Directory Access Protocol (DAP) is a computer networking standard promulgated by ITU-T and ISO in 1988 for accessing an X.500 directory service. DAP was intended to be used by client computer systems, but was not popular as there were few implementations of the full OSI protocol stack for desktop computers available to be run on the hardware and operating systems typical of that time. The basic operations of DAP, Bind, Read, List, Search, Compare, Modify, Add, Delete and ModifyRDN, were adapted for the Novell Directory Service (NDS) and the Internet Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). A computer network is a system for communication between computers. ... The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. ... Logo of the International Organization for Standardization The International Organization for Standardization (ISO or iso) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from national standards bodies. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... X.500 is the set of ITU-T computer networking standards covering electronic directory services such as white pages, Knowbot and whois. ... A directory service is a software application, or set of applications, which stores and organizes information about a network and its resources -- such as users, files, printers, servers, and applications -- and allows administrators to manage access to these resources. ... The Open Systems Interconnection (usually abbreviated to OSI) was a new effort in networking started in 1982 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), along with the ITU-T. Prior to OSI, networking was completely vendor-developed and proprietary, with protocol standards such as SNA and Decnet. ... In computer networking, the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP, is a standardized networking protocol designed for querying and modifying directory services. ...