Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in the first years of the twentieth century. It is most often seen these days as an intermediate in the manufacture of dihydrocodeine as well as in some methods of manufacture of hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and related drugs. It can be made by hydrogenating morphine or opium or by demthylating either dihydrocodeine or tetrahydothebaine. It is available as the hydrochloride, hydroiodide, or monhydrate salt, with the former being the form almost exclusively used in pharmaceuticals but the hydroiodide also used especially in making dihydrocodeine hydroiodide (Paracodin). An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors, found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... Dihydrocodeine, also called DHC or DF-118, is a synthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for postoperative pain, severe dyspnea, or as an antitussive. ... It has been suggested that Vicodin be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Palladone be merged into this article or section. ...

Known as Paramorfan and DHM, it was never introduced in the United States as was the case of many similar drugs invented in Europe in the intense search for stronger cough suppressants, especially to slow the spread of tuberculosis and other airborne diseases in the two decades prior to the First World War such as thebacon, nicomorphine (Vilan), benzylmorphine (Peronine), dihydroisocodeine, dihydrocodeine enol acetate (Acedicon), acetylmorphone, diacetylmorphine (Heroin), nicocodeine, acetyldihydrocodeine, nicodicodeine, and others.. For this reason, dihydromorphine shares a Schedule I designation under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 with these other opioids in the United States. In most other countries, dihydromorphine is classified at the same level as morphine, pethidine and the like where it is available and used; international law and treaties list it as a narcotic subject to control, and other countries' laws may vary. Its rôle in the production of dihydrocodeine makes it the Schedule I substance with one of the higher annual manufacturing quotas granted by the US Drug Enforcement Administration. World map showing Europe Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Controlled Substances Act (CSA), Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, is the legal foundation of the United States governments fight against the abuse of drugs and other substances. ... Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is an extremely powerful opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium. ... Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; operidine; pethanol; piridosal; Algil®; Alodan®; Centralgin®; Demerol®; Dispadol®; Dolantin®; Dolestine®; Dolosal®; Dolsin®; Mefedina®) is a fast-acting opioid analgesic drug. ... The term narcotic, derived from the Greek word narkotikos, meaning benumbing or deadening, originally referred to a variety of substances that induced sleep (such state is narcosis). ...

Dihydromorphine, according to various sources is either 50 per cent or 115-120 per cent of the analgesic strength of morphine, (in comparison, dihydrocodeine is 1½ times the strength of codeine but also differs from codeine in not having a ceiling effect on analgesia imposed by metabolusm -- i.e. above a certain point, 400 mg is most people, the codeine is wasted) Dihydromorphine has a longer duration of action (6 hours against 4 hours for morphine. Dihydrocodeine, also called DHC or DF-118, is a synthetic opioid analgesic prescribed for postoperative pain, severe dyspnea, or as an antitussive. ... Codeine (INN) or methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties. ... Codeine (INN) or methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties. ...

Dihydromorphine, often labelled with the isotopes iodine-129 and tritium, was amongst tools utilised in the twentieth century research which eventually led to the theory and discovery of opioid receptors in the human nervous system, Other opioids like buprenorphine, morphine and others are similarly used for research on the actions of drugs of this type in various systems of the body. Tritium (symbol T or 3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. ... Buprenorphine, also colloquially referred to as bupe, is an opioid drug with partial agonist and antagonist actions. ...

The human liver converts a percentage of dihydrocodeine and perhaps minuscule quantities of hydrocodone into dihydromorphine. The liver enzymes of the Cytochrome P 450 II-D-6 series accomplish this feat in a way similar to which the liver activates codeine by demethylating it to morphine, (also, hydrocodone to hydromorphone, oxycodone to oxymorphone nicocodeine to nicomorphine and so on) The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Oxymorphone (Numorphan) is a powerful semi-synthetic narcotic analgesic that is derived from morphine, and is approximately 6-8 times more potent. ...

Other derivates or analogues of Dihydromorphine are the dihydrocodeine-related family of moderate painkillers and effective cough suppressants (thebacon, nicocodeine, acetyldihydrocodeine, nicodicodeine, and others.) A cough medicine or antitussive is a medication given to people to help them stop coughing. ...

External links

• Link page to external chemical sources.