This article is on differentiated services within communication networks. For a related concept used as a design pattern for business applications (including smart services and context-aware services) see Differentiated service (design pattern). Differentiated Service is a design pattern for business services and software, in which the service varies automatically according to the identity of the consumer and/or the context in which the service is used. ...

DiffServ or Differentiated Services is a computer networking architecture that specifies a simple, scalable and coarse-grained mechanism for classifying, managing network traffic and providing quality of service (QoS) guarantees on modern IP networks. DiffServ can, for example, be used to provide low-latency, guaranteed service (GS) to critical network traffic such as voice or video while providing simple best-effort traffic guarantees to non-critical services such as web traffic or file transfers. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In the fields of packet-switched networks and computer networking, the traffic engineering term Quality of Service (QoS) refers to control mechanisms that can provide different priority to different users or data flows, or guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow in accordance with requests from the... The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ... Low latency allows human-unnoticeable delays between an input being processed and the corresponding output providing real time characteristics. ... IP Telephony, also called Internet telephony, is the technology that makes it possible to have a telephone conversation over the Internet or a dedicated Internet Protocol (IP) network instead of dedicated voice transmission lines. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Best effort delivery describes a network service in which the network does not provide any special features that recover lost or corrupted data. ... The W3C defines a Web service (many sources also capitalize the second word, as in Web Services) as a software system designed to support interoperable Machine to Machine interaction over a network. ... FTP or file transfer protocol is a commonly used protocol for exchanging files over any network that supports the TCP/IP protocol (such as the Internet or an intranet). ...

Background

Since modern data networks carry many different types of services, including voice, video, streaming music, web pages and email, many of the proposed QoS mechanisms that allowed these services to co-exist were both complex and failed to scale to meet the demands of the public Internet. In 1998, the IETF published RFC 2475—An Architecture for Differentiated Services. Today, DiffServ has largely supplanted other Layer 3 QoS mechanisms (such as IntServ) as the primary protocol routers use to provide different levels of service. E-mail, or email, is short for electronic mail and is a method of composing, sending, and receiving messages over electronic communication systems. ... The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is charged with developing and promoting Internet standards. ... In computer networking, IntServ or integrated services is a system that attempts to guarantee quality of service (QoS) on networks. ...

Traffic Management Mechanisms

DiffServ is a coarse-grained, class-based mechanism for traffic management. In contrast, IntServ is a fine-grained, flow-based mechanism. In computer networking, IntServ or integrated services is a system that attempts to guarantee quality of service (QoS) on networks. ...

DiffServ operates on the principle of traffic classification, where each data packet is placed into a limited number of traffic classes, rather than differentiating network traffic based on the requirements of an individual flow. Each router on the network is configured to differentiate traffic based on its class. Each traffic class can be managed differently, ensuring preferential treatment for higher-priority traffic on the network. Cisco 1800 Router ERS-8600 In simple layman terms, a router is a device that determines the proper path for data to travel between different networks. ...

The DiffServ model does not make judgement on what types of traffic should be given priority treatment since that is left up to the network operator. DiffServ simply provides a framework to allow classification and differentiated treatment. DiffServ does recommend a standardized set of traffic classes (discussed below) to make interoperability between different networks and different vendors' equipment simpler.

DiffServ relies on a mechanism to classify and mark packets as belonging to a specific class. DiffServ-aware routers implement Per-Hop Behaviors (PHBs), which define the packet forwarding properties associated with a class of traffic. Different PHBs may be defined to offer, for example, low-loss, low-latency forwarding properties or best-effort forwarding properties. All the traffic flowing through a router that belongs to the same class is referred to as a Behavior Aggregate (BA).

DiffServ Domain

A group of routers that implement common, administratively defined DiffServ policies are referred to as a DiffServ Domain.

Classification and Marking

Network traffic entering a DiffServ domain is subjected to classification and conditioning. Traffic may be classified by many different parameters, such as source address, destination address or traffic type and assigned to a specific traffic class. Traffic classifiers may honor any DiffServ markings in received packets or may elect to ignore or override those markings. Because network operators want tight control over volumes and type of traffic in a given class, it is very rare that the network honors markings at the ingress to the DiffServ domain. Traffic in each class may be further conditioned by subjecting the traffic to rate limiters, traffic policers or shapers.

Per-Hop Behavior

The Per-Hop Behavior is indicated by encoding a 6-bit value—called the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)—into the 8-bit Differentiated Services (DS) field of the IP packet header. DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) is a field in packets transferred on DiffServ networks for packet classification purposes. ... Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth iteration of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. ...

In theory, a network could have up to 64 (2⁶) different traffic classes using different markings in the DSCP. The DiffServ RFCs recommend, but do not require, certain encodings, which gives a network operator great flexibility in defining traffic classes. In practice, however, most networks use the following commonly-defined Per-Hop Behaviors:

• Default PHB—which is typically best-effort traffic
• Expedited Forwarding (EF) PHB—for low-loss, low-latency traffic
• Assured Forwarding (AF)—behavior group
• Class Selector PHBs—which are defined to maintain backward compatibility with the IP Precedence field.

Default PHB

A default PHB is the only required PHB. Essentially, any traffic that does not meet the requirements of any of the other defined classes is placed in the default PHB. Typically, the default PHB has best-effort forwarding characteristics. The recommended codepoint for the default PHB is '000000'.

Expedited Forwarding (EF) PHB

The IETF defines Expedited Forwarding in RFC 3246. The EF PHB has the characteristics of low delay, low loss and low jitter. These characteristics are suitable for voice, video and other realtime services. EF traffic is often given strict priority queuing above all other traffic classes. Because an overload of EF traffic will cause queuing delays and affect the jitter and delay tolerances within the class, EF traffic is often strictly controlled through admission control, policing and other mechanisms. Typical networks will limit EF traffic to no more than 30%—and often much less—of the capacity of a link.

Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB Behavior Group

The IETF defines the Assured Forwarding behavior group in RFC 2597. Assured forwarding allows the operator to provide assurance of delivery as long as the traffic does not exceed some subscribed rate. Traffic that exceeds the subscription rate faces a higher probability of being dropped if congestion occurs.

The AF behavior group defines four separate AF classes. Within each class, packets are given a drop precedence (high, medium or low). The combination of classes and drop precedence yields twelve separate DSCP encodings from AF11 through AF43 (see table)

Some measure of priority and proportional fairness is defined between traffic in different classes. Should congestion occur between classes, the traffic in the higher class is given priority. Rather than using strict priority queueing, more balanced queue servicing algorithms such as fair queueing or weighted fair queuing are likely to be used. If congestion occurs within a class, the packets with the higher drop precedence are discarded first. To prevent issues associated with tail drop, the random early detection (RED) or weighted random early detection (WRED) algorithms are often used to drop packets. Fair Queueing (FQ) is a scheduling scheme in computer networks. ... Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) is a packet scheduling technique allowing guaranteed bandwidth services. ... Tail Drop, or Drop Tail, is a simple queue management algorithm. ... Random early detection (RED) is a queue management algorithm. ... Weighted random early detection (WRED) is a queue management algorithm with congestion avoidance capabilities. ...

Usually, traffic policing is required to encode drop precedence. Typically, all traffic assigned to a class is initially given a low drop precedence. As the traffic rate exceeds subscription thresholds, the policer will increase the drop precedence of packets that exceed the threshold.

Class Selector PHB

Prior to DiffServ, IP networks could use the Precedence field in the Type of Service (TOS) byte of the IP header to mark priority traffic. The TOS byte and IP precedence was not widely used. The IETF agreed to reuse the TOS byte as the DS field for DiffServ networks. In order to maintain backward compatibility with network devices that still use the Precedence field, DiffServ defines the Class Selector PHB. RFC 1349, Type of Service in the Internet Protocol Suite The TOS byte in the IPv4 header has had various purposes over the years, and has been defined in different ways by five different RFCs. ...

The Class Selector codepoints are of the form 'xxx000'. The first three bits are the IP precedence bits. Each IP precedence value can be mapped into a DiffServ class. If a packet is received from a non-DiffServ aware router that used IP precedence markings, the DiffServ router can still understand the encoding as a Class Selector codepoint.

Advantages of DiffServ

One advantage of DiffServ is that all the policing and classifying is done at the boundaries between DiffServ clouds. This means that in the core of the Internet, routers can get on with doing the job of routing, and not care about the complexities of collecting payment or enforcing agreements.

Disadvantages of DiffServ

End-to-end and peering problems

One disadvantage is that the details of how individual routers deal with the type of service field is somewhat arbitrary, and it is difficult to predict end-to-end behaviour. This is complicated further if a packet crosses two or more DiffServ clouds before reaching its destination.

From a commercial viewpoint, this is a major flaw, as it means that it is impossible to sell different classes of end-to-end connectivity to end users, as one provider's Gold packet may be another's Bronze. Internet operators could fix this, by enforcing standardised policies across networks, but are not keen on adding new levels of complexity to their already complex peering agreements. One of the reasons for this is set out below. Peering is the practice of exchanging Internet traffic with peers. ...

Diffserv operation only works if the boundary hosts honour the policy agreed upon. However, this assumption is naive as human beings rarely agree. A host can always tag its own traffic with a higher precedence, even though the traffic doesn't qualify to be handled with that importance. This in fact has already been exploited: Microsoft Windows 2000 always tags its traffic with IP precedence 5, making the traffic classing useless. On the other hand, the network is usually quite within its rights to traffic shape and otherwise ration the amount of network traffic ingress with any particular precedence, and so where this is enforced, overall network traffic flow provided to a host would be reduced by such a tactic.

DiffServ vs. more capacity

The greatest disadvantage of DiffServ is that at the very highest level, some regard as a technical solution for a technical problem which does not exist with high bandwidth Internet links, however with implementation of QoS for wireless links, such as EV-DO, where the air-interface bandwidth is an order of several magnitudes less than the backhaul, QoS is being used to efficiently deliver VoIP packets where not otherwise achievable. Evolution Data Only,Evolution Data Optimized, often abbreviated as EVDO, EV-DO, EvDO, 1xEV-DO or 1xEvDO is a wireless radio broadband data protocol being adopted by many CDMA mobile phone providers in Japan, Korea, the United States and Canada, as part of the CDMA2000 standard. ... IP Telephony, also called Internet telephony, is the technology that makes it possible to have a telephone conversation over the Internet or a dedicated Internet Protocol (IP) network instead of dedicated voice transmission lines. ...

Since DiffServ is simply a mechanism for deciding which packets to delay or drop at the expense of others in a situation where there is not enough network capacity, consider that when DiffServ is working by dropping packets selectively, traffic on the link in question must already be very close to saturation. Any further increase in traffic will result in Bronze services being taken out altogether. Since Internet traffic is highly bursty, this is almost certain to happen on a regular basis if traffic on a link is near the limit at which DiffServ becomes needed. (However, the network can be provisioned to provide a minimum Bronze bandwidth, by limiting the maximum amount of higher priority traffic.)

For this reason, many people think that DiffServ will always be inferior to adding sufficient network capacity to avoid packet loss on all classes of traffic.

As of 2003, there is a glut of fibre capacity in most parts of the telecoms market, with it being far easier and cheaper to add more capacity than to employ elaborate DiffServ policies as a way of increasing customer satisfaction. In fact, this is what is generally done in the core of the Internet, which is generally fast and dumb with "fat pipes" connecting its routers. 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January events January 1 Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. ... A Fat Pipe is a data transmission circuit or network that is capable of carrying large amounts of data without significantly degrading the speed of transmission. ...

Effects of dropped packets

Dropping packets wastes the resources that have already been expended in carrying these packets so far through the network. In many cases, this traffic will be re-transmitted, causing further bandwidth consumption at the congestion point and elsewhere in the network.^{[citation needed]} To minimize this waste, packets must be discarded as close to the edge of the network as possible, while Diffserv is often implemented throughout a network (edge and core).^{[citation needed]}

Thus, dropping packets amounts to betting that congestion will have resolved by the time the packets are re-sent,^{[citation needed]} or that (if the dropped packets are TCP datagrams) TCP will throttle back transmission rates at the sources to reduce congestion in the network. The TCP congestion avoidance algorithms are subject to a phenomenon called TCP global synchronization unless special approaches (such as Random early detection) are taken when dropping TCP packets. In Global Synchronization, all TCP streams tend to build up their transmission rates together, reach the peak throughput of the network, and all crash together to a lower rate as packets are dropped, only to repeat the process. TCP global synchronization in data networking can happen to TCP/IP flows during periods of congestion because each sender will reduce their transmission rate at the same time when packet loss occurs. ... Random early detection (RED) is a queue management algorithm. ...

Delays caused by re-scheduling packets due to Diffserv can cause packets to drop by the IPsec anti-replay mechanism.^{[citation needed]}

DiffServ as rationing

Hence, DiffServ is for most ISPs mainly a way of rationing customer network utilisation to allow greater overbooking of their capacity. A good example of this is the use of DiffServ tools to suppress or control peer-to-peer traffic, because of its ability to saturate customer links indefinitely, disrupting the ISP's business model which relies on 1%-10% link utilization for most online customers. Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services: it restricts how much people are allowed to buy or consume. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Overselling. ... A peer-to-peer (or P2P) computer network is a network that relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the network rather than concentrating it in a relatively few servers. ... The term business model describes a broad range of informal and formal models that are used by enterprises to represent various aspects of business, such as operational processes, organizational structures, and financial forecasts. ...

Bandwidth Broker

RFC 2638 from IETF defines the entity of the Bandwidth Broker in the framework of DiffServ. According to RFC 2638, a Bandwidth Broker is an agent that has some knowledge of an organization's priorities and policies and allocates bandwidth with respect to those policies. In order to achieve an end-to-end allocation of resources across separate domains, the Bandwidth Broker managing a domain will have to communicate with its adjacent peers, which allows end-to-end services to be constructed out of purely bilateral agreements. Bandwidth Brokers can be configured with organizational policies, keep track of the current allocation of marked traffic, and interpret new requests to mark traffic in light of the policies and current allocation. Bandwidth Brokers only need to establish relationships of limited trust with their peers in adjacent domains, unlike schemes that require the setting of flow specifications in routers throughout an end-to-end path. In practical technical terms, the Bandwidth Broker architecture makes it possible to keep state on an administrative domain basis, rather than at every router and the DiffServ architecture makes it possible to confine per flow state to just the leaf routers. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is charged with developing and promoting Internet standards. ... RFC 2638 from IETF defines the entity of the Bandwidth Broker in the framework of DIffServ. ... Cisco 1800 Router ERS-8600 In simple layman terms, a router is a device that determines the proper path for data to travel between different networks. ...

DiffServ RFC's

• RFC 2474—Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers
• RFC 2475—An Architecture for Differentiated Services
• RFC 2597—Assured Forwarding PHB Group
• RFC 3140—Per Hop Behavior Identification Codes (Obsoletes RFC 2836)
• RFC 3246—An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Obsoletes RFC 2598)

References

• "Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice" by John Evans, Clarence Filsfils (Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, ISBN 0-12-370549-5)

See also

• Type of Service (TOS)
• Class of Service (COS)
• IntServ
• Bandwidth Broker
• quality of service
• traffic shaping
• traffic engineering

RFC 1349, Type of Service in the Internet Protocol Suite The TOS byte in the IPv4 header has had various purposes over the years, and has been defined in different ways by five different RFCs. ... Class of Service (CoS) is a 3 bit field within a layer two Ethernet frame header when using IEEE 802. ... In computer networking, IntServ or integrated services is an architecture, which specifies the elements to guarantee quality of service (QoS) on networks. ... RFC 2638 from IETF defines the entity of the Bandwidth Broker in the framework of DIffServ. ... In the fields of packet-switched networks and computer networking, the traffic engineering term Quality of Service (QoS) refers to control mechanisms that can provide different priority to different users or data flows, or guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow in accordance with requests from the... Traffic shaping (also known as packet shaping) is an attempt to control computer network traffic in order to optimize or guarantee performance, low latency, and/or bandwidth by delaying packets[1]. Traffic shaping deals with concepts of classification, queue disciplines, enforcing policies, congestion management, quality of service (QoS), and fairness. ... Teletraffic engineers use their basic knowledge of statistics, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks at minimum total cost. ...

External links

• IETF DiffServ Working Group page
• Cisco Whitepaper—DiffServ-The Scalable End-to-End Quality of Service Model