Digital Research, Inc. (aka DR or DRI; originally Intergalactic Digital Research) was the company created by Dr. Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related products. It was the first large software company in the microcomputer world. Digital Research should not be confused with Digital Equipment Corporation; the two were not affiliated. It was based in Pacific Grove, California. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Incorporation (abbreviated Inc. ... Pacific Grove, California city hall. ... A blonde haired, very skilled worker with a 70s look. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Pacific Grove, California city hall. ... Gary Arlen Kildall (May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was an early American microcomputer entrepreneur who created the CP/M operating system and founded Digital Research, Inc. ... This page may meet Wikipedia’s criteria for speedy deletion. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Computer program. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... It has been suggested that Maintenance OS be merged into this article or section. ... A graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with a computer and computer-controlled devices which employ graphical icons, visual indicators or special graphical elements called widgets, along with text labels or text navigation to represent the information and actions available to... For the tax agency in the United Kingdom of the same name, see HM Revenue and Customs. ... For the album by the Kaiser Chiefs see Employment (album) Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos and other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... Gary Arlen Kildall (May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was an early American microcomputer entrepreneur who created the CP/M operating system and founded Digital Research, Inc. ... CP/M was an operating system originally created for Intel 8080/85 based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. ... It has been suggested that Maintenance OS be merged into this article or section. ... The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best selling home computer of all time. ... The DEC logo Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the computer industry. ... Pacific Grove, California city hall. ...

The company's operating systems, starting with CP/M for 8080/Z80-based microcomputers, were the de facto standard of their era, as MS-DOS and MS Windows became later. DR's product suite included the original CP/M and its various offshoots; DR-DOS which was a MS-DOS compatible version of CP/M, and MP/M, the multi-user CP/M. The first 16-bit system was CP/M-86, which was to be unsuccessful in competition with MS-DOS. There followed Concurrent CP/M, a single-user version of the multi-tasking MP/M-86 featuring "virtual consoles" from which applications could be launched to run concurrently. Successive revisions of this system, which gradually supported MS-DOS applications and the FAT filesystem, were labelled Concurrent DOS, Concurrent DOS XM and Concurrent DOS 386. AMD clone NEC 8080AF (2nd-source). ... One of the first Z80 microprocessors manufactured; the date stamp is from June 1976. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ... MP/M was the multi-user version of the CP/M operating system, created by Digital Research. ... CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. ... Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ... Multiuser DOS is an operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers. ...

Soon after the introduction of the Intel 80286, DR introduced a radical new real-time system, initially called DOS-286 and subsequently Flex OS. This exploited the greater memory addressing capability of the new CPU to provide a more flexible multi-tasking environment. There was a small but powerful set of system APIs, each with a synchronous and an asynchronous variant. Pipes were supported, and all named resources could be aliased by setting Environment variables. This system was to enjoy enduring favour in point-of-sale systems and was adopted by the IBM 4690. AMD 80286 at 12 MHz. ... Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6. ... The software that provides the functionality described by an API is said to be an implementation of the API. The API itself is abstract, in that it specifies an interface and does not get involved with implementation details. ... In computing, a named pipe (also FIFO for its behaviour) is an extension to the traditional pipe concept on Unix and Unix-like systems, and is one of the methods of inter-process communication. ... Environment variables are a set of dynamic values that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. ...

Digital Research was purchased by Novell in 1991, primarily for Novell to gain access to the OS line. Novell Inc. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...

DR produced a selection of programming language compilers and interpreters for their OS-supported platforms, including C, Pascal, COBOL, Forth, PL/I, PL/M, BASIC, and Logo. They also produced a microcomputer version of the GKS graphics standard (related to NAPLPS) called GSX, and later used this as the basis of their GEM GUI. Less known are their application programs, limited largely to the GSX-based DR-DRAW and a small suite of GUI programs for GEM. A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ... A diagram of the operation of a typical multi-language, multi-target compiler. ... An interpreter is a computer program that executes other programs. ... C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ... Pascal is an imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ... COBOL (pronounced //) is a third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ... Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ... PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced pee el one) is an imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. ... The PL/M programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Microcomputers) is a medium-level language developed by MAA (later Digital Research) in 1972 on behalf of Intel for its microprocessors. ... BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ... Logo turtle graphic The Logo programming language is a functional programming language. ... The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for low level computer graphics, introduced in 1977. ... NAPLPS (North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax) is a graphics language for use originally with videotex services. ... GEM (Graphical Environment Manager) was a windowing system created by Digital Research, Inc. ... A graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with a computer and computer-controlled devices which employ graphical icons, visual indicators or special graphical elements called widgets, along with text labels or text navigation to represent the information and actions available to...

CP/M-86 and DOS

When the IBM Personal Computer was being developed, DR was asked to supply a version of CP/M written for the Intel 8086 microprocessor as the standard operating system for the PC, which used the code-compatible Intel 8088 chip. DR, which had the dominant OS system of the day, was uneasy about the agreement with IBM and refused, Microsoft seized this opportunity to supply the OS in addition to other software (e.g. Basic) for the new IBM PC. When the IBM PC arrived in late 1981, it came with PC-DOS, which was developed from 86-DOS, which Microsoft acquired for this purpose. By mid-1982, it was marketed as MS-DOS for use in hardware compatible non-IBM computers. This one decision resulted in Microsoft becoming the leading name in computer software. This story is detailed in the PBS series Triumph of the Nerds. Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... IBM PC-DOS was one of the three major operating systems that dominated the personal computer market from about 1985 to 1995. ... 86-DOS was an operating system developed and marketed by Seattle Computer Products for its Intel 8086-based computer kit. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ...

Digital Research developed CP/M-86 as an alternative to MS-DOS and it was made available through IBM in early 1982. DR later created an MS-DOS clone with advanced features called DR-DOS, which pressured Microsoft to further improve its own DOS. The competition between MS-DOS and DR-DOS is one of the more controversial chapters of microcomputer history. Microsoft offered the best licensing terms to computer manufacturers that committed to selling MS-DOS with every processor they shipped, making it uneconomical for them to offer both systems. This practice led to a 1994 government antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft that barred it from per-processor licensing. DRI (and later its successor Caldera Systems) accused Microsoft of announcing vaporware versions of MS-DOS to suppress sales of DR-DOS. Microsoft refused to support DR-DOS in Windows; in one beta release of Windows, Microsoft included code that detected DR-DOS and displayed a warning message. DRI's successor Caldera Systems raised these disputes in a 1996 lawsuit, but the case was settled without a trial. As a condition of the settlement Microsoft paid Caldera $150 million and Caldera destroyed all documents it had produced in connection with the case. CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The SCO Group, Inc. ... Vaporware is software or hardware product which is announced by a developer well in advance of release, but which then fails to emerge, either with or without a protracted development cycle. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ... Development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... The SCO Group, Inc. ...

External links

• Digital Research
• Joe Wein's page on Digital Research
• Tom Rolander's, Employee#1 at Digital Research, current company - CrossLoop
• Marcus Bennett's DRI Documentation Store