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Encyclopedia > Dinosaur classification

Dinosaur classification began in 1842 when Sir Richard Owen placed Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, and Hylaeosaurus in "a distinct tribe or suborder of Saurian Reptiles, for which I would propose the name of Dinosauria."[1] In 1887 and 1888 Harry Seeley divided dinosaurs into the two orders Saurischia and Ornithischia, based on their hip structure.[2] These divisions have proved remarkably enduring, even through several seismic changes in the taxonomy of dinosaurs. Sir Richard Owen and Dinornis bird skeleton Sir Richard Owen (July 20, 1804 - December 18, 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist. ... Species (neotype) Iguanodon (meaning Iguana tooth) is the name given to a genus of ornithopod dinosaurs, which lived roughly halfway between the early hypsilophodontids and their ultimate culmination in the duck-billed dinosaurs. ... Species Mantell, 1827 Waldmann, 1974 Megalosaurus (Great Lizard, from Greek, μεγαλο-/megalo- meaning big, tall or great and σαυρος/sauros meaning lizard) was a genus of large meat-eating therapod dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period of what is now southern England. ... Binomial name Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell, 1833 Hylaeosaurus (hi-LAY-ee-oh-SORE-us) is the most obscure of the three animals used by Sir Richard Owen to first define the new group Dinosauria, in 1842. ... Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ... Harry Govier Seeley (1839 – 1909) was the British paleontologist who detected that the dinosaurs fell into two great groups, the Saurischians and the Ornithischians, based on the nature of their pelvic bones and joints, and published his results in 1888, from a lecture he had delivered the previous year [1... Groups Sauropodomorpha    Saturnalia    Prosauropoda    Sauropoda Theropoda    Eoraptor    Herrerasauridae    Ceratosauria    Tetanurae       Aves(extant) Saurischians (from the Greek Saurischia meaning lizard hip) are one of the two orders/branches of dinosaurs. ... Suborders Thyreophora Cerapoda    Ornithopoda    Marginocephalia Ornithischia is an order of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. ... Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...


The largest change was prompted by entomologist Willi Hennig's work in the 1950s, which evolved into modern cladistics. For specimens known only from fossils, the rigorous analysis of characters to determine evolutionary relationships between different groups of animals (clades) proved incredibly useful. When computer modelling using cladistics came into its own in the 1990s, paleontologists became among the first zoologists to almost whole-heartedly adopt the system. The progressive mapping of the clade Dinosauria, with the help of new discoveries that have shed light on previously uncertain relationships between taxa, started to stabilize in the mid-2000s and will culminate in the expected release of the PhyloCode. While cladistics is the dominant system among paleontology professionals, the Linnean system is still used by a few researchers, especially in works intended for popular distribution. Entomology is the scientific study of insects. ... Willi Hennig (April 20, 1913 - November 5, 1976) was a German biologist and is known as the founder of phylogenetic systematics (cladistics). ... It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... Three small ammonite fossils, each approximately 1. ... Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. ... Zoology (rarely spelled zoölogy) is the biological discipline which involves the study of non-human animals. ... Types of Clade (Note: Stem-based is now branch-based, to avoid confusion with the term stem group which means total clade minus crown clade.) The PhyloCode is a developing draft for a formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature. ... Linnaean taxonomy classifies living things into a hierarchy, originally starting with kingdoms. ...

Contents

Benton classification

The following schema is from the third edition of Vertebrate Paleontology,[3] a respected college textbook. While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a cladogram or evolutionary tree), it also retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy. The classification has been updated from the second edition in 2000 to reflect new research, but remains fundamentally conservative. It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... Linnaean taxonomy classifies living things into a hierarchy, originally starting with kingdoms. ...


Benton classifies all dinosaurs within the Series Amniota, Class Sauropsida, Subclass Diapsida, Infraclass Archosauromorpha, Division Archosauria, Subdivision Avemetatarsalia, Infradivision Ornithodira, and Superorder Dinosauria. Dinosauria is then divided into the two traditional orders, Saurischia and Ornithischia. The dagger (†) is used to indicate taxa with no living members. Extant subgroups Synapsida     Mammalia (mammals) Sauropsida    Anapsida        Testudines (turtles)    Diapsida        Lepidosauria           Squamata (lizards and snakes)           Sphenodontida (tuatara)        Archosauria           Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)           Aves (birds) The amniotes are a group of vertebrates, comprising the mammals, birds, and various other groups collectively referred to as reptiles. ... Superclasses Anapsida Eurapsida Diapsida Reptilia was an old kingdom or phylum classification that has since been divided into 4 classes. ... Classes Ichthyosauria Sauropterygia Lepidosauria Archosauria Diapsids (two arches) are a group of tetrapod animals that developed two holes (temporal fenestra) in each side their skulls, about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period. ... Orders See text Archosauromorpha (Greek for ruling lizard forms) is an Infraclass of diapsid reptiles that first appeared during the late Permian and became more common during the Triassic. ... -1... Avemetatarsalia (bird feet) is a group name established by Benton in 1999 for the clade consisting of Scleromochlus and Ornithodira. ... Superorders Dinosauromorpha    Lagosuchians    Dinosauria Pterosauromorpha    Pterosauria    Scleromochlus    Sharovipteryx Ornithodira is a division of the Archosauromorpha (and perhaps Archosauria) clade. ... Orders Saurischia    Sauropodomorpha    Theropoda Ornithischia Dinosaurs are giant reptiles that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for most of their 165-million year existence. ... Groups Sauropodomorpha    Saturnalia    Prosauropoda    Sauropoda Theropoda    Eoraptor    Herrerasauridae    Ceratosauria    Tetanurae       Aves(extant) Saurischians (from the Greek Saurischia meaning lizard hip) are one of the two orders/branches of dinosaurs. ... Suborders Thyreophora Cerapoda    Ornithopoda    Marginocephalia Ornithischia is an order of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ...


Order Saurischia

Genera Staurikosaurus Aliwalia Herrerasaurus Spondylosoma Chindesaurus ? Caseosaurus Herrerasaurs are among the oldest known dinosaurs, appearing in the fossil record about 228 million years ago (mid-Triassic). ... Subdivisions ?Eoraptor Herrerasauria Coelophysoidea Ceratosauria Cryolophosaurus Spinosauridae Carnosauria Coelurosauria Theropods (beast foot) are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. ... Families Coelophysidae Coelophysoids were common dinosaurs of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods. ... The Ceratosauria are a group of Theropod dinosaurs defined as all theropods sharing a more recent common ancestry with Ceratosaurus than with birds. ... Genera Ceratosaurus (type) Genyodectes Ceratosauridae is a family of theropod dinosaurs belonging to the infraorder Ceratosauria. ... Abelisauridae is a family (or clade) of theropod dinosaurs. ... Groups Cryolophosaurus Spinosauroidea     Megalosauridae     Spinosauridae     Torvosauridae Neotetanurae     Carnosauria     Coelurosauria // Definition Tetanurae, meaning stiff tails, was named by Gauthier (1986) for a large group of theropod dinosaurs. ... Families Allosauridae    Allosaurinae    ?Carcharodontosaurinae Sinraptoridae Carnosauria is a sub-group of Theropoda, a group of predatory dinosaurs. ... Families Spinosauridae Megalosauridae Megalosauroidea was a superfamily of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period. ... Megalosaurids were a family of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs, order Saurischia. ... Spinosauridae is a subdivision of the Theropods. ... Families Sinraptoridae Carcharodontosauridae Allosauridae Allosauroidea is a clade subdivided into three families — the Sinraptoridae, Carcharodontosauridae and Allosauridae. ... Allosaurids were a family of medium to large sized carnivorous dinosaurs. ... Carcharodontosauridae (from the Greek Carcharodontosauros: shark-toothed lizard) is a group of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs, sometimes also referred as Carcharodontosaurinae (included within the Allosauridae), which includes some of the biggest land predators of all time, like Giganotosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus or Tyrannotitan. ... Subclades Nqwebasaurus Proceratosaurus Tyrannoraptora ?Coeluridae ?Compsognathidae Tyrannosauroidea Maniraptoriformes [incertae sedis] Alvarezsauridae Maniraptora Ornithomimosauria Coelurosauria is a group of theropod dinosaurs that includes the subgroups Tyrannosauridae, Ornithomimidae, and Maniraptora. ... Subclades Coelurus Tanycolagreus ?Compsognathinae Coeluridae is a family of generally small, carnivorous dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. ... Subclades Ornithomimoidea Maniraptora Maniraptoriformes is a clade that contain ornithomimoids and maniraptors. ... Genera See text. ... Genera Anserimimus Archaeornithomimus Deinocheirus ? Dromiceiomimus Gallimimus Garudimimus Harpymimus Ornithomimus Pelecanimimus Shenzhousaurus Struthiomimus Ornithomimids (Bird mimics) or members of the Ornithomimidae family are theropod dinosaurs, like Gallimimus. ... Subgroups Alvarezsauria Aves Deinonychosauria Oviraptorosauria Therizinosauria Maniraptora is a group used in biological classification to cover the birds and the dinosaurs that were related to them. ... Genera Alvarezsaurus ?Heptasteornis Mononykus Parvicursor Patagonykus Shuvuuia Alvarezsauridae is an enigmatic family of small, long-legged running dinosaurs, which are usually classified as primitive birds. ... Genera Alxasaurus elesitaiensis Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis Enigmosaurus mongoliensis Erlikosaurus andrewsi Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus Nanshiungosaurus bohlini Nothronychus mckinleyi Segnosaurus galbinensis Therizinosaurus cheloniformis Falcarius utahensis Therizinosauridae is a family of dinosaur species with related characteristics, belonging to the more including group of the Therizinosauroidea. ... Families Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae The Deinonychosauria were a successful clade of theropods in the Cretaceous period. ... Genera See text. ... Genera Achillobator Adasaurus Atrociraptor Bambiraptor Buitreraptor Cryptovolans Deinonychus Dromaeosaurus Dromaeosauroides Graciliraptor Microraptor Neuquenraptor Pyroraptor Rahonavis Saurornitholestes Sinornithosaurus Tsaagan Unenlagia Utahraptor Variraptor Velociraptor Dromaeosaurids, raptors or members of the family Dromaeosauridae (running lizards from Greek dromeus (δρομευς) meaning runner and sauros (σαυρος) meaning lizard) are theropod dinosaurs. ... For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ... Groups Saturnalia Prosauropoda Sauropoda The Sauropodomorpha were a group of long-necked, herbivorous dinosaurs that eventually dropped down on all fours and became the largest animals that ever the walked the earth. ... Binomial name Thecodontosaurus antiquus Riley & Stuchbury, 1836 Thecodontosaurus antiquus (Ancient Socket Tooth Lizard) was a herbivorous dinosaur which lived during the Late Triassic period (Norian and/or Rhaetian age). ... Plateosauridae is a family of the Infraorder Prosauropoda of the Suborder Sauropodomorph. ... A melanosaurid plant-eating dinosaur named after La Rioja Province in Argentina where it was found by José Bonaparte. ... Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Dicraeosauridae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Omeisauridae Rebbachisauridae Titanosauridae/Saltosauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ... The Early Jurassic sauropods (Zizhongosaurus, Barapasaurus, Tazoudasaurus, and Vulcanodon) may form a natural group of basal sauropods called the Vulcanodontidae. ... Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Diplodocidae Dicraeosauridae Nemegtosauridae Rebbachisauridae Titanosauridae/Saltasauridae Neosauropoda is a division-level clade of sauropods within Dinosauria, and consists of the group leading to Diplodocoidea and Macronaria. ... Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Dicraeosauridae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Omeisauridae Rebbachisauridae Titanosauridae/Saltasauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ... Genera Subfamily Apatosaurinae:    Apatosaurus    Eobrontosaurus Subfamily Diplodocinae:    Barosaurus    Diplodocus    Seismosaurus    Supersaurus Diplodocids, or members of the family Diplodocidae, are sauropod dinosaurs such as the Diplodocus and the Apatosaurus. ... Macronaria is a subfamily of Sauropoda from the Late Jurassic to mid Cretaceous in North America and Africa. ... // Species (type species) Camarasaurus (KAM-ah-rah-SAWR-us) meaning chambered lizard, referring to the holes in its vertebrae (Greek kamara meaning vaulted chamber, or anything with an arched cover, and sauros meaning lizard) was a genus of quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs. ... Genera Brachiosaurus Cedarosaurus Giraffatitan Lusotitan Brachiosauridae is a family of dinosaurs, whose members are known as Brachiosaurids. ... Binomial name Euhelopus zdanskyi Wiman, 1929 Euhelopus was a sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic in Shandong Province in China. ... Genera Aegyptosaurus Andesaurus Antarctosaurus Argentinosaurus Argyrosaurus Bruhathkayosaurus Jainosaurus Paralititan Saltasaurus Titanosaurus For the Titanosaurus featured in the Godzilla film series, click here. ...

†Order Ornithischia

Genera Fabrosaurus Agilisaurus Gongbusaurus Fabrosaurids are a group of primitive ornithischian dinosaurs that descended from a Lesothosaurus-like animal. ... Subclades Ankylosauria Stegosauria Scelidosauridae The Thyreophora (Shield Bearers) were the group of armored plant-eating dinosaurs, living from the early Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous. ... Binomial name Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1859 Scelidosaurus (meaning limb lizard) was a heavily plated, plant-eating dinosaur. ... Families Huayangosauridae Stegosauridae Stegosauria is a superfamily of Thyreophora. ... Families Nodosauridae Ankylosauridae The Ankylosauria, less formally known as the ankylosaurians, were a group of ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs that lived in the late Cretaceous period. ... Nodosauridae (Marsh, 1890) is a family of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs. ... Ankylosauridae were a family of armored dinosaurs that evolved 125 million years ago (along with another family of ankylosaurs, the Nodosauridae) and died 65 million years ago at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event. ... Suborders Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Pachycephalosauria] Ceratopsia Triceratops skeleton at the National Museum of Natural History The Cerapoda are a clade of the order Ornithischia. ... Groups Goyocephale Micropachycephalosaurus Homalocephaloidea    Homalocephale    Pachycephalosauridae Pachycephalosauria (Greek for thick headed lizards) is a group of ornithischian dinosaurs which evolved during the Cretaceous period in what is now North America and Asia. ... The Ceratopsia are a group of omnivorous and herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous. ... Species Genus Hongshanosaurus (type) Genus Psittacosaurus (type) Psittacosaurs (parrot lizards) were an early family of Ceratopsian dinosaurs. ... Genera Protoceratops ? Bagaceratops ? Breviceratops Graciliceratops ? Lamaceratops ? Platyceratops Magnirostris A protoceratopsid is a dinosaur of the family Protoceratopsidae. ... Genera Centrosaurinae    Achelousaurus    Centrosaurus    Einiosaurus    Styracosaurus    Pachyrhinosaurus Ceratopsinae    Chasmosaurus    Diceratops    Pentaceratops    Protoceratops    Torosaurus    Triceratops Ceratopsids, or members of the Ceratopsidae (or Ceratopidae), are a diverse group of marginocephalian dinosaurs like Triceratops and Styracosaurus. ... Clades ?Heterodontosauridae Hypsilophodontia Iguanodontia    Hadrosauridae Ornithopods (or-nith-oh-PODS) are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs who started out as small, cursorial grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful Cretaceous herbivores in the world, and totally dominated the North American landscape. ... Heterodontosauridae was a family of ornithischian dinosaurs noted for the varying types of teeth they possessed. ... Genera See text. ... Iguanodonts were herbivorous dinosaurs that lived from the mid-Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous. ... Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Genera Lambeosaurinae     Corythosaurus    Lambeosaurus    Parasaurolophus Hadrosaurinae    Anasazisaurus     Anatotitan     Edmontosaurus     Hadrosaurus    Maiasaura    Prosaurolophus    Saurolophus    Shantungosaurus Hadrosaurids or duck-billed dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus. ...

Weishampel/Dodson/Osmólska classification

The following is based on the second edition of the The Dinosauria[4], a compilation of articles by experts in the field that provided the most comprehensive coverage of Dinosauria available when it was first published in 1990. The second edition updates and revises that work.


The cladogram and phylogenetic definitions below reflect the current understanding of evolutionary relationships. The taxa and symbols in parentheses after a given taxa define these relationships. The plus symbol ("+") between taxa indicates the given taxa is a node-based clade, defined as comprising all descendants of the last common ancestor of the "added" taxa. The greater-than symbol (">") indicates the given taxa is a stem-based taxon, comprising all organisms sharing a common ancestor that is not also an ancestor of the "greater" taxon. In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ...


Saurischia

(Tyrannosaurus/Allosaurus > Triceratops/Stegosaurus) Binomial name Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905 Synonyms Manospondylus Cope, 1892 Dynamosaurus Osborn, 1905 Nanotyrannus? Bakker, Williams & Currie, 1988 Stygivenator Olshevsky, 1995 Dinotyrannus Olshevsky, 1995 Tyrannosaurus (IPA pronunciation or ; from the Greek τυραννόσαυρος, meaning tyrant lizard) is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur. ... Species type (Marsh, 1878) Paul, 1987 Mateus , 2006 jimmadseni Chure, 2000 vide Glut, 2003 Synonyms Creosaurus Marsh, 1878 Labrosaurus Marsh, 1879 Camptonotus Marsh, 1879  ?Epanterias Cope, 1878 Allosaurus (IPA: ) was a large (up to 11. ... Species (type) Marsh, 1890 Triceratops (IPA: ) was a herbivorous genus of ceratopsid dinosaur that lived during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, around 68 to 65 million years ago (mya) in what is now North America. ... Species Marsh, 1877 (type) Marsh, 1887 Gilmore, 1914 Stegosaurus (IPA pronunciation ) is a genus of stegosaurid armoured dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian to Early Tithonian) of what is now western North America. ...

Binomial name Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Paul Sereno, 1988 Herrerasaurus was one of the earliest carnivorous dinosaurs. ... Binomial name Plateosaurus engelhardti von Meyer, 1837 Plateosaurus (flat lizard) was the largest dinosaur known to have existed during the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic era, reaching 6 to 10 m in length, and up to 700 kg in mass. ... Staurikosaurus is a genus of dinosaurs. ... Binomial name Eoraptor lunensis Sereno et al, 1993 Eoraptor was one of the worlds earliest dinosaurs. ... Groups Saturnalia Prosauropoda Sauropoda The Sauropodomorpha were a group of long-necked, herbivorous dinosaurs that eventually dropped down on all fours and became the largest animals that ever the walked the earth. ... Binomial name Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte & Powell, 1980 Saltasaurus was a small sauropod of the late Cretaceous, characterized by a diplodocid-type head (with blunt teeth only in the back of the mouth) and was the first discovered with small bony plates embedded in its skin. ... Subdivisions ?Eoraptor Herrerasauria Coelophysoidea Ceratosauria Cryolophosaurus Spinosauridae Carnosauria Coelurosauria Theropods (beast foot) are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. ... Binomial name Saturnalia tupiniquim Langer, Abdala, Richter & Benton, 1999 Saturnalia were a very early sauropodomorph dinosaur, from the Carnian faunal stage of the late Triassic period (227. ... Families Plateosauridae (paraphyletic) Plesion Riojasaurus Massospondylidae Yunnanosauridae Prosauropoda or prosauropods were a group of early herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the Late Triassic and early Jurassic periods. ... Binomial name Plateosaurus engelhardti von Meyer, 1837 Plateosaurus (flat lizard) was the largest dinosaur known to have existed during the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic era, reaching 6 to 10 m in length, and up to 700 kg in mass. ... Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Dicraeosauridae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Omeisauridae Rebbachisauridae Titanosauridae/Saltosauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ... Species Type specimen: (Hitchcock, 1865) Other specimens: (Marsh, 1889) Anchisaurus (ANG-kee-sawr-us) meaning near lizard, because it resembled its reptilian ancestors and was an early dinosaur (Greek anchi = near + sauros = lizard) is a genus of dinosaurs. ... Melanorosaurus, meaning Black Mountain Lizard was a prosauropod that lived in the triassic era and were 12 meters long. ... Jingshanosaurus (meaning Jingshan lizard) is the name given to a genus of prosauropod dinosaurs from the Early Jurassic. ... Massospondylus (elongated vertebrae) was an early Jurassic prosauropod, though, if Aetonyx is the same as Massospondylus, it lived from the Late Triassic. ... Shunosaurus was an unusual sauropod from Jurassic Asia, 170 mya. ... Cetiosaurus (SEET-ee-oh-sawr-us) meaning whale lizard, because of its supposed marine habitat (Greek keteio = sea monster + sauros = lizard) is a dinosaur from Europe and Africa, this Dinosaur was the first Sauropod to be discovered. ... Species (Hatcher, 1901) (Holland, 1924) (Marsh, 1878; holotype) Diplodocus (dih-PLOH-doc-us) meaning double beam in reference to its double-beamed chevron bones (Greek diplos = double + dokos = beam) is a type of dinosaur of subgroup Sauropoda. ... Rebbachisaurus was a sauropod of the subfamily Macronaria. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Genera Subfamily Apatosaurinae:    Apatosaurus    Eobrontosaurus Subfamily Diplodocinae:    Barosaurus    Diplodocus    Seismosaurus    Supersaurus Diplodocids, or members of the family Diplodocidae, are sauropod dinosaurs such as the Diplodocus and the Apatosaurus. ... A sauropod dinosaur discovered in the Sahara Desert. ... Species (holotype) The Camarasaurus (pronounced KAM-a-rah-SORE-us) was a genera of quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs. ... Species (type) ?B. (Giraffatitan) brancai Brachiosaurus //, meaning Arm Lizard, from the Greek brachion/βραχιων meaning arm and sauros/σαυρος meaning lizard, was a genus of sauropod dinosaur which lived during the Late Jurassic Period. ... Genera Brachiosaurus Cedarosaurus Giraffatitan Lusotitan Brachiosauridae is a family of dinosaurs, whose members are known as Brachiosaurids. ... Genera Aegyptosaurus Andesaurus Antarctosaurus Argentinosaurus Argyrosaurus Bruhathkayosaurus Paralititan Saltasaurus Titanosaurus A titanosaurid (or more informally, a titanosaur) is a member of the family Titanosauridae, which is composed of sauropod dinosaurs such as the Saltasaurus and the Titanosaurus. ... Malawisaurus (Malawi Lizard) was a sauropod . ... Binomial name Isisaurus colberti Jain & Bandyopadhyay, 1997 Isisaurus was a genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. ... Binomial name Paralititan stromeri Smith et al, 2001 Paralititan stromeri was a giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur discovered in coastal deposits in the Upper Cretaceous Bahariya Formation of Egypt. ... Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Titanosauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ... Opisthocoelicaudia was a Cretaceous sauropod from Mongolia. ... Subdivisions ?Eoraptor Herrerasauria Coelophysoidea Ceratosauria Cryolophosaurus Spinosauridae Carnosauria Coelurosauria Theropods (beast foot) are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. ... Species Many, see text Passer is a genus of Old World sparrows. ... Binomial name Eoraptor lunensis Sereno et al, 1993 Eoraptor was one of the worlds earliest dinosaurs. ... The Ceratosauria are a group of Theropod dinosaurs defined as all theropods sharing a more recent common ancestry with Ceratosaurus than with birds. ... // Ceratosaurus // meaning horned lizard, in reference to the horn on its nose (Greek keras/keratos meaning horn and sauros meaning lizard), was a large predatory dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period, found in the Morrison Formation of North America, in Tanzania and possibly in Portugal. ... For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ... Families Coelophysidae Coelophysoids were common dinosaurs of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods. ... // Binomial name Coelophysis bauri Cope, 1889 Synonyms Coelurus bauri Cope, 1887 Tanystropheus bauri (Cope, 1887) ?Podokeesaurus 1911 Rioarribasaurus colberti Hunt & Lucas, 1991 Syntarsus colberti (Hunt & Lucas, 1991) Paul, 1993 One of the earliest known dinosaurs, Coelophysis (see-law-FYS-iss) meaning hollow form in reference to its hollow bones (Greek... Species  ? Dilophosaurus was a theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Period. ... // Binomial name Coelophysis bauri Cope, 1889 Synonyms Coelurus bauri Cope, 1887 Tanystropheus bauri (Cope, 1887) ?Podokeesaurus 1911 Rioarribasaurus colberti Hunt & Lucas, 1991 Syntarsus colberti (Hunt & Lucas, 1991) Paul, 1993 One of the earliest known dinosaurs, Coelophysis (see-law-FYS-iss) meaning hollow form in reference to its hollow bones (Greek... Species (type) Synonyms Syntarsus Raath, 1969 Megapnosaurus (big dead lizard) was a dinosaur of the theropod family coelophysidae, formerly called Syntarsus (named by Raath, 1969). ... Binomial name Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, 1985 Carnotaurus (kahrn-oh-TAWR-us) meaning meat-eating bull, referring to its distinct bull-like horns (Latin carn = flesh + taurus = bull) was a large predatory dinosaur, similar to a Tyrannosaurus rex with a head distantly resembling a bulls. ... Phronima 11:49, 7 March 2006 (UTC) Category: ... Binomial name Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, 1985 Carnotaurus (kahrn-oh-TAWR-us) meaning meat-eating bull, referring to its distinct bull-like horns (Latin carn = flesh + taurus = bull) was a large predatory dinosaur, similar to a Tyrannosaurus rex with a head distantly resembling a bulls. ... Binomial name Abelisaurus comahuensis Bonaparte & Novas, 1985 Abelisaurus (Abelisaurus comahuensis), meaning Abels lizard, was a species of ceratosaurian dinosaur. ... Groups Cryolophosaurus Spinosauroidea     Megalosauridae     Spinosauridae     Torvosauridae Neotetanurae     Carnosauria     Coelurosauria // Definition Tetanurae, meaning stiff tails, was named by Gauthier (1986) for a large group of theropod dinosaurs. ... Species (type) ? Russell, 1996 Spinosaurus (meaning spine lizard) was a theropod dinosaur genus that lived in what is now Egypt, from the Albian to early Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous Period, about 95 to 93 million years ago. ... Species Mantell, 1827 Waldmann, 1974 Megalosaurus (Great Lizard, from Greek, μεγαλο-/megalo- meaning big, tall or great and σαυρος/sauros meaning lizard) was a genus of large meat-eating therapod dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period of what is now southern England. ... Eustreptospondylus (Well-Broken Vertebrae) was a megalosaurid from the Jurassic period in southern England. ... Spinosauridae is a subdivision of the Theropods. ... Binomial name Baryonyx walkeri Charig & Milner, 1986 Baryonyx // meaning heavy claw, referring to its large claw (Greek barus meaning heavy and onyx meaning claw or nail) was a carnivorous dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and northern Spain. ... Families Allosauridae    Allosaurinae    ?Carcharodontosaurinae Sinraptoridae Carnosauria is a sub-group of Theropoda, a group of predatory dinosaurs. ... For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ... Sinraptor The Sinraptor was a carnivore which was not only large, but also very quick for its size. ... Species C. saharicus Depéret & Savornin, 1927 sp. ... Subclades Nqwebasaurus Proceratosaurus Tyrannoraptora ?Coeluridae ?Compsognathidae Tyrannosauroidea Maniraptoriformes [incertae sedis] Alvarezsauridae Maniraptora Ornithomimosauria Coelurosauria is a group of theropod dinosaurs that includes the subgroups Tyrannosauridae, Ornithomimidae, and Maniraptora. ... Binomial name Compsognathus longipes Wagner, 1859 Compsognathus // meaning elegant jaw (Greek kompsos/κομψος meaning elegant, refined or dainty and gnathos/γναθος meaning jaw) was a small bipedal carnivorous theropod dinosaur, the size of a chicken that lived in the late Jurassic Period of what is now Europe, with fossil finds from Germany... Proceratosaurus (before horned lizard) was a medium-sized coelurosaur meat-eating dinosaur from middle Jurassic North America. ... Binomial name Ornitholestes hermanii Osborn, 1903 Paleo Template Project Ornitholestes hermanii (bird robber) was a small theropod dinosaur of the late Jurassic of North America. ... Binomial name Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905 Synonyms Manospondylus Cope, 1892 Dynamosaurus Osborn, 1905 Nanotyrannus? Bakker, Williams & Currie, 1988 Stygivenator Olshevsky, 1995 Dinotyrannus Olshevsky, 1995 Tyrannosaurus (IPA pronunciation or ; from the Greek τυραννόσαυρος, meaning tyrant lizard) is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur. ... Binomial name Coelurus fragilis Marsh, 1879 Coelurus (see-LOOR-us) was a coelurosaur dinosaur of the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian stages, 150 million years ago). ... Ornithomimus (bird mimic) is a genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America. ... Binomial name Deinonychus antirrhopus Ostrom, 1969 Deinonychus (IPA ) meaning terrible claw (Greek δεινος meaning terrible and ονυξ/ονυχος meaning claw) was a jaguar-sized, carnivorous dromaeosaurid dinosaur species from the Early Cretaceous Period. ... Genera See text. ... Binomial name Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev, 1955 Tarbosaurus, meaning Terror Lizard (from the Greek tarbos/ταρβος meaning fright, alarm, terror (interestingly it can also mean awe or reverence[1]) and saurus/σαυρος meaning lizard), was a member of the dinosaur family of tyrannosaurids, which flourished during the early Maastrichtian of the Late Cretaceous... Image comparing the size of Daspletosaurus and a human. ... Species ? (type) Albertosaurus (al-BURR-to-SORE-us) is the genus name for several species of tyrannosaurids that looked similar to Tyrannosaurus rex, but were somewhat smaller. ... Binomial name Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe, 1914 Gorgosaurus (Latin for dragon lizard) is a genus of carnivorous dinosaur that reached 7 to 8 meters (27 to 30 feet) in length, and weighed 2. ... Ornithomimus (bird mimic) is a genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America. ... Genera Anserimimus Archaeornithomimus Deinocheirus ? Dromiceiomimus Gallimimus Garudimimus Harpymimus Ornithomimus Pelecanimimus Shenzhousaurus Struthiomimus Ornithomimids (Bird mimics) or members of the Ornithomimidae family are theropod dinosaurs, like Gallimimus. ... Subgroups Alvarezsauria Aves Deinonychosauria Oviraptorosauria Therizinosauria Maniraptora is a group used in biological classification to cover the birds and the dinosaurs that were related to them. ... The Oviraptorosauria are a group of beaked, feathered dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Asia and North America. ... Binomial name Oviraptor philoceratops Osborn, 1924 Paleo Template Project Oviraptor was a small Mongolian theropod dinosaur, first discovered by legendary paleontologist Roy Chapman Andrews, and first described by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1924. ... Therizinosauroidea is a group of theropod dinosaurs within Maniraptora. ... Binomial name Therizinosaurus cheloniformis Maleev, 1954 Therizinosaurus (scythe lizard, from the Greek therizo meaning to reap or to cut off and sauros meaning lizard) was a very large therizinosaur (previously known as segnosaur). ... Binomial name Beipiaosaurus inexpectus Xu, Tang & Wang, 1999 Beipiaosaurus inexpectus is a therizinosauroid, a member of a bizarre group of theropod dinosaurs. ... Genera Alxasaurus elesitaiensis Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis Enigmosaurus mongoliensis Erlikosaurus andrewsi Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus Nanshiungosaurus bohlini Nothronychus mckinleyi Segnosaurus galbinensis Therizinosaurus cheloniformis Falcarius utahensis Therizinosauridae is a family of dinosaur species with related characteristics, belonging to the more including group of the Therizinosauroidea. ... Families Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae The Deinonychosauria were a successful clade of theropods in the Cretaceous period. ... Species (type species) Dromaeosaurus (drom-ee-oh-SAWR-us) meaning running lizard (Greek dromaios = swift-runner + sauros = lizard) is a wolf-sized theropod dinosaur genus from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. ... Binomial name Troodon formosus Leidy, 1856 Troodon formosus was a relatively small, bird-like dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period (68–65 MYA). ... Genera See text. ... Binomial name Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn, 1924 Velociraptor (IPA: RP , GA ; meaning swift thief) is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that existed approximately 83 to 70 million years ago during the later part of the Cretaceous Period. ... Genera Achillobator Adasaurus Atrociraptor Bambiraptor Buitreraptor Cryptovolans Deinonychus Dromaeosaurus Dromaeosauroides Graciliraptor Microraptor Neuquenraptor Pyroraptor Rahonavis Saurornitholestes Sinornithosaurus Tsaagan Unenlagia Utahraptor Variraptor Velociraptor Dromaeosaurids, raptors or members of the family Dromaeosauridae (running lizards from Greek dromeus (δρομευς) meaning runner and sauros (σαυρος) meaning lizard) are theropod dinosaurs. ... Microraptor was a small, bird-like dinosaur related to the dromaeosaurs. ... Species (type) Sinornithosaurus (derived from a combination of Latin and Greek, meaning Chinese lizard-bird) is a feathered dromaeosaurid dinosaur genus from the Lower Cretaceous Period (Middle Barremian) of the Yixian Formation in what is now China. ... Binomial name Archaeopteryx lithographica Meyer, 1861 Synonyms see text Archaeopteryx (from Ancient Greek αρχαιος archaios meaning ancient and πτερυξ pteryx meaning feather or wing;[1] pronounced ), from the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian stage, 155-150 million years ago) of what is now Germany, is the earliest and most primitive known avian. ...

Ornithischia

(Iguanodon/Triceratops > Cetiosaurus/Tyrannosaurus) Species (neotype) Iguanodon (meaning Iguana tooth) is the name given to a genus of ornithopod dinosaurs, which lived roughly halfway between the early hypsilophodontids and their ultimate culmination in the duck-billed dinosaurs. ...

  •  ? Lesothosaurus diagnosticus
  •  ? Heterodontosauridae
  • Genasauria (Ankylosaurus + Triceratops)
    • Thyreophora (Ankylosaurus > Triceratops)
      • Scelidosauridae
      • Eurypoda (Ankylosaurus + Stegosaurus)
        • Stegosauria (Stegosaurus > Ankylosaurus)
          • Huayangosauridae (Huayangosaurus > Stegosaurus)
          • Stegosauridae (Stegosaurus > Huayangosaurus)
            • Dacentrurus armatus
            • Stegosaurinae (Stegosaurus > Dacentrurus)
        • Ankylosauria (Ankylosaurus > Stegosaurus)
          • Ankylosauridae (Ankylosaurus > Panoplosaurus)
            • Gastonia burgei
            • Shamosaurus scutatus
            • Ankylosaurinae (Ankylosaurus > Shamosaurus)
          • Nodosauridae (Panoplosaurus > Ankylosaurus)
    • Cerapoda (Triceratops > Ankylosaurus)
      • Ornithopoda (Edmontosaurus > Triceratops)
        •  ? Lesothosaurus diagnosticus
        •  ? Heterodontosauridae
        • Euornithopoda
          • Hypsilophodon foxii
          • Thescelosaurus neglectus
          • Iguanodontia (Edmontosaurus > Thescelosaurus)
            • Tenontosaurus tilletti
            • Rhabdodontidae
            • Dryomorpha
              • Dryosauridae
              • Ankylopollexia
                • Camptosauridae
                • Styracosterna
                  • Lurdusaurus arenatus
                  • Iguanodontoidea (=Hadrosauriformes)
      • Marginocephalia
        • Pachycephalosauria (Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis > Triceratops horridus)
          • Goyocephala (Goyocephale + Pachycephalosaurus)
            • Homalocephaloidea (Homalocephale + Pachycephalosaurus)
              • Homalocephalidae
              • Pachycephalosauridae
        • Ceratopsia (Triceratops > Pachycephalosaurus)
          • Psittacosauridae
          • Neoceratopsia
            • Coronosauria
              • Protoceratopsidae
              • Bagaceratopidae
              • Ceratopsoidea
                • Leptoceratopsidae
                • Ceratopsomorpha

Lesothosaurus is a member of the herbivorous clade of dinosaurs, the Ornithischia. ... Species Ankylosaurus (pronounced ) meaning stiffened lizard, because of its hard dermal armor (Greek ankylo = stiffen + sauros = lizard) was the last, largest, and most famous of the armored dinosaurs known as the Ankylosaurians. ... Subclades Ankylosauria Stegosauria Scelidosauridae The Thyreophora (Shield Bearers) were the group of armored plant-eating dinosaurs, living from the early Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous. ... Species Dacentrurus (very sharp tail), originally known as Omosaurus, was a large stegosaurid of the late Jurassic (154 - 150 mya). ... Families Nodosauridae Ankylosauridae The Ankylosauria, less formally known as the ankylosaurians, were a group of ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs that lived in the late Cretaceous period. ... Gastonia was a nodosaur from Early Cretaceous North America, 125 mya. ... Clades ?Heterodontosauridae Hypsilophodontia Iguanodontia    Hadrosauridae Ornithopods (or-nith-oh-PODS) are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs who started out as small, cursorial grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful Cretaceous herbivores in the world, and totally dominated the North American landscape. ... Species (type) Marsh, 1892 Sternberg, 1926 Synonyms Anatosaurus Lull & Wright, 1942 Edmontosaurus (ed-MON-toh-sawr-us) meaning Edmonton lizard (after where it was found, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Greek sauros meaning lizard) was a hadrosaurid dinosaur genus from the Maastrichtian, the last stage of the Cretaceous Period, 71... Discovery The first remains of Hysilophodon (high-ridged tooth) were recovered in the early days of paleontology, in 1849. ... Species Thescelosaurus neglectus // General Description Thescelosaurus (wonderful, marvelous, or surprising lizard) was a small herbivorous dinosaur that appeared at the very end of the Cretaceous period in North America, and was a member of the last dinosaurian fauna before the extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at around 65. ... Genera Lambeosaurinae     Corythosaurus    Lambeosaurus    Parasaurolophus Hadrosaurinae    Anasazisaurus     Anatotitan     Edmontosaurus     Hadrosaurus    Maiasaura    Prosaurolophus    Saurolophus    Shantungosaurus Hadrosaurids or duck-billed dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus. ... Species (type) Wiman, 1931 Ostrom, 1961 Parasaurolophus was a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Period (about 76-65 million years ago) of what is now North America. ... Suborders Pachycephalosauria Ceratopia Marginocephalia is a group of ornithischian dinosaurs that includes the thick-skulled pachycephalosaurids, and horned ceratopsians. ... Groups Goyocephale Micropachycephalosaurus Homalocephaloidea    Homalocephale    Pachycephalosauridae Pachycephalosauria (Greek for thick headed lizards) is a group of ornithischian dinosaurs which evolved during the Cretaceous period in what is now North America and Asia. ... Binomial name Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis (Gilmore, 1931) Pachycephalosaurus (the thick headed lizard, from the Greek pachy-/παχυ- meaning thick, cephale/κεφαλη meaning head and saurus/σαυρος meaning lizard) was a dinosaur of the family Pachycephalosauridae, from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. ... Species H. calathocercosMaryanska & Osmolska, 1974 Homalocephale (from Greek homalos, even, and kephalÄ“, head) was a large plant-eating boneheaded homalocephalid dinosaur who lived during the Late Cretaceous. ... The Ceratopsia are a group of omnivorous and herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous. ... Genera Centrosaurinae    Achelousaurus    Centrosaurus    Einiosaurus    Styracosaurus    Pachyrhinosaurus Ceratopsinae    Chasmosaurus    Diceratops    Pentaceratops    Protoceratops    Torosaurus    Triceratops Ceratopsids, or members of the Ceratopsidae (or Ceratopidae), are a diverse group of marginocephalian dinosaurs like Triceratops and Styracosaurus. ...

Footnotes

  1. ^ Owens, 1842.
  2. ^ Seeley, 1888. While the paper was published in 1888, it was first delivered in 1887.
  3. ^ Benton, 2004. The classification scheme is available online
  4. ^ Weishampel, 2004

References

  • Benton, Michael J. (2004). Vertebrate Paleontology, Third Edition. Black Well Publishers, 455 pp. 
  • Owen, Richard (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles: Part II". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11: 60–204. 
  • Seeley, Harry Govier (1888). "One the classification of the Fossil Animals commonly named Dinosauria". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 43: 165–171. .
  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (2004). The Dinosauria, Second Edition.. University of California Press., 861 pp. 

See also

List of dinosaurs Dinosaur models at the Royal Ontario Museum. ...

Dinosaurs Portal

  Results from FactBites:
 
Dinosaur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (4703 words)
Dinosaurs are known from both fossils and nonfossils including fossilized bones, feces, trackways, gastroliths, feathers, impressions of skin, and internal organs.
Large dinosaurs would presumably have faced the same situation: their size would dictate that they lost heat relatively slowly to the surrounding air, and so could have been what are called bulk endotherms, animals that are warmer than their environments through sheer size rather than any special adaptations like those of birds and mammals.
Dinosaur fossils have been known about for millennia, though their true nature was not recognised; the Chinese considered them to be dragon bones, while Europeans believed them to be the remains of giants and other creatures killed by the Great Flood.
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