading will cause efficiency loss due to the prime mover being forced to run too slowly for the rate at which fuel is being consumed, an effect referred to as "lugging." Lugging may cause abnormally high cylinder pressures during combustion and, if allowed to continue, could result in severe mechanical damage. For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... A piston and cylinder from a steam engine A cylinder in an internal combustion engine is the space within which a piston travels. ...

Maintaining acceptable operating parameters was one of the principal design issues that had to be solved in early Diesel-electric locomotive development, and ultimately led to the complex control systems in place on modern units.

The prime mover's horsepower output is primarily determined by its rotational speed (RPM) and fuel rate, which are regulated by a governor or similar mechanism. The governor is designed to react to both the throttle setting, as determined by the engineer (driver), and the speed at which the prime mover is running. For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ... hp, see HP (disambiguation). ... rpm or RPM may mean: revolutions per minute RPM Package Manager (originally called Red Hat Package Manager) RPM (movie) RPM (band), a Brazilian rock band RPM (magazine), a former Canadian music industry magazine In firearms, Rounds Per Minute: how many shots an automatic weapon can fire in one minute On... A governor is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine. ...

Locomotive power output, and thus speed, is typically controlled by the engineer (driver) using a stepped or "notched" throttle that produces binary-like electrical signals corresponding to throttle position. This basic design lends itself well to multiple unit (MU) operation by producing discrete conditions that assure that all units in a consist respond in the same way to throttle position. Binary encoding also helps to minimize the number of trainlines that are required to pass signals from unit to unit. For example, only four trainlines are required to encode all throttle positions. In an engine, the throttle is the mechanism by which the engines power is increased or decreased. ... Look up binary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A classic Belgian multiple unit of type 74 A multiple unit (MU) is a passenger train whose carriages have their own motors, either diesel (DMUs) or electric (EMUs), and do not need to be hauled by a locomotive, and can be coupled with other similar units to operate together, in... This article is about trains in rail transport. ...

North American locomotives, such as those built by EMD or General Electric have nine steps, one idle and eight power (as well as an emergency stop position that shuts down the prime mover). Many UK-built locomotives have a ten-position throttle. The power positions are often referred to by locomotive crews as "run 3" or "notch 7," depending upon the throttle setting. General Motors Electro-Motive Division (normally shortened to GM EMD or just EMD) is the worlds largest builder of railroad locomotives. ... GE redirects here. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ...

In older locomotives, the throttle mechanism was ratcheted so that it was not possible to advance more than one power position at a time. The engineer could not, for example, pull the throttle from notch 2 to notch 4 without stopping at notch 3. This feature was intended to prevent rough train handling due to abrupt power increases caused by rapid throttle motion ("throttle stripping," an operating rules violation on many railroads). Modern locomotives no longer have this restriction, as their control systems are able to smoothly modulate power and avoid sudden changes in train loading regardless of how well (or poorly) the engineer (driver) operates the controls. A ratchet featuring a pawl (a) and a gearwheel (b) A ratchet lever hoist. ... An SP freight train west of Chicago in 1992. ...

When the throttle is in the idle position, the prime mover will be receiving minimal fuel, causing it to idle at low RPM. Also, the traction motors will not be connected to the main generator (MG) and its field windings will not be excited (energized)—the generator will not produce electricity with no excitation. Therefore, the locomotive will be in "neutral." Conceptually, this is the same as placing an automobile's transmission into neutral (or park) while the engine is running.

To set the locomotive in motion, the reverser is placed into the correct position (forward or reverse), the brakes are released and the throttle is moved to the run 1 position (the first power notch). A skilful engineer (driver) can accomplish these steps in a co-ordinated fashion that will result in a nearly imperceptible start. The positioning of the reverser and movement of the throttle together are conceptually like shifting an automobile's automatic transmission into gear while the engine is idling In a steam engine, cutoff is the early closing of the cylinder inlet valve, to increase efficiency. ... Piping diagram from 1920 of a Westinghouse E-T Air Brake system. ...

Placing the throttle into the first power position will cause the traction motors to be connected to the MG and its field coils to be excited. It will not, however, increase prime mover RPM. With excitation applied, the MG will deliver electricity to the traction motors, resulting in motion. If the locomotive is running "light" (that is, not coupled to a train) and is not on an ascending grade it will easily accelerate. On the other hand, if a long train is being started, the locomotive may stall as soon as some of the slack has been taken up, as the drag imposed by the train will exceed the tractive force being developed. An experienced engineer (driver) will be able to recognize an incipient stall and will gradually advance the throttle to maintain the pace of acceleration.

As the throttle is moved to higher power notches, the fuel rate to the prime mover will increase, resulting in a corresponding increase in RPM and horsepower output. At the same time, MG magnetic field excitation will be proportionally increased to absorb the higher horsepower. This will translate into increased output to the traction motors, with a corresponding increase in tractive force. Eventually, depending on the requirements of the train's schedule, the engineer (driver) will have moved the throttle to the position of maximum power and will maintain it there until the train has accelerated to the desired speed.

As will be seen in following discussion, the electric drive system is designed to produce maximum traction motor torque at start-up, which explains why modern locomotives are capable of starting trains weighing in excess of 15,000 tons, even on ascending grades. Current technology allows a locomotive to develop as much as 30 percent of its loaded driver weight in tractive force, amounting to some 120,000 pounds for a large, six-axle freight (goods) unit. In fact, a combination of such units can produce more than enough drawbar pull at start-up to damage or derail cars (if on a curve), or break couplers (the latter being referred to in North American railroad slang as "jerking a lung"). Therefore, it is incumbent upon the engineer (driver) to carefully monitor the amount of power being applied at start-up to avoid damage. In particular, "jerking a lung" could be a calamitous matter if it were to occur on an ascending grade. Tractive Effort (abbr. ... Tractive Effort (abbr. ...

As previously explained, the locomotive's control system is designed so that the MG output for any given prime mover speed will be constant and ideally will be exactly matched to the maximum horsepower produced by the prime mover at that RPM.

Typical main generator constant power curve at "notch 8".

Due to the innate characteristics of traction motors, as well as the way in which the motors are connected to the MG, the result will be high current and low voltage at low locomotive speeds, gradually changing to low current and high voltage as the locomotive accelerates. Therefore the net power produced by the locomotive will remain substantially constant for any given throttle setting (see power curve graph). Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 491 pixel Image in higher resolution (977 × 600 pixel, file size: 74 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Suckindiesel 00:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC) original image I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 491 pixel Image in higher resolution (977 × 600 pixel, file size: 74 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Suckindiesel 00:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC) original image I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and...

In older designs, the prime mover's governor and a companion device, the load regulator (LR), play a central role in the control system. The governor has two external inputs: requested engine speed, determined by throttle setting, and actual engine speed (feedback). The governor has two external control outputs: fuel injector setting, which determines the fuel rate, and LR position. The governor also incorporates a separate overspeed protective mechanism that will immediately cut off the fuel supply to the injectors and sound an alarm in the cab in the event the prime mover exceeds a defined RPM. It should be noted that not all of these inputs and outputs are necessarily electrical. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Feedback loop. ... Fuel injection is a technology used in internal combustion engines to mix the fuel with air prior to combustion. ... Fuel injection is a technology used in internal combustion engines to mix the fuel with air prior to combustion. ... The word cab has a number of meanings, most of which are abbreviations: A cabriolet is kind of a light, horse-drawn carriage which replaced the heavier hackney carriage in the 19th century as the vehicle for hire of choice in Paris and London, and was the forerunner of the...

The LR is essentially a potentiometer that controls the MG power output by varying its field excitation and hence the degree of loading applied to the engine. The LR's job is relatively complex, owing to the fact that although the prime mover's power output is somewhat proportional to RPM, the MG's output is not (which characteristic was not correctly handled by the Ward Leonard elevator drive system that was initially tried in early locomotives). It has been suggested that Linear taper be merged into this article or section. ... Harry Ward Leonard (February 8, 1861 – February 18, 1915) was an electrical engineer and inventor whose 30 year career spanned the late 19th century and the early 20th century. ...

As the load on the engine changes, its rotational speed will also tend to change. This is detected by the governor via a change in the engine speed feedback signal. The net effect is to adjust both the fuel rate and the LR position. Therefore, the prime mover RPM and torque will remain relatively constant for any given throttle setting, regardless of actual road speed. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Moment (physics). ...

In newer designs controlled by a “traction computer,” each engine speed step is allotted an appropriate power output, or “kW reference”, in software. The computer compares this value with actual MG power output, or “kW feedback”, calculated from traction motor current and MG voltage feedback values. The computer adjusts the feedback value to match the reference value by controlling the excitation of the MG, as described above. The governor still has control of engine speed, but the LR no longer plays a central role in this type of control system. However, the LR is retained as a “back-up” in case of engine overload. Modern locomotives fitted with electronic fuel injection (EFI) may have no governor, however a “virtual” LR is retained. Fuel injection is a technology used in internal combustion engines to mix the fuel with air prior to combustion. ...

Traction motor performance is controlled either by varying the DC voltage output of the MG, for DC motors, or by varying the frequency and voltage output of the VVVF for AC motors. With DC motors, various connection combinations are utilized to adapt the drive to varying operating conditions.

At standstill, DC traction motors are connected across the MG in a series-wound configuration (that is, the field windings are connected in series with the armature windings), generally with two motors in series with each other. In this configuration, MG output is initially low voltage/high current, often in excess of 1000 amperes per motor at full power. When the locomotive is at or near standstill current flow will be limited only by the DC resistance of the motor windings and interconnecting cable, as well as the capacity of the MG itself. Torque in a series wound motor is approximately proportional to the square of the current, hence the traction motors will produce their highest torque, causing the locomotive to develop maximum tractive effort, enabling it to overcome the inertia of the train. This effect is analogous to what happens in an automobile automatic transmission at start-up, where it is in first gear and thus producing maximum torque multiplication. Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram. ... Tractive Effort (abbr. ... An automatic transmission is an automobile gearbox that can change gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves, thus freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually. ...

As the locomotive accelerates, the now-rotating motor armatures will start to generate a counter-electromotive force (back EMF, meaning the motors are also trying to act as generators), which will oppose the output of the MG and cause traction motor current to decrease. MG voltage will correspondingly increase in an attempt to maintain motor power, but will eventually reach a plateau. At this point, the locomotive will essentially cease to accelerate, unless on a downgrade. Since this plateau will usually be reached at a speed substantially less than the maximum that may be desired, something must be done to change the drive characteristics to allow continued acceleration. This change is referred to as "transition," a process that is analogous to shifting gears in an automobile. A force that runs against the current which induces it, it is caused by a changing electromagnetic field. ...

Transition methods include:

• Changing the traction motor connections from series or series/parallel to parallel. In parallel mode, the back EMF developed by the motors will not increase as rapidly as in series operation, as the now-parallel field will develop a magnetic flux strength that is independent of armature current. Therefore, armature current can continue to increase without causing an increase in field current, preventing the latter from changing the rate at which back EMF can increase. In some cases, resistance may be introduced in series with the field winding to accentuate this effect. This type of transition is known as "motor transition."

• Reducing motor field current while operating in series mode by placing resistance in parallel with the field. This has the effect of increasing the armature current, producing a corresponding increase in motor torque and speed. This method is variously termed "field shunting," "field diverting" or "weak fielding."

• Reconnecting the two separate internal MG stator windings from parallel to series to increase the output voltage. This is called "generator transition."

In older locomotives, it was necessary for the engineer to manually execute transition by use of a separate control. As an aid to performing transition at the right time, the load meter was calibrated to indicate at which points forward or backward transition should take place. Automatic transition was subsequently developed to produce better operating efficiency, and to protect the MG and traction motors from overloading due to improper transition. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... In electrical engineering, an armature is usually the rotating part of an electric motor or dynamo. ... Early 20th century Alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station. ... Wire carrying current to be measured Spring providing restoring force An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the flow of electric current in a circuit. ...

Dynamic braking

Main article: Dynamic brake

A common option on Diesel-electric locomotives is dynamic (rheostatic) braking, the use of which is roughly analogous to downshifting an automobile transmission to reduce speed via engine compression braking. Regenerative braking is any technology which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would ordinarily be lost when braking. ... A regenerative brake is an apparatus, a device or system which allows a vehicle to recapture and store part of the kinetic energy that would otherwise be lost to heat when braking. ... Look up Transmission in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Engine braking is the act of using the energy-requiring compression stroke of the internal combustion engine to dissipate energy and slow down a vehicle. ...

Dynamic braking takes advantage of the fact that the traction motor armatures are always rotating when the locomotive is in motion and that a motor can be made to act as a generator by separately exciting the field winding. When dynamic braking is utilized, the traction control circuits are configured as follows: Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram. ... Look up generator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

• The field winding of each traction motor is connected across the main generator (MG).
• The armature of each traction motor is connected across a forced-air cooled resistance grid (the dynamic braking grid) in the roof of the locomotive's hood.
• The prime mover RPM is increased and the MG field is excited, causing a corresponding excitation of the traction motor fields.

The aggregate effect of the above is to cause each traction motor to generate electric power and dissipate it as heat in the dynamic braking grid. Forced air-cooling is provided by a fan that is connected across the grid. Consequently, the fan is powered by the electrical output of the traction motors, and will tend to run faster and produce more airflow as more energy is applied to the grid. Resistor symbols (non-European) Resistor symbols (Europe, IEC) A pack of resistors A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that resists an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohms law. ... For the philosophical/theological concept of a prime mover (that is, a self-existent being that is the ultimate cause or mover of all things), see cosmological argument. ...

Ultimately, the source of the energy dissipated in the dynamic braking grid is the motion of the locomotive as imparted to the traction motor armatures. Therefore, drag is imposed by the traction motors and the locomotive acts as a brake. As speed decreases, the braking effect decays and usually becomes ineffective below approximately 16 km/h (10 mph), depending on the gear ratio between the traction motors and axles. Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. ...

Dynamic braking is particularly beneficial when operating in mountainous regions, where there is always the danger of a runaway due to overheated friction brakes during descent (see also comments in the air brake article regarding loss of braking due to improper train handling). In such cases, dynamic brakes are usually applied in conjunction with the air brakes, the combined effect being referred to as blended braking. The use of blended braking assists in keeping the slack in a long train stretched as it crests a grade, helping to prevent a "run-in," an abrupt bunching of train slack that can cause a derailment. Blended braking is also commonly used with commuter trains to reduce wear and tear on the mechanical brakes that is a natural result of the numerous stops such trains typically make during a run. A runaway train is a train which is unable to stop or be stopped. ... Piping diagram from 1920 of a Westinghouse E-T Air Brake system. ... Piping diagram from 1920 of a Westinghouse E-T Air Brake system. ... A Connex commuter train stands by the platform in Melbourne, Australia Regional rail systems, or commuter rail systems, usually provide a rail service through a central business district area into suburbs or other locations that draw large numbers of people on a daily basis. ...

Electro-diesel

Main article: Electro-diesel locomotive

These are special locomotives that can either operate as an electric locomotive or as a Diesel locomotive. The Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North Railroad operate dual-mode diesel-electric/third-rail locomotives between non-electrified territory and New York City because of a local law banning diesel-powered locomotives in Manhattan tunnels. For the same reason, Amtrak operates a fleet of dual-mode locomotives in the New York area. British Rail operated dual diesel-electric/electric locomotives designed to run primarily as electric locomotives. This allowed railway yards to remain un-electrified as the third-rail power system is extremely hazardous in a yard area. An Electro-diesel locomotive is a special type of locomotive that can be powered either from an external electricity supply (i. ... Modern three-phase AC locomotive (DBAG Class 152) A GG1 An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electric motors which draws current from an overhead wire (overhead lines), a third rail, or an on-board storage device such as a battery or a flywheel energy storage system. ... An M3 railcar The Long Island Rail Road or LIRR (often referred to as the L-I-double-R) is a commuter rail system serving the length of Long Island, New York, United States. ... The Metro-North Railroad (officially the Metro-North Commuter Railroad Company, and usually abbreviated as Metro-North) is a suburban commuter rail service between New York City to its northern suburbs in New York and Connecticut. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area... The Borough of Manhattan, highlighted in yellow, lies between the East River and the Hudson River. ... Acela Express in West Windsor, NJ Amtrak Cascades service with tilting Talgo trainsets in Seattle, Washington Amtrak train in downtown Orlando, Florida For other uses, see Amtrak (disambiguation). ... Logo of British Rail British Railways (BR), later rebranded as British Rail, ran the British railway system from the nationalisation of the Big Four British railway companies in 1948 until its privatisation in stages between 1994 and 1997. ... Third rail at the West Falls Church Metro stop in Washington, D.C., electrified to 750 volts. ...

Diesel-hydraulic

DB class V 200.

Diesel-hydraulic locomotives use hydraulic transmission to convey the power from the diesel engine to the wheels. On this type of locomotive, the power is transmitted to the wheels by means of a device called a torque converter. A torque converter consists of three main parts, two of which rotate, and one that is fixed. All three main parts are sealed in an oil-filled housing . Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 185 KB) Description Licensing List of references and voucher please send to kj@uue. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 185 KB) Description Licensing List of references and voucher please send to kj@uue. ... Plaque commemorating 5,000 kilometers of electrification. ... DB class V 200. ... Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the use of liquids to perform mechanical tasks. ... A cut-away model of a torque converter A torque converter is modified form of a hydrodynamic fluid coupling, and like the fluid coupling, is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, such as an internal combustion engine or electric motor, to a rotating driven load. ...

The inner rotating part of a torque converter is called a "centrifugal pump" (or impeller), the outer part is called a "turbine wheel" (or driven wheel), and between them is a fixed guide wheel. All of these parts have specially shaped blades to control the flow of oil.

The centrifugal pump is connected directly to the diesel engine, and the turbine wheel is connected to an axle, which drives the wheels. An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. ...

As the diesel engine rotates the centrifugal pump, oil is forced outwards at high pressure. The oil is forced through the blades of the fixed guide wheel and then through the blades of the turbine wheel, which causes it to rotate and thus turn the axle and the wheels. The oil is then pumped around the circuit repeatedly.

The disposition of the guide vanes allows the torque converter to act as a gearbox with continuously variable ratio. If the output shaft is loaded to reduce its rotational speed, the torque applied to the shaft increases, so the power transmitted by the torque converter remains more or less constant. A gearbox is an assembly of gears allowing the rotational speed of an input shaft to be changed to a different speed. ...

However, the range of variability is not sufficient to match engine speed to load speed over the entire speed range of a locomotive, so some additional method is required to give sufficient range. One method is to follow the torque converter with a mechanical gearbox which switches ratios automatically, similar to an automatic transmission on a car. Another method is to provide several torque converters each with a range of variability covering part of the total required; all the torque converters are mechanically connected all the time, and the appropriate one for the speed range required is selected by filling it with oil and draining the others. The filling and draining is carried out with the transmission under load, and results in very smooth range changes with no break in the transmitted power.

Diesel-hydraulic multiple units, a less arduous duty, often use a simplification of this system, with a torque converter for the lower speed ranges and a fluid coupling for the high speed range. A fluid coupling is similar to a torque converter but the ratio of input to output speed is fixed; loading the output shaft results not in torque multiplication and constant power throughput but in reduction of the input speed with consequent lower power throughput. (In car terms, the fluid coupling provides top gear and the torque converter provides all the lower gears.) The result is that the power available at the rail is reduced when operating in the lower speed part of the fluid coupling range, but the less arduous duty of a passenger multiple unit compared to a locomotive makes this an acceptable trade-off for reduced mechanical complexity. A fluid coupling is a hydraulic device used for trasmitting mechanical shaft power from a rotating driver to a rotating driven load. ...

Diesel-hydraulic locomotives are slightly more efficient than diesel-electrics, but were found in many countries to be mechanically more complicated and more likely to break down. In Germany, however, diesel-hydraulic systems achieved extremely high reliability in operation. Persistent argument continues over the relative reliability of hydraulic systems, with continuing questions over whether data was manipulated politically to favour local suppliers over German ones. In the US and Canada, they are now greatly outnumbered by diesel-electric locomotives, while they remain dominant in some European countries. The most famous diesel-hydraulic locomotive is the German V 200 which were built from 1953 in a total number of 136. The only diesel-electric locomotives of the Deutsche Bundesbahn were BR 288 (V 188), of which 12 were built in 1939 by the DRG. DB class V 200. ... Plaque commemorating 5,000 kilometers of electrification. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... The Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft was the German State Railway Company between 1920 and 1945. ...

The high reliability of the German locomotives was paralleled by higher reliability of non-German locomotives built with German-made parts compared to that of the same designs built using parts made locally to German patterns under licence. Much of the unreliability experienced outside Germany was due to poor quality control in the local manufacture of engines and transmissions. Another contributing factor was poor maintenance due to staff accustomed to steam locomotives now working on unfamiliar and much more complex designs in unsuitable conditions, and failing to follow the unit-replacement maintenance methods which were part of the German success. It is notable that diesel-hydraulic multiple units, with the advantages of modern manufacturing techniques and improved maintenance procedures, are now extremely successful in widespread use, achieving excellent reliability.

In the 1960s, more than 15 diesel-hydraulic locomotives were purchased by the Denver & Rio Grande and Southern Pacific Railroads on a trial basis from the Kraus-Maffei company. Only the outer shell of one of these (converted into a camera car by SP in the 1970s) exists today, the others having all been scrapped. Categories: Rail stubs | Defunct railroad companies of the United States | Colorado railroads | New Mexico railroads | Utah railroads ... The Southern Pacific Railroad (AAR reporting mark SP) was an American railroad. ...

Diesel-steam

Diesel-steam locomotives can use diesel or steam power, as needed. A steam and diesel hybrid locomotive was a railway locomotive with a piston engine which could run on either steam from a boiler or diesel fuel. ... Union Pacific Big Boy #4012 at work on a cold November 29, 1941 A steam locomotive is a locomotive powered by steam. ...

Multiple unit operation

Most Diesel locomotives are capable of multiple unit operation (MU) as a means of increasing horsepower and tractive effort when hauling heavy trains. All North American locomotives, including export models, use a standardised AAR electrical control system interconnected by a 27-pin jumper cable between the units. Most UK-built locomotives are only inter-operable within their own class. In all cases, the electrical control connections made common to all units in a consist are referred to as trainlines. The result is that all locomotives in a consist behave as one in response to the engineer's (driver's) control movements. Multiple-unit train control sometimes referred to simply as multiple-unit or MU, is a method of simultaneously controlling all the motors in a train including a number of self-powered cars from a single operating location. ... hp, see HP (disambiguation). ... Tractive Effort (abbr. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Categories: Organization stubs | Rail transport | Industry trade groups ... A jump start is a colloquial term for a method of starting an automobile or other internal combustion engine-powered vehicle having a discharged battery. ... This article is about trains in rail transport. ... This article is about trains in rail transport. ...

The ability to MU Diesel-electric locomotives was first introduced in the EMD FT four-unit demonstrator that toured the USA in 1939. At the time, American railroad work rules required that each operating locomotive in a train had to have on board a full crew. EMD got around that requirement by joining the four units of the demonstrator with drawbars instead of conventional knuckle couplers and declaring the consist to be a single locomotive. Electrical interconnections were made so one engineer (driver) could operate the entire consist from the head-end unit. Later on, work rules were amended and the semi-permanent joining of units via drawbars was eliminated in favor of couplers, as servicing had proved to be somewhat cumbersome due to the total length of the consist (about 200 feet or nearly 61 meters). EMD FT - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. ...

In mountainous regions, it is common to interpose helper locomotives in the middle of the train, both to provide the extra power needed to ascend a grade and to limit the amount of stress applied to the draft gear of the car coupled to the head-end power. The helper units in such configurations are remote controlled from the lead unit's cab via coded radio signals. Although this is technically not MUing, the behaviour is the same as with physically interconnected units. The Lickey Banker 58100 Big Bertha assisting an express up the Lickey Incline, July or August 1955. ... Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction. ...

References

Nassau Street, Princetons main street. ... The Princeton University Press is a publishing house, a division of Princeton University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ...

See also

• Air brake (rail)
• Railway brakes
• Electric locomotive
• Hybrid locomotive
• List of British Rail classes