NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Direct impingement

A gas-operated firearm that uses direct impingement is a firearm where gas from a fired cartridge is routed directly to the bolt carrier or slide assembly to cycle the action. Unlike other gas operated firearms, direct impingement does away with a conventional gas cylinder, piston, and operating rod. The design is simpler in that high-pressure gas acts directly on the firearm's action with the intent of eliminating redundant parts thereby saving weight, lowering costs, and reducing the mass of the operating parts. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1188x777, 191 KB) M16 rifle firing diagram. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1188x777, 191 KB) M16 rifle firing diagram. ... M16 (more formally United States Rifle, Caliber 5. ... The gas-operated system for implementing automatic reloading of a firearm is one of five such systems, the others being recoil-operated, gatling, chain, and blowback. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The gas-operated system for implementing automatic reloading of a firearm is one of five such systems, the others being recoil-operated, gatling, chain, and blowback. ...

The main disadvantage of direct impingement is that the breech of the firearm becomes fouled more quickly. This is caused by solids from the high-temperature gas condensing as they cool and being deposited on the bolt face and primary operating mechanism. An analogy is that steam, another hot gas, will condense quickly in air and on cooler objects. Combustion gasses contain a great deal of vaporized metals, carbon, and impurities that are in a gaseous state until they are deposited on the cooler operating parts. Thorough and frequent cleaning are required to ensure reliability. Breech may refer to: A breech birth The part of a firearm behind the barrel. ...

Conversely, in a conventional gas cylinder/piston design such as the Heckler & Koch G36, most of the gas used to operate the firearm is isolated from the breech being contained within the gas cylinder and vented away from other working parts. Some alternative systems actually contain the gas completely and vent excess back into the barrel. Notable among these is the M1 Carbine and FN SCAR. The G36 (company designation, Bundeswehr designation Gewehr G36) is an assault rifle designed in the early 1990s and manufactured in Germany by Heckler & Koch. ... The M1 Carbine (formally the United States Carbine, Caliber . ... The SCAR (Special forces Combat Assault Rifle) is a modular rifle made by Fabrique Nationale (FN) for the U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM) to satisfy the requirements of the SCAR competition. ...

The Swedish AG-42 Ljungman was the first successful production weapon using a simplified direct-impingement operating system. Another firearm using this system is the MAS-49. The premier current example is the AR-15/M16 rifle designed by Eugene Stoner. In the Stoner system, gas is routed from a port in the barrel directly to a chamber formed in the bolt carrier. The bolt acts as the piston and is sealed with small automobile-style piston rings. A AG-42B Ljungman rifle pictured on top, then a Hakim rifle, and a Rasheed carbine below The AutomatgevÃ¤r m/42 (Ag m/42), commonly known as the AG42, the AG-42 or the Ljungman, is a Swedish semi-automatic rifle. ... The MAS 49 is a French designed semiautomatic rifle that was intended to replace the motley collection of aging French bolt-action rifles and captured German rifles after the end of WWII. The MAS (which stands for Manufacture dArmes St. ... The AR-15 is a lightweight, air-cooled, magazine-fed, autoloading centerfire rifle. ... M16 (more formally United States Rifle, Caliber 5. ... Mikhail Kalashnikov (holding an M16A2) and Eugene Stoner, designer of M16 (holding an AK-47) Eugene Morrison Stoner (November 22, 1922 â€“ April 24, 1997) is the man most associated with the design of the AR-15, which was adopted by the military as the M16. ...

R AND D OZONE PRECURSOR METHODS (838 words)
	DIAL is an application of LIDAR but using powerful lasers directed into the atmosphere to measure content of the air in aerosols, dust, and gases.
	This is achieved by the direct impingement of the laser beam on these materials, and its subsequent reflection and scattering.
	Since the target substances vary in concentration along the axis (optical path) of the transmitted beam, the receiving telescope equipment analyzes the strength of the returning (reflected) beam continually during its reception (Ednar et al., 1995).

critical theory (1148 words)
	Horkheimer wanted to distinguish critical theory as a radical, emancipatory form of Marxian theory both from the model of science put forward by logical positivism and from what he and his colleagues perceived as the covert positivism and authoritarianism of orthodox Marxism and Communism.
	It is also central to this notion that critical social theory be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity, i.e.
	In Habermas's epistemology, critical knowledge was conceptualized as knowledge that enabled human beings to emancipate themselves from forms of domination through self-reflection and took psychoanalysis as the paradigm of critical knowledge.

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