Digital video is a type of video recording system that works by using a digital, rather than analog, of the video signal. The terms camera, video camera, and camcorder are used interchangeably in this article. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A digital system is one that uses discrete values (often electrical voltages), especially those representable as binary numbers, or non-numeric symbols such as letters or icons, for input, processing, transmission, storage, or display, rather than a continuous spectrum of values (ie, as in an analog system). ... An analog or analogue signal is an allergy continuous in both time and amplitude. ...

History

Early experiments with digital video were first accomplished throughout the 1960s by the research departments of entities such as the BBC and Bell Laboratories, both developing such to eliminate the introduction of noise and distortion on video feeds for television sent over the terrestrial microwave relay and coaxial cable circuits of the day. This article is an overview article about the Crown chartered British Broadcasting Corporation formed in 1927. ... Bell Telephone Laboratories or Bell Labs was originally the research and development arm of the United States Bell System, and was the premier corporate facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies from telephone switches to specialized coverings for telephone cables, to the transistor. ...

Also starting in the late 70s to the early 80s, several types of video production equipment, such as time base correctors (TBC) and digital video effects (DVE) units (two of the latter being the Ampex ADO, and the NEC DVE), were introduced that would operate by taking a standard analog video input and internally digitizing it. This made it easier to either correct or enhance the video signal, as in the case of a TBC, or to manipulate and add effects to the video, in the case of a DVE unit. The digitized and processed video from these units would then be converted back to standard analog video. We dont have an article called Time Base Corrector Start this article Search for Time Base Corrector in. ... NEC Corporation is a multi-national information technologies company headquarterd in Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. ...

Later on in the 1970s, manufacturers of professional video broadcast equipment, such as Bosch (through their Fernseh division), RCA, and Ampex developed prototype digital videotape recorders in their research and development labs. Bosch's machine used a modified 1" Type B transport, and recorded an early form of CCIR 601 digital video. None of these machines from these manufacturers were ever marketed commercially, however. Logo of Robert Bosch GmbH Robert Bosch GmbH [1] is a German corporation which was started in 1886 by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany. ... Fernseh // Fernseh is German for Television. ... RCA, formerly an acronym for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark owned by Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson. ... Ampex is based in Redwood City, California. ... The phrase research and development (also R and D or, more often, R&D), according to the Organization of Economic Coopeation and Development, refers to creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use... 1 inch type B (designated Type B by SMPTE) is an open-reel videotape format developed by Bosch in Germany in 1976. ... CCIR 601 is the old name of a standard published by the CCIR (now ITU-R) for encoding interlaced analogue video signals in digital form. ...

Digital video was first introduced commercially in 1986 with the Sony D-1 format, which recorded an uncompressed standard definition component video signal in digital form instead of the high-band analog forms that had been commonplace until then. Due to the expense, D-1 was used primarily by large television networks. It would eventually be replaced by cheaper systems using compressed data, most notably Sony's Digital Betacam, still heavily used as a field recording format by professional television producers. Sony Corporation ) is a Japanese multinational corporation and one of the worlds largest media conglomerates with revenue of $66. ... Sonys D1 format was the first major professional digital video format, introduced in 1987. ... Standard-definition television or SDTV refers to television systems that have a lower resolution than HDTV systems. ... Three cables, each with RCA plugs at both ends, are often used to carry analog component video Component video is a video signal that has been split into two or more components. ... A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. ... Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape formats developed by Sony from 1982 onwards. ...

Consumer digital video first appeared in the form of QuickTime, Apple Computer's architecture for time-based and streaming data formats, which appeared in crude form around 1990. Initial consumer-level content creation tools were crude, requiring an analog video source to be digitized to a computer-readable format. While low-quality at first, consumer digital video increased rapidly in quality, first with the introduction of playback standards such as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 (adopted for use in television transmission and DVD media), and then the introduction of the DV tape format allowing recording direct to digital data and simplifying the editing process, allowing non-linear editing systems to be deployed wholly on desktop computers. QuickTime is a multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. ... Apple Inc. ... MPEG-1 defines a group of Audio and Video (AV) coding and compression standards agreed upon by MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group). ... MPEG-2 is a standard for the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information [1]. It is widely used around the world to specify the format of the digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ... A MiniDV Camcorder For other uses, see DV (disambiguation). ... Note: Please see National Latin Examination for the standardized test that is also abbreviated NLE. A non-linear editing system (abbreviated NLE) is a video editing or audio editing system that can perform random access on the source material. ...

Technical overview

Digital video cameras come in two different image capture formats: interlaced and progressive scan. Interlaced cameras record the image in alternating sets of lines: the odd-numbered lines are scanned, and then the even-numbered lines are scanned, then the odd-numbered lines are scanned again, and so on. One set of odd or even lines is referred to as a "field", and a consecutive pairing of two fields of opposite parity is called a frame. Interlace is a technique of improving the picture quality of a video signal without consuming any extra bandwidth. ... Progressive scan Progressive or noninterlaced scanning is any method for displaying, storing or transmitting moving images in which the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence. ...

A progressive scanning digital video camera records each frame as distinct, with both fields being identical. Thus, interlaced video captures twice as many fields per second as progressive video does when both operate at the same number of frames per second. This is one of the reasons video has a “hyper-real” look, because it draws a different image 60 times per second, as opposed to film, which records 24 or 25 progressive frames per second. Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of the frequency (rate) at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. ...

Progressive scan camcorders such as the Panasonic DVX100 are generally more desirable because of the similarities they share with film. They both record frames progressively, which results in a crisper image. They can both shoot at 24 frames per second, which results in motion strobing (blurring of the subject when fast movement occurs). Thus, progressive scanning video cameras tend to be more expensive than their interlaced counterparts. (Note that even though the digital video format only allows for 29.97 interlaced frames per second [or 25 for PAL], 24 frames per second progressive video is possible by displaying identical fields for each frame, and displaying 3 fields of an identical image for certain frames. For a more detailed explanation, see the adamwilt.com link.) The Panasonic AG-DVX100 was the first affordable progressive scan camcorder. ...

Standard film stocks such as 16 mm and 35 mm record at 24 or 25 frames per second. For video, there are two frame rate standards: NTSC, and PAL, which shoot at 30/1.001 (about 29.97) frames per second and 25 frames per second, respectively. Film stock is the term for photographic film on which films are recorded. ... (Redirected from 16 mm) 16mm film was initially created in the 1920s as an inexpensive amateur alternative to the conventional 35 mm film format. ... Simulated 35 mm film with soundtracks _ The outermost strips (on either side) contain the SDDS soundtrack as an image of a digital signal. ... Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of the frequency (rate) at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Mexico, and some other countries, mostly in the Americas (see map). ... For other uses, see PAL (disambiguation). ...

Digital video can be copied with no degradation in quality. No matter how many generations a digital source is copied, it will be as clear as the original first generation of digital footage.

Digital video can be processed and edited on an NLE, or non-linear editing station, a device built exclusively to edit video and audio. These frequently can import from analog as well as digital sources, but are not intended to do anything other than edit videos. Digital video can also be edited on a personal computer which has the proper hardware and software. Using a NLE station, digital video can be manipulated to follow an order, or sequence, of video clips. Avid's software and hardware is almost synonymous with the professional NLE market, but Apple’s Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere, Sony Vegas and similar programs are also popular. A non-linear editing system is a video editing or audio editing system that can perform random access on the source material. ... Methods and media for sound recording are varied and have undergone significant changes between the first time sound was actually recorded for later playback until now. ... AVID (meaning Advancement Via Individual Determination) is a college-preparatory program designed to aid economically disadvantaged, and academically average first-generation students of both elementary and high schools into college. ... Final Cut Pro is a professional non-linear editing system developed by Apple Inc. ... Adobe Premiere is the old name of the video editing software Adobe Premiere Pro. ... Sony Vegas is a non-Linear editing system produced by Sony Media Software. ...

More and more, videos are edited on readily available, increasingly affordable hardware and software. Even large budget films, such as Cold Mountain, have been edited entirely on Final Cut Pro, Apple's non linear editing software. This article is about the film. ...

Regardless of software, digital video is generally edited on a setup with ample disk space. Digital video applied with standard DV/DVCPRO compression takes up about 250 megabytes per minute or 13 gigabytes per hour.

Digital video has a significantly lower cost than 35 mm film, as the digital tapes can be erased and re-recorded multiple times, viewed on location without processing, and the tape stock itself is very inexpensive (about $3 for a 60 minute MiniDV tape, in bulk, as of December, 2005). By comparison, 35 mm film stock costs about $1000 per minute, including processing.

Digital video is used outside of movie making. Digital television (including higher quality HDTV) started to spread in most developed countries in early 2000s. Digital video is also used in modern mobile phones and video conferencing systems. Digital video is also used for Internet distribution of media, including streaming video and peer-to-peer movie distribution. Digital television (DTV) is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound by means of digital signals, in contrast to analog signals used by analog (traditional) TV. DTV uses digital modulation data, which is digitally compressed and requires decoding by a specially designed television set, or a... High-definition television (HDTV) means broadcast of television signals with a higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) allow. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Groupware | Telecommunications stubs ... Streaming media is just-in-time delivery of multimedia information. ... A peer-to-peer (or P2P) computer network is a network that relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the network rather than concentrating it in a relatively few servers. ...

Many types of video compression exist for serving digital video over the internet, and onto DVDs. While DV video is not compressed beyond its own codec while editing, the file sizes that result are not practical for delivery onto optical discs or over the internet, with codecs such as the Windows Media format, MPEG2, MPEG4, Real Media, the more recent H.264, and the Sorenson media codec. Probably the most widely used formats for delivering video over the internet are MPEG4 and Windows Media, while MPEG2 is used almost exclusively for DVDs, providing an exceptional image in minimal size but resulting in a high level of CPU consumption to decompress. Video compression refers to making a digital video signal use less data, without noticeably reducing the quality of the picture. ...

As of 2007, the highest resolution demonstrated for digital video generation is 33 megapixels (7680 x 4320) at 60 frames per second ("UHDV"), though this has only been demonstrated in special laboratory settings. The highest speed is attained in industrial and scientific high speed cameras that are capable of filming 1024x1024 video at up to 1 million frames per second for brief periods of recording. 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A pixel (a contraction of picture element) is one of the many tiny dots that make up the representation of a picture in a computers memory. ... Ultra High Definition Video or UHDV is a digital video format, currently, proposed by NHK of Japan. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Slow_motion. ...

Interfaces and cables

Many interfaces have been designed specifically to handle the requirements of uncompressed digital video (at roughly 400 Mbit/s):

• Serial Digital Interface
• FireWire
• High-Definition Multimedia Interface
• Digital Visual Interface
• Unified Display Interface
• DisplayPort

The following interface has been designed for carrying MPEG-Transport compressed video: The Serial Digital Interface (SDI), standardized in ITU-R BT.656 and SMPTE 259M, is a digital video interface used for broadcast-grade video. ... The 6-pin and 4-pin FireWire Connectors The alternative ethernet-style cabling used by 1394c FireWire is Apple Inc. ... HDMI cable and HDMI official logo Type Digital audio/video connector Production history Designer The HDMI group Designed December 2002 Produced 2003 Specifications Hot pluggable Yes External Yes Audio signal PCM, DVD-Audio, Super Audio CD, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio Video signal 480i, 480p, 576i, 576p, 720p, 1080i... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Unified Display Interface (UDI) is a newly-proposed interface specification designed for HDTV and PC usage, replacing the aging VGA analog interface while maintaining compatibility with existing HDMI and DVI standards. ... DisplayPort is a new digital display interface standard (approved May 2006, current version 1. ... The is a working group of ISO/IEC charged with the development of video and audio encoding standards. ...

• DVB-ASI

Compressed video is also carried using UDP-IP over Ethernet. Two approaches exist for this: Official DVB logo, found on compliant devices DVB, short for Digital Video Broadcasting, is a suite of internationally accepted open standards for digital television. ... Asynchronous serial communication describes an asynchronous transmission protocol in which a start signal is sent prior to each byte, character or code word and a stop signal is sent after each code word. ... User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ... The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ... Ethernet is a large, diverse family of frame-based computer networking technologies that operate at many speeds for local area networks (LANs). ...

• Using RTP as a wrapper for video packets
• 1-7 MPEG Transport Packets are placed directly in the UDP packet

The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet. ... Multiple MPEG programs are combined then sent to a transmitting antenna. ... User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ...

Storage formats

Encoding

All current formats, which are listed below, are PCM based. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the magnitude of the signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital (usually binary) code. ...

• CCIR 601 used for broadcast stations
• MPEG-4 good for online distribution of large videos and video recorded to flash memory
• MPEG-2 used for DVDs and Super-VCDs
• MPEG-1 used for video CDs
• H.261
• H.263
• H.264 also known as MPEG-4 Part 10, or as AVC
• Theora standardized but still in development. used for video over the internet.

CCIR 601 is the old name of a standard published by the CCIR (now ITU-R) for encoding interlaced analogue video signals in digital form. ... MPEG-4 is a standard used primarily to compress audio and visual (AV) digital data. ... A USB flash drive. ... MPEG-2 is a standard for the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information [1]. It is widely used around the world to specify the format of the digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. ... MPEG-1 defines a group of Audio and Video (AV) coding and compression standards agreed upon by MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group). ... H.261 is an 1990 ITU video coding standard originally designed for transmission over ISDN lines on which data rates are multiples of 64 kbit/s. ... H.263 is a video codec designed by the ITU-T as a low-bitrate encoding solution for videoconferencing. ... H.264 is a standard for video compression. ... Theora is a video codec being developed by the Xiph. ...

Tapes

• Betacam, BetacamSP, Betacam SX, Betacam IMX, Digital Betacam, or DigiBeta — Commercial video systems by Sony, based on original Betamax technology
• D1, D2, D3, D5, D9 (also known as Digital-S) — various SMPTE commercial digital video standards
• DV, MiniDV — used in most of today's videotape-based consumer camcorders; designed for high quality and easy editing; can also record high-definition data (HDV) in MPEG-2 format
• DVCAM, DVCPRO — used in professional broadcast operations; similar to DV but generally considered more robust; though DV-compatible, these formats have better audio handling
• Digital8 — DV-format data recorded on Hi8-compatible cassettes; largely a consumer format
• MicroMV — MPEG-2-format data recorded on a very small, matchbook-sized cassette; obsolete
• D-VHS — MPEG-2 format data recorded on a tape similar to S-VHS

Sony Betacam-SP VTP BVW-65 Betacam and VHS size comparison Betacam SP L (top), Betacam SP S (left), VHS (right) The early form of Betacam tapes are interchangeable with Betamax, though the recordings are not. ... Sony Betacam-SP VTP BVW-65 Betacam and VHS size comparison Betacam SP L (top), Betacam SP S (left), VHS (right) The early form of Betacam tapes are interchangeable with Betamax, though the recordings are not. ... Sony Betacam-SP VTP BVW-65 Betacam and VHS size comparison Betacam SP L (top), Betacam SP S (left), VHS (right) The early form of Betacam tapes are interchangeable with Betamax, though the recordings are not. ... Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape formats developed by Sony from 1982 onwards. ... Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videotape formats developed by Sony from 1982 onwards. ... Sony Corporation ) is a Japanese multinational corporation and one of the worlds largest media conglomerates with revenue of $66. ... Sonys Betamax is the 12. ... Sonys D1 format was the first major professional digital video format, introduced in 1987. ... D2 is a professional digital video tape format created by Ampex and other manufacturers through a standards group of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) and introduced at the 1988 NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) convention as a lower-cost alternative to the D1 format. ... D3 is a professional digital video tape format. ... Tha D can refer to: The Highpriest of the contemporary modern day religious faction, Tha Brotherhood of D This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Digital-S or D-9 is a 4:2:2 digital video format from JVC. It is very similar to DVCPRO50, but records on videocassettes in the S-VHS form factor. ... The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers or SMPTE (pronounced simptee or sometimes sumptee) is a US professional association of engineers. ... A MiniDV Camcorder For other uses, see DV (disambiguation). ... A MiniDV tape Digital Video (DV) is a video format launched in 1996, and, in its smaller tape form factor MiniDV, has since become one of the standards for consumer and semiprofessional video production. ... HDV can also mean Hepatitis D virus. ... A MiniDV tape For other uses, see DV (disambiguation). ... DVCPRO, DVCPRO 50, and DVCPRO HD refer to digital videotape formats using the DV codec, and devised by Panasonic. ... Digital-8 (or D8) is a consumer digital videotape format developed by Sony in the late 1990s. ... A 8mm Camcorder The 8mm Video Format (official name: Video8) is a type of video cassette recorder and video tape. ... MICROMV camcorder and tape (top) compared to miniDV and Hi8 tapes MicroMV was a videotape format introduced in 2001 by Sony. ... D-VHS logo “DVHS” redirects here. ... Introduced in Japan in 1987, S-VHS (Super VHS) was an improved version of the VHS standard for consumer video cassette recorders. ...

Discs

• Video CD (VCD)
• DVD
• HD-DVD
• Blu-ray Disc
• Sony ProDATA

Video CD (aka VCD, VideoCD, View CD, Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video on a Compact Disc. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ... HD DVD, High-Definition DVD or High-Density DVD is a high-density optical disc format designed for the storage of data and high-definition video. ... A blank rewritable Blu-ray disc (a BD-RE) A Blu-ray Disc (also called BD) is a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital media, including high-definition video. ... Professional Disc for DATA (PDD or ProDATA) is a recordable optical disc format which was introduced by Sony in 2003. ...

See also

• Digital audio
• Digital cinematography
• Digital film
• Digital visual interface
• DVD
• HDV
• ProHD
• AVCHD
• HD video
• Camcorder and Tapeless camcorder
• List of video topics
• Online media center
• Television
• Video
• Video coding
• Video editing software
• Video sharing
• Webcam

Digital audio comprises audio signals stored in a digital format. ... Digital cinematography is the process of capturing motion pictures as digital images, rather than on film. ... Digital film refers to cinema production and performance systems which work by using a digital representation of the brightness and colour of each pixel of the image. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ... HDV can also mean Hepatitis D virus. ... ProHD is JVCs extension of the HDV video format, and adds provision for 24p (24 frames per second, progressive scan. ... AVCHD (Advanced Video Codec High Definition) is a new high definition recording format introduced by Sony and Panasonic. ... High-definition (HD) video generally refers to any video system of higher resolution than standard-definition (SD), i. ... Sony DV Handycam A camcorder is a portable electronic device for recording video images and audio onto an internal storage device. ... A tapeless camcorder is a camcorder that does not use videotape to store its data. ... The following is a list of video-related topics 3-D 4:3 601 16:9 A-C Academy Awards Adobe Premier -- real time editing [1] Advanced Authoring Format AAF alpha channel Animation Avid Xpress Pro -- real time editing Avid video editing family B-movie bluescreen/chroma key Bollywood Camcorder... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into File hosting service. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Video coding is the field in computer science that deals with finding efficient coding formats for digital video. ... Video editing software is application software which handles the editing of video sequences on a computer. ... Video sharing refers to websites or software where a user can distribute their video clips. ... A typical webcam A web camera (or webcam) is a real-time camera (usually, though not always, a video camera) whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web, instant messaging, or a PC video calling application. ...

External links

• [http://www.digitalvideobusiness.com/ DigitalVideoBusiness - Emerging News For Internet Rich Media - Free Subscription
• Digital Video magazine
• The DV Show - Podcasting the Ins and Outs of Digital Video
• IzzyVideo.com - Watch a Video Podcast about shooting better Digital Video
• Adam Wilt's website, including the DV FAQ
• Adam Wilt's explanation of how 24 progressive frames per second video is recorded to 29.97 interlaced frames per second
• Home Video101 - Contains non vendor specific information for creating DVDs from home movies.