Sukhumi (სოხუმი in Georgian, Аҟəа in Abkhaz language) is the capital of Abkhazia, a de facto independent state that is internationally recognised, however, as being part of Georgia. In 1989 had a population of 121,406. Local residents use the Abkhazian variant of its name, Sukhum - Sukhumi is perceived as offensively Georgian. Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken in Abkhazia and Turkey. ... Abkhazia (Abkhaz Аҧсны/Aphsny, Georgian აფხაზეთი/Apkhazeti, Russian Абха́зия/Abkhazia) is a region of 8,600 km² (3,300 sq. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Description

Cotton field of Sukhum Botanical Garden in 1912.

It is located on a wide bay of the Black Sea in western Georgia and serves as a port, rail junction and a holiday resort. It is known for its beaches, sanatoriums, mineral-water spas and semitropical climate. Sukhumi is also an important air link for Abkhazia, as the Sukhumi Dranda Airport is located within the city. Sukhumi contains a number of hotels, as well as a lively artist scene. The city also maintains historic botanical gardens, established in 1840. Until 1992 it remained a multi-cultural city, where nine different languages were spoken. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (704x625, 153 KB) Early color photograph from Russia, created by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii as part of his work to document the Russian Empire from 1909 to 1915. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (704x625, 153 KB) Early color photograph from Russia, created by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii as part of his work to document the Russian Empire from 1909 to 1915. ... 1912 was a leap year starting on Monday. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

The city contains a number of research institutes and the Abkhaz State University. In Soviet times, it contained a renowned ape breeding station. From 1945 to 1954, the city's electron physics laboratory was involved in the Soviet program to develop nuclear weapons. Families Hylobatidae Hominidae Apes are the members of the Hominoidea superfamily of primates, including humans. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Socialist republics/ Communist state Area  - Total  - % water Largest on the planet 22,402,200 km² ?% Population  - Total  - Density 3rd before collapse 293,047,571 (July...

History

The Greek colony of Dioscurias was founded here in the 6th century BC. From the time of Pliny (N.H. 6.14-16) and Arrian (Periplus ponti euxini 10.3) it was known as Sebastopolis; Aidan Liddle, in his translation of Arrian's Periplus, notes that the towers of Dioscurias have been found beneath the surface of the Black Sea, and speculates that the encroaching sea forced the inhabitants to relocate to Sebastopolis. It was the Turkish fortress of Suhum-Kale when Russia occupied it in 1810. Colonies in antiquity were city-states founded from a mother-city, not from a territory-at-large. ... (7th century BC - 6th century BCE - 5th century BCE - other centuries) (600s BCE - 590s BCE - 580s BCE - 570s BCE - 560s BCE - 550s BCE - 540s BCE - 530s BCE - 520s BCE - 510s BCE - 500s BCE - other decades) (2nd millennium BCE - 1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium) The 5th and 6th centuries BCE were... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19c portrait. ... Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon (c 92-c 175), known in English as Arrian, was a Roman historian. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Sukhumi was the center of the war between Georgia and Abkhazia in the early 1990s. The conflict damaged much of the city, with several important buildings, such as the National Archives, being destroyed completely. Although much of the city has been rebuilt, the city is still suffering the after-effects of the war, and it has not regained its earlier ethnic diversity. // Events and trends The 1990s in its most obvious sense refers to the years 1990 to 1999, but has held a strong influence into the 2000s. ...

Monuments

Probably the most popular tourist attraction in Sukhum is the Beslet arcaded bridge of the 12th century. There are also visible vestiges of the Roman walls, the 11th-century castle of king Bagrat, several towers of the Great Abkhazian Wall, the 14th-century Genoese fort, and the 18th-century Ottoman fortress. Alternate uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923...

The neighbourhood of Sukhum is rich in antique monuments. The most important is the Kaman Church (12 km from Sukhumi), erected over the tomb of Saint John Chrysostom in the 11th century. 22 km from Sukhumi lies New Athos, a medieval Abkhazian capital with ruins of the 8th-century fortress and church. The magnificent monastery of New Athos was constructed in the 1880s on behest of Emperor Alexander III of Russia. Northward in the mountains is the Voronya Cave, the deepest in the world. Saint John Chrysostom John Chrysostom (347 - 407) was a notable Christian bishop and preacher from the 4th and 5th centuries in Syria and Constantinople. ... Painting of Tsar Alexander III (1886), by Ivan Kramskoi (1837-1887), original, 41 x 36 in. ... The Voronya Cave (aka Krubera-Voronia Cave) is the deepest known cave in the world. ...