NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Dirty war

The Dirty War (in Spanish: Guerra Sucia) is the name given to the state-sponsored violence against citizens mostly carried out between 1976 and 1983 by Jorge Rafael Videla's military government in Argentina (during what was called by the dictatorship the "National Reorganization Process"), which has been termed "genocide" by an Argentine court during the trial of Miguel Etchecolatz, former police officer of the Bonaerense provincial police and condemned for crimes against humanity.^[1] Image File history File links Que_digan_dÃ³nde_estan. ... Image File history File links Que_digan_dÃ³nde_estan. ... ... A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from public view, either by murder or by simple sequestration. ... The Years of lead (French: les annÃ©es de plomb) was a period in the history of Morocco marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists. ... Buildings used by the School of the Americas in Panama. ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. ... A military government is a form of government wherein the political power resides within the military and may either refer to a military dictatorship or to the government installed by a foreign power during belligerent occupation. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by a dictator. ... Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Miguel Osvaldo Etchecolatz (b. ... The Buenos Aires Provincial Police (Spanish: PolicÃa de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, informally PolicÃa Bonaerense) is the police service responsible for policing the Province of Buenos Aires, in Argentina. ... This article is in need of attention. ...

In 1973, as former leader Juan Perón returned to Argentina from exile in Spain, the Ezeiza massacre marked the end of the alliance between left- and right-wing factions of Peronism. After Perón's death in 1974, government was left in the hands of his widow, Isabel Martínez de Perón, who signed a number of decrees empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" left-wing subversion. Martínez de Perón was ousted in 1976. Starting that year, the juntas led by Videla until 1981, and then by Roberto Viola and Leopoldo Galtieri, were responsible for the illegal arrest, torture, killing or forced disappearance of thousands of people (mostly trade-unionists, students and other activists). Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (October 8, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... The Ezeiza massacre took place on June 20, 1973 near the Ezeiza international airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... MarÃa Estela MartÃnez de PerÃ³n (born on February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel MartÃnez de PerÃ³n was the third wife of Argentine President Juan PerÃ³n and served as President of Argentina in her own right from July 1, 1974 to March 24, 1976. ... General Augusto Pinochet (sitting) as head of the newly established military junta in Chile, September 1973. ... Roberto Eduardo Viola Prevedini (October 13, 1924 â€“ September 30, 1994) was a military officer who briefly served as interim president of Argentina from March 29 to December 11, 1981 during a period of military rule. ... President Galtieri Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentinian general and dictator. ... Disappear redirects here. ...

According to the Nunca Más report issued by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) in 1984, about 9,000 people were "disappeared" between 1976 and 1983. Estimates by human rights organizations place the number to 30,000. CONADEP also recorded 458 assassinations (attributed to the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance) and about 600 forced disappearances during the period of democratic rule between 1973 and 1976.^[2]^[3] The ComisiÃ³n Nacional sobre la DesapariciÃ³n de Personas (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons, CONADEP) was an Argentine organism created by President RaÃºl AlfonsÃn on December 15, 1983, shortly after his inauguration to investigate the fate of the desaparecidos and other human rights violations (see... The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Spanish: , usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, particularly active under Isabel PerÃ³ns rule (1974-1976). ...

Besides the actions on Argentine territory, the Argentine security forces and death squads worked hand in hand with other South American dictatorships in the frame of Operation Condor: many Chileans and Uruguayan exiles in Argentina were murdered there by Argentine security forces (including important figures such as General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires in 1974). CIA documents released in 2002 show that Argentina's brutal policies were known and abide by the United States State Department, led by Henry Kissinger under Gerald Ford's presidency, and that the Argentine military knew the U.S. supported the repression.^[4] For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Participating countries of the Operation Condor; in pink those with partial participation (i. ... General Prats, as vice-president General Carlos Prats González (1915 - Chilean political figure, and General Augusto Pinochets predecessor as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923 in FÃ¼rth) is a German-born American diplomat, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ...

There has been a long-running debate in Argentina over the issue of amnesty for officials of the Dirty War. A form of amnesty was controversially adopted as law after the reinstatement of democratic rule and the trials of the top military leaders of the juntas in 1984, during Raúl Alfonsín's presidency (1983–1989), but it has remained unpopular. In June 2005, the Supreme Court overturned the amnesty laws, called Ley de Punto Final ("Full Stop Law") and of Ley de Obediencia Debida ("Law of Due Obedience"), opening the door for prosecutions of former junta officials.^[5] The Punto Final law had been voted on 24 December 1986, under Alfonsín's presidency, and extinguished any charges for human rights violations for all acts preceding 12 December 1983.^[6] Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... RaÃºl Ricardo AlfonsÃn (born 13 March 1927) is an Argentine politician, who was the President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 9 July 1989. ... The Supreme Court of Argentina (in Spanish, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la NaciÃ³n) is the highest court of law of the Argentine Republic. ... A poster calling for a demonstration against the passing of the law. ... A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point or dot), is the punctuation mark commonly placed at the end of several different types of sentences in English and several other languages. ... Ley de Obediencia Debida (Spanish, Law of Due Obedience) was a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military dictatorship of the Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (which started with a coup dÃ©tat in 1976 and ended in 1983). ... December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (359th in leap years). ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Origin of the term

The term "Dirty War" itself comes from the military junta itself, which claimed that a war, albeit with "different" methods (including the massive use of torture), was necessary to protect the social order. However, this expression has been questioned in court and by human rights NGOs, as it tends to accredit the idea that a "civil war" was going on, and that it was a "just war". Thus, during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas, the public prosecutor Julio Strassera declared that the term "Dirty War" was "an euphemism to tried to cover what belong to gang activities rather than soldiers' one."^[7]. This article is about the history of Argentina. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... A Hupa man. ... Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of La Plata (in Spanish, Virreinato del RÃo de la Plata) was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ... The British invasions of the RÃo de la Plata (Spanish: Invasiones Inglesas al RÃo de la Plata) were a series of unsuccessful British attempts at military control of the Spanish colonies located around the RÃo de la Plata basin in South America, between 1806 and 1807, as... La RevoluciÃ³n de Mayo (the May Revolution) was the first attempt at independence in the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, which contains present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. ... The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1814 to 1816 by Argentine forces under JosÃ© de San MartÃn against realista forces loyal to the Spanish crown. ... The Congress of TucumÃ¡n was the representative assembly of the United Provinces of the River Plate formed in 1816, initially meeting in TucumÃ¡n. ... Cover of the original manuscript of the 1853 Constitution The Argentine Constitution of 1853 was the first constitution of Argentina, approved with the support of the governments of the provinces â€”though without that of the Buenos Aires Province, who remained separated of the Argentine Confederation until 1859, after the modification... The Conquest of the Desert (Spanish: Conquista del desierto) was a controversial campaign by the Argentine government, executed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca, to wrest Patagonia from the control of the regions aboriginal tribes at the end of the 19th century. ... The Generation of 80 (Spanish: GeneraciÃ³n del 80) was the governing elite in Argentina from 1880 to 1916. ... Non-native population in Argentina, 1869â€“1991 There is a theory that the original inhabitants of Argentina were descendants of Asian peoples that crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America and then, over thousands of years, reached the southern end of South America. ... Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (October 8, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... Maria Eva Duarte de PerÃ³n (May 7, 1909 â€“ July 26, 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (1895â€“1974) and the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. ... Official logo of Montoneros The Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentinian radical leftist nationalist-catholic guerrilla group, active during the 1970s. ... The Alianza Anticomunista Argentina (Argentine Anticommunist Alliance, usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, linked to the military junta led by Jorge Rafael Videla. ... Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... Combatants United Kingdom Argentina Commanders Sir John Fieldhouse Sir John Woodward Margaret Thatcher Leopoldo Galtieri Mario MenÃ©ndez Ernesto Crespo Casualties 258 killed[1] 777 wounded 59 taken prisoner 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner The Falklands War (Spanish: ) was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the... The white shawl of the Mothers, painted on the floor in May Square, Buenos Aires. ... The Juicio a las Juntas (Spanish, Trial of the Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina during the dictatorship of the Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional, which lasted from 1976 to 1983. ... The Carapintadas (Spanish: Painted Faces) were a group of mutineers in the Argentine Army, who took part in uprisings during the presidency of RaÃºl AlfonsÃn in Argentina. ... The December 2001 riots were a period of civil unrest and rioting in Argentina that took place during December of 2001, with the worst incidents taking place on December 20 and December 21, 2001, in Argentinas capital Buenos Aires. ... Motto En uniÃ³n y libertad(Spanish) In Union and Freedom Anthem Himno Nacional Argentino Capital (and largest city) Buenos Aires Official languages Spanish Government Federal republic - President NÃ©stor Kirchner - Vice President Daniel Scioli Independence from Spain - May Revolution 25 May 1810 - Declared 9 July 1816 - Recognized 1821 (by... This article is in need of attention. ... This is a timeline of Argentine history. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Just war is a specific concept of how warfare might be justified, typically in accordance with a particular situation, or scenario, and expanded or supported by reference to doctrine, tradition, or historical commentary. ... The Juicio a las Juntas (Spanish, Trial of the Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina during the dictatorship of the Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional, which lasted from 1976 to 1983. ...

Although the junta claimed its objective to be the eradication of guerrilla activity, the repression struck mostly the general population, and specifically all political opposition, trade unionists (half of the victims), students, etc. Many others were forced to go into exile, and many remain in exile today (despite the return of democracy in 1983). It was made clear during the Trial of the Juntas that the guerrillas, despite the use of the term "war", were not in a position to pose a real threat, and could not be considered a belligerent: "The subversives had not taken control of any part of the national territory; they had not obtain recognition of interior or anterior belligerency, they were not massively supported by any foreign power, and they lacked the population's support."^[8] Thus, crimes committed during this time may not be covered under the laws of war (jus in bello), which first effect is protecting soldiers and inferior ranks of the hierarchy from being accused of acts committed under the orders of military or state superiors. A belligerent is an individual, group, country or other entity which acts in an aggressive or hostile manner, such as engaging in combat. ... The two parts of the laws of war (or Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)): Law concerning acceptable practices while engaged in war, like the Geneva Conventions, is called jus in bello; while law concerning allowable justifications for armed force is called jus ad bellum. ...

The program of extermination of dissidents was termed "genocide" by a court of law, for the first time in the official treatment of illegal crimes of the dictatorship, during the 2006 trial of Miguel Etchecolatz, a former senior official of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police.^[1] Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Miguel Osvaldo Etchecolatz (b. ... The Buenos Aires Provincial Police (Spanish: PolicÃa de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, informally PolicÃa Bonaerense) is the police service responsible for policing the Province of Buenos Aires, in Argentina. ...

The return of Peronism

Ever since former army officer Juan Perón was ousted from the presidency by a coup in 1955 (Revolución Libertadora), military hostility to Peronism had dominated Argentine politics. The 1963 Aramburu decree had gone as far as proscribing the use of Perón's name, and when General Lanusse, who had seized power in 1971, called for elections in 1973 and authorized the return of political parties, Perón — who had been invited back from exile— was disbarred from seeking office. This led to the May 1973 election of Peronist Héctor José Cámpora, a rather moderate and left-wing Peronist elected as Perón's "personal delegate" to circumvent the veto on Perón's participation in the election. Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (October 8, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... Current President NÃ©stor Kirchner The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la NaciÃ³n Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... The RevoluciÃ³n Libertadora (Spanish, Liberating Revolution) was a military uprising that ended the second presidential term of Juan Domingo PerÃ³n in Argentina, in 1955. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti (May 21, 1903 â€“ June 1, 1970) was a de facto president of Argentina from November 13, 1955 to May 1, 1958. ... Alejandro AgustÃn Lanusse Gelly (August 28, 1918, Buenos Aires Argentina - August 26, 1996, Buenos Aires) was the military president of Argentina between March 22, 1971 and May 25, 1973. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... HÃ©ctor JosÃ© CÃ¡mpora Demaestre (1909-1980) was a former president of Argentina from May 25 until July 13, 1973. ...

Peronism has been difficult to define according to traditional political classifications, and probably different periods must be distinguished. A populist and nationalist movement, it has sometimes been accused of Fascist tendencies, and Perón's admiration for Mussolini is well known. Furthermore, Argentina became a popular country of exile for ex-Nazis who entered clandestinity after World War II and fled using various ratlines. However, this has been strongly disputed by others, inside and outside the Peronist movement, and it might as well be compared with Gaullism in France, which at first succeeded in creating in the immediate post-war period a large coalition from the left-wing (excluding only Communists) to the right-wing, before turning itself into a more conservative movement in the 1960s-70s. Furthermore, the absence of Perón himself, who spent 20 years in exile in Franquist Spain, is also an important key to understand Peronism, as he could be invoked by all kind of Argentine sectors opposed to the current state of affairs. The memory of Eva Perón, First Lady of Argentina from 1946 to her death in 1952, in particular, was fondly conserved in workers' hearts, while in contrast she was strongly despised by the "national bourgeoisie". Thus, the left-wing and Catholic Montoneros supported Perón as well as, at its end, the Fascist-leaning and strongly anti-Semitic Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara, one of Argentine's first guerrilla movements. Look up Populism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 â€“ April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... This article is about former Nazis; for active groups, see: Neo-Nazism. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. These escape routes mainly led toward safe havens in South America, particularly North America, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Chile. ... Charles de Gaulle, in his generals uniform Gaullism (French: Gaullisme) is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... This article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... Maria Eva Duarte de PerÃ³n (May 7, 1909 â€“ July 26, 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (1895â€“1974) and the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Official logo of Montoneros The Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentinian radical leftist nationalist-catholic guerrilla group, active during the 1970s. ... The Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara (MNT, Tacuara Nationalist Movement) was an Argentine far right group in the 1960s, which, after having violently opposed Peronism, later integrated Juan PerÃ³nâ€™s right-wing â€œSpecial Formationsâ€. Linked to the more conservative sectors of the Peronist movement, and directly inspired by Julio Meinvielleâ€™s... Guerilla may refer to Guerrilla warfare. ...

Henceforth, following nearly two decades of weak civilian governments, economic decline and military interventionism, Perón returned from exile on 20 June 1973. The months preceding his return were marked by important social movements, as in the rest of South America, and in particular of the Southern Cone before the repression of the 1970s. Thus, during Héctor Cámpora's first months of government (May-July 1973), approximatively 600 social conflicts, strikes and factory occupations had taken place.^[9] June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... HÃ©ctor JosÃ© CÃ¡mpora Demaestre (1909-1980) was a former president of Argentina from May 25 until July 13, 1973. ... A recovered factory (fÃ¡brica recuperada) is a company in which its workers have taken over control, commonly after mass redundancy or intentional bankruptcy by the managment. ...

Upon Perón's arrival at Buenos Aires Airport, snipers (including members of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance, or Triple A) opened fire on the crowds of left-wing Peronist sympathizers. Known as the Ezeiza massacre, this event marked the split between left-wing and right-wing factions of Peronism. Perón was re-elected in 1973, backed by a broad coalition that ranged from trade unionists in the center to fascists on the right (including members of the neofascist Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara) and socialists like the Montoneros led by Mario Firmenich on the left. Following the Ezeiza massacre, and Perón's denouncing of "bearded immature idealists", Perón sided with the Peronist right-wing, the trade-unionist bureaucracy and radicals lead by Ricardo Balbín, Héctor José Cámpora's unsuccessful rival at the May 1973 elections. The Montoneros were finally expelled from the Justicialist Party by Perón in May 1974. However, the Montoneros waited until after the death of Perón in July 1974 to react, with the exception of the assassination of José Ignacio Rucci, the right-wing Peronist Secretary General of the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) on 25 September 1973, and some other military actions. They would then claim the "social revolutionary vision of authentic Peronism" and start guerrilla operations against Isabel Perón's government, who represented the Peronist right-wing. The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Spanish: , usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, particularly active under Isabel PerÃ³ns rule (1974-1976). ... The Ezeiza massacre took place on June 20, 1973 near the Ezeiza international airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic, religious, cultural, or racial attributes. ... The Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara (MNT, Tacuara Nationalist Movement) was an Argentine far right group in the 1960s, which, after having violently opposed Peronism, later integrated Juan PerÃ³nâ€™s right-wing â€œSpecial Formationsâ€. Linked to the more conservative sectors of the Peronist movement, and directly inspired by Julio Meinvielleâ€™s... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Official logo of Montoneros The Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentinian radical leftist nationalist-catholic guerrilla group, active during the 1970s. ... Mario Eduardo Firmenich (b. ... The Radical Civic Union (UniÃ³n CÃvica Radical, or UCR) is the foremost opposition party in Argentina. ... Ricardo BalbÃn (born on July 19, 1904 in Buenos Aires - died September 9, 1981) was an Argentine lawyer and politician, and one of the most important figures of the UniÃ³n CÃvica Radical party (UCR), for which he was presidential candidate four times: in 1951, 1958, 1972 and... The Justicialist Party (Spanish: Partido Justicialista, PJ) is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component of the Peronist movement. ... The General Confederation of Labour (ConfederaciÃ³n General del Trabajo de la RepÃºblica Argentina, CGT) is a national trade union center of Argentina founded on September 27, 1930 as the result of the merge of the USA (UniÃ³n Sindical Argentina) and the COA (ConfederaciÃ³n Obrera Argentina) trade... September 25 is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Isabel Martínez de Perón's government

Perón died on 1 July 1974, and was replaced by his vice-president and third wife, Isabel Martínez de Perón, ruled Argentina until her March 1976 overthrow by the militaries. July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... MarÃa Estela MartÃnez de PerÃ³n (born on February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel MartÃnez de PerÃ³n was the third wife of Argentine President Juan PerÃ³n and served as President of Argentina in her own right from July 1, 1974 to March 24, 1976. ...

The 1985 CONADEP human rights commission counted 458 assassinations from 1973 to 1975 in its report Nunca Más (Never Again): 19 in 1973, 50 in 1974 and 359 in 1975, carried on by paramilitary groups, who acted mostly under the José López Rega's Triple A death squad (according to Argenpress, at least 25 trade-unionists were assassinated in 1974^[3]). The Triple A had been created by José López Rega and Rodolfo Almirón (arrested in Spain in 2006). López Rega was successively Minister of Héctor José Cámpora, Raúl Alberto Lastiri, Perón and Isabel Perón and private secretary of the last two. Furthermore, after the 1980 police arrest of Licio Gelli, head of Propaganda Due (aka P2), a masonesque lodge involved in Italy's strategy of tension, in a villa in the French Côte d'Azur, it was discovered that Isabel Perón's Minister for Social Affairs, López Rega, had also been a member of this lodge. The CONADEP (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) was created by Argentine President RaÃºl AlfonsÃn on December 15, 1983, shortly after his inauguration to investigate the fate of the desaparecidos and other human rights violations performed between 1976 and 1983. ... JosÃ© LÃ³pez Rega (born 17 October 1916, died 9 June 1989, in Buenos Aires) was Argentinas Minister of Social Welfare during the Peronist government started in 1973 by Juan PerÃ³n and continued after PerÃ³ns death in 1974 by his third wife and vice-president, Isabel... The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Spanish: , usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, particularly active under Isabel PerÃ³ns rule (1974-1976). ... Rodolfo AlmirÃ³n Sena (1(935-Present) is an Argentine and former police officer who was one of the leader of an extreme right-wing death squad called Triple A, that operated throughout the 1970s. ... HÃ©ctor JosÃ© CÃ¡mpora Demaestre (1909-1980) was a former president of Argentina from May 25 until July 13, 1973. ... RaÃºl Alberto Lastiri (1915-1978) was an Argentine politician who was interim president of Argentina from July 13, 1973 until October 12, 1973. ... Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Worshipful Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladios strategy of tension. He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades (Tangentopoli, which led to the... P2 is the common name for the Italian Freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due (Italian: Propaganda Two). ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ... The Promenade des Anglais in Nice on the French Riviera at night. ...

One of the first terror attack of the Triple A targeted Hipólito Solari Yrigoyen with a car bomb on 21 November 1973, which seriously injured him. A few days earlier, Solari Yrigoyen had criticized in the Senate the reform of laws concerning workers' trade-unions, which aimed at tightening the control of the trade-union bureaucracy on the workers' movement. A few days before the bombing, a leading representative of the trade-unionist bureaucracy, Lorenzo Miguel, had qualified Solari Yrigoyen as "public enemy number one." The Triple A also assassinated Silvio Frondizi, brother of former president Arturo Frondizi, in September 1974, etc. Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The Argentine Senate is the upper house of parliament in Argentina. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science referring to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules are socially organized. ... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... Silvio Frondizi (Paso de los Libres, Corrientes Province, January 19, 1907 â€” September 27, 1974) was an Argentine intellectual and lawyer, brother of president Arturo Frondizi and of the philosopher Risieri Frondizi. ... Arturo Frondizi Ercoli (October 28, 1908 - April 18, 1995) was the President of Argentina between 1 May 1958 and 29 March 1962 for the Intransigent Radical Civic Union. ...

However, the repression of the social movements had already started before the attempt on Yrigoyen's life: on 17 July 1973, the CGT section in Salta was closed, while the CGT, SMATA and Luz y Fuerza in Córdoba were victims of armed attacks. Agustín Tosco, Secretary General of Luz y Fuerza, successfully dissimulated him avoiding his arrestation, and entered clandestinity until his death on 5 November 1975.^[3] July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The General Confederation of Labour (ConfederaciÃ³n General del Trabajo de la RepÃºblica Argentina, CGT) is a national trade union center of Argentina founded on September 27, 1930 as the result of the merge of the USA (UniÃ³n Sindical Argentina) and the COA (ConfederaciÃ³n Obrera Argentina) trade... The inside of Saltas main cathedral Salta (or San Felipe de Salta) is the capital city of the Argentine province of Salta, located at the centre of that province. ... // The name of the Spanish city CÃ³rdoba had been spread all over the world: homonymous places etc. ... Clandestine is an adjective meaning that its reference is something secret or guerrilla in nature, such as certain activities executed by spies. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

Trade-unionists were also targeted by the repression in 1973: Carlos Bache was assassinated on 21 August 1973; Enrique Damiano, of the Taxis Trade-Union of Córdoba, on 3 October; Juan Avila, also of Córdoba, the following day; Pablo Fredes, on 30 October in Buenos Aires; Adrián Sánchez, on 8 November 1973 in the Province of Jujuy. Assassinations of trade-unionists, lawyers, etc. continued and increased in 1974 and 1975, while the most combative trade-unions were closed and their leaders arrested. In August 1974, Isabel Peron's government took out the right of trade-unionist representation of the Federación Gráfica Bonaerense, and its Secretary General Raimundo Ongaro arrested in October 1974.^[3] August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Jujuy is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. ...

During the same month of August 1974, the SMATA Córdoba trade-union, in conflict with the company Ika Renault, was closed by the national direction of trade-unions , and the majority of its leaders and activists arrested. Most of them, including its Secretary General René Salamanca, were assassinated during the 1976-83 dictatorship. Atilio López, General Secretary of the CGT of Córdoba and former Vice-Governor of the Province, was assassinated in Buenos Aires on 16 September 1974.^[3] // 1400 - Owain GlyndÅµr declared Prince of Wales by his followers. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

"Annihilation decrees"

Meanwhile, the Guevarist People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), led by Roberto Santucho and inspired by Che Guevara's foco theory, began a rural insurgency in the province of Tucumán, in the mountainous northwest of Argentina. In response, Ítalo Luder, President of the National Assembly who acted as interim President substituting himself to Isabel Perón who was ill for a short period, signed in February 1975 the secret presidential decree 261, which ordered the army to neutralize and/or annihilate the insurgency in Tucumán, the smallest province of Argentina. In contravention of the Constitution, Operativo Independencia gave power to the Armed Forces to "execute all military operations necessary for the effects of neutralizing or annihilating the accion of subversive elements acting in the Province of Tucumán."^[10]^[11] General Acdel Vilas immediately deployed over 3,000 soldiers, including conscripts from the Fifth Infantry Brigade and two companies of elite commandos. While fighting the guerrilla in the jungle, Vilas concentrated on uprooting the ERP support network in the towns, using state terror tactics later adopted nation-wide, as well as a civic action campaign. By July 1975, the commandos were mounting search-and-destroy missions in the mountains. Army forces discovered Santucho's base camp in August, then raided the ERP urban headquarters in September. Most of the Compania del Monte's general staff was killed in October and was dispersed by the end of the year. While the leadership of the movement was mostly eradicated, many of the ERP soldiers and sympathizers were taken into custody as political prisoners. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (520x1004, 25 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Dirty War ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (520x1004, 25 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Dirty War ... Operativo Independencia (Spanish for Operation Independence) was the code-name of the Argentine military operation in the TucumÃ¡n Province, started in 1975, to crush the ERP (EjÃ©rcito Revolucionario del Pueblo or Peoples Revolutionary Army) guevarist guerrilla which attempted to create in this remote and mountainous province, in... One of the leading figures of the Cuban Revolution was Ernesto Guevara. ... ERP Flag The EjÃ©rcito Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP) was the military branch of the communist PRT (Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, or Workers Revolutionary Party) in Argentina. ... Comandante Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14,[1] 1928 â€“ October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or El Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, medic, political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist guerrillas. ... Guevara teaching guerrilla tactics to Congolese forces. ... TucumÃ¡n is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. ... TucumÃ¡n is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. ... Operativo Independencia (Spanish for Operation Independence) was the code-name of the Argentine military operation in the TucumÃ¡n Province, started in 1975, to crush the ERP (EjÃ©rcito Revolucionario del Pueblo or Peoples Revolutionary Army) guevarist guerrilla which attempted to create in this remote and mountainous province, in... State terrorism is a controversial term that is separate from the more common term state sponsored terrorism. ... Search and Destroy, or Seek and Destroy, or simply S&D, refers to a military strategy that became a notorious element of the Vietnam War. ...

By mid-1975, the country was a stage for widespread violence. Extreme right-wing death squads used their hunt for far-left guerrillas as a pretext to exterminate any and all ideological opponents on the left and as a cover for common crimes. Assassinations and kidnappings by the Peronist Montoneros and the ERP contributed to the general climate of fear. In July, there was a general strike. On 6 July 1975, the government, presided temporarily by Italo Luder from the Peronist party, issued three decrees to combat the guerrillas. The decrees 2770, 2771 and 2772 created a Defense Council headed by the president and including his ministers and the chiefs of the armed forces.^[12]^[13]^[14] It was given the command of the national and provincial police and correctional facilities and its mission was to "annihilate … subversive elements throughout the country". Military control was thus generalized to all of the country. These "annihilation decrees" are the source of the charges against her which led to Isabel Perón's arrest in Madrid more than thirty years later, in January 2007. The country was then divided into five military zones through a 28 October 1975 military directive of "Struggle Against Subversion". As had been done during the 1957 Battle of Algiers (quadrillage), each zone was divided in subzones and areas, with its corresponding military responsibles. General Antonio Domingo Bussi replaced in December 1975 Acdel Vidas as responsible of the military operations. Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... DVD cover The Battle of Algiers (in Italian, La Battaglia di Algeri) is a 1966 black-and-white film by Gillo Pontecorvo based on the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 until 1962 against the French occupation. ...

20 March 1975 raid in Santa Fe

Isabel Perón's government ordered a raid on 20 March 1975, which involved 4,000 military and police officers, in Villa Constitución, Santa Fe, in response to various trade-unionist conflicts. Many citizens and 150 activists and trade-unionists leaders were arrested, while the Unión Obrera Metalúrgica's subsidiary in Villa Constitución was closed down with the agreement of the trade-unions' national direction, headed by Lorenzo Miguel.^[3] Repression affected trade-unionists of large firms, such as Ford, Fiat, Renault, Mercedes Benz, Peugeot, etc., and was sometimes carried on with support from the firm's executives and from the trade-unionist bureaucracy. José Rodríguez, for example, has been accused of being involved in the "disappeareance" of Mercedes Benz workers during the dictatorship. He was the same trade-unionist leader who in 1974 closed down SMATA's section in Córdoba — and who is today General Secretary of SMATA.^[3] March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in leap years). ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Santa Fe is the capital city of the Santa Fe Province of Argentina. ... Ford may mean a number of things: A ford is a river crossing. ... Fiat Grande Punto Fiat Group, or Fiat S.p. ... Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing cars, vans, buses, tractors, and trucks. ... Mercedes-Benz (sometimes shortened to just Mercedes, Benz or Merc) is a German brand name of automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks created for Daimler-Benz AG and now owned by DaimlerChrysler AG. The Daimler-Benz company originated on June 28, 1926 when two companies, Benz & Cie. ... Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot CitroÃ«n. ...

The military's rise to power

Conservatives, including some among the wealthy elite, encouraged the army, which prepared to take control by making lists of people who should be "dealt with" after the planned coup. In 1975, President Isabel Perón, under pressure from the military establishment, appointed Jorge Rafael Videla commander-in-chief of the Argentine Army. "As many people as necessary must die in Argentina so that the country will again be secure", Videla declared in 1975 in support of the death squads. He was one of the military heads of the coup d'état that overthrew Isabel Perón on 24 March 1976. In her place, a military junta was installed, which was headed by Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera (also a member of the P2 freemasonry lodge), who stepped out in September 1978, General Orlando Agosti and Videla himself. This article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... MarÃa Estela MartÃnez de PerÃ³n (born on February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel MartÃnez de PerÃ³n was the third wife of Argentine President Juan PerÃ³n and served as President of Argentina in her own right from July 1, 1974 to March 24, 1976. ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (84th in leap years). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Emilio Eduardo Massera (born 1925 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine military. ...

The junta, which dubbed itself "National Reorganization Process", systematized the repression, in particular through the way of "forced disappearances" (desaparecidos), which made it very difficult, as in Augusto Pinochet's Chile, to depose courtsuits as the bodies were never found. The Generals organized a nation-wide system, from national scale to local scale, to track down so-called "subversives." Physicians and psychiatrists were also used by the state in the interrogation and torture sessions. Argentine newspaper La Opinión, founded by future "desaparecido" Jacobo Timerman, wrote on 31 December 1976 that the Argentine "guerrilla" has suffered 4.000 losts, and that the Montoneros had lost 80% of their leaders. The Buenos Aires Herald, on its side, estimated the victims in 1976 to be 1,100 dead. A clandestine newspaper added that "there is one dead each five hours, and one bomb each three hours." According to Argentine journalist Stella Calloni, author of the classic Los años del lobo, all of these numbers may be correct.^[15] Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... Augusto JosÃ© RamÃ³n Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915â€“December 10, 2006) was a general who was military dictator and President of Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... Psychiatrist redirects here. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... La OpiniÃ³n is a Spanish language daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the six counties of Southern California. ... Jacobo ben Nathan Timerman (January 6, 1923 - November 11, 1999) was a publisher, journalist, and author. ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Buenos Aires Herald is an English language daily newspaper from Buenos Aires, Argentina founded in 1876 by Scottish immigrant William Cathcart. ...

This generalization of state terror tactics has been explained in part by the formation received by the Argentine militaries in the infamous School of Americas and also by French instructors from the secret services, who taught them "counter-insurgency" tactics first experimented during the Algerian War (1954-62).^[3]^[16] State terrorism is a controversial term that is separate from the more common term state sponsored terrorism. ... Former logo of the School of Americas, now the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation at Fort Benning, Georgia The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHISC or WHINSEC), formerly School of the Americas (SOA; Spanish: Escuela de las AmÃ©ricas), is a United States Army facility at Fort Benning... France has various intelligence agencies: the Direction centrale des renseignements gÃ©nÃ©raux (RG) is the intelligence agency of the French police, directed by the Minister of Interior. ... Counter-insurgency is the combating of insurgency, by the government (or allies) of the territory in which the insurgency takes place. ... The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. ...

Furthermore, 1976 was also the year where Operation Condor, which had already centralized information from South American intelligence agencies since years, was at its height. Chilean exilees in Argentina were threatened again, and had to go, once again, into clandestinity or/and exile. Chilean General Carlos Prats had already been assassinated by the Chilean DINA in Buenos Aires in 1974, with the help of former CIA agent Michael Townley and DINA agent Enrique Arancibia. Cuban diplomats were also assassinated in Buenos Aires in the infamous Automotores Orletti torture center, one of the 300 clandestine prisons of the dictatorship, managed by the Grupo de Tareas 18, headed by Aníbal Gordon, previously convicted for armed robbery, and who directly obeyed to the General Commandant of the SIDE, Otto Paladino. Automotores Orletti was the main base of foreign intelligence services involved in Operation Condor. One of the survivor, José Luis Bertazzo, who was detained two months there, identified Chileans, Uruguayans, Paraguayans and Bolivians there, who were interrogated by agents from their own countries. It is there that 19 years-old daughter-in-law of poet Juan Gelman was tortured (along with his son), before being transported to Montevideo, where she delivered a baby which was immediately stolen by Uruguayan militaries.^[15] According to John Dinges's Los años del Cóndor, Chilean MIR prisoners in Orletti center told José Luis Bertazzo that they had seen two Cuban diplomats, 22 years-old Jesús Cejas Arias, and 26 years-old Crescencio Galañega, tortured by Gordon's group and interrogated by a man who specially came one day from Miami to interrogate them. The two Cuban diplomats, charged of the protection of Cuban embassador to Argentina, Emilio Aragonés, had been kidnapped on 9 August 1976, in the intersection between calle Arribeños and Virrey del Pino, by 40 armed SIDE agents who blocked all side of the street with their Ford Falcón, the cars used by the security forces during the dictatorship. According to John Dinges, the FBI as well as the CIA were informed of their arrestation. Dinges published in his book a cable sent by FBI agent in Buenos Aires, Robert Scherrer, on 22 September 1976, where he mentioned in passing that former CIA agent Michael Townley, later convicted for the assassination on 21 September 1976 of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington D.C., had also taken part to the interrogatories of the two Cubans. Former head of the DINA confirmed to Argentine federal judge María Servini de Cubría on 22 December 1999, in Santiago de Chile, the presence of Michael Townley and Cuban Guillermo Novo Sampoll in the Orletti center, who traveled form Chile to Argentina on 11 August 1976, and "cooperated in the torture and assassination of the two Cuban diplomats." Anti-Castro Cuban terrorist Luis Posada Carriles also boasted in his autobiography, "Los caminos del guerrero", the murder of the two young men.^[15] According to the "terror archives" discovered in Paraguay in 1992, 50,000 persons were murdered in the frame of Condor, 30,000 "disappeared" (desaparecidos) and 400,000 incarcerated.^[17]^[18] For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Participating countries of the Operation Condor; in pink those with partial participation (i. ... General Prats, as vice-president General Carlos Prats González (1915 - Chilean political figure, and General Augusto Pinochets predecessor as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army. ... DINAs emblem DirecciÃ³n de Inteligencia Nacional (Spanish: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean secret police in the government of Augusto Pinochet. ... Michael Townley, a U.S. expatriate, first worked for the CIA before working for the DINA, Chilean secret police under Augusto Pinochets dictatorship, where he participated in operation Condor. ... Enrique Arranciaba is a former Chilean DINA agent, who resided in unofficial exile in Buenos Aires after the assassination of Chilean Army Chief of Staff RenÃ© Schneider on October 25, 1970. ... Theater This page is about the ancient city Side on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. ... Juan Gelman 1930- Argentine poet born in Buenos Aires. ... John Dinges was special correspondent for Time, Washington Post and ABC Radio in Chile. ... Mir insignia Mir Statistics Crew: 3 Call sign Mir Launch February 19, 1986 21:28:23 UTC Baikonur, USSR Re-entry March 23, 2001 05:50:00 UTC Perigee: 385 km (239 NM) Apogee: 393 km (244 NM) Orbital period: 89. ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Michael Townley, a U.S. expatriate, first worked for the CIA before working for the DINA, Chilean secret police under Augusto Pinochets dictatorship, where he participated in operation Condor. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist, political figure, diplomat and, later, US-based activist. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... // Castro is a Romance (Spanish, Galician, Portuguese and Italian) word coming from Latin castrum, a fortification (cf: Greek: kastron; Proto-Celtic: *Kassrik; Breton: kaer, *kastro). ... Arrest photograph of Luis Posada Carriles Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban-born Venezuelan terrorist. ... The terror archives were found in December 22, 1992 by Dr. MartÃn Almada, a lawyer and human-rights activist and judge JosÃ© Fernandez in a police station in a suburb of AsunciÃ³n (LambarÃ©), capital of Paraguay. ... A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from public view, either by murder or by simple sequestration. ...

False flag actions by SIDE agents

During a 1981 interview which contents were revealed by documents declassified by the CIA in 2000, former CIA and DINA agent Michael Townley explained that Ignacio Novo Sampol, member of CORU anti-Castro organization, had agreed to commit the Cuban Nationalist Movement in the kidnapping, in Buenos Aires, of a president of a Dutch bank. The abduction, organized by civilian SIDE agents, the Argentine intelligence agency, was to obtain a ransom. Townley said that Novo Sampol had provided $6,000 from the Cuban Nationalist Movement, forwarded to the civilian SIDE agents to pay for the preparation expenses of the kidnapping. After returning to the US, Novo Sampol sent Townley a stock of paper, used to print pamphlets in the name of "Grupo Rojo" (Red Group), an imaginary Argentine Marxist terrorist organization, which was to claim credit for the sequestration of the Dutch banker. Townley declared that the pamphlets were distributed in Mendoza and Córdoba in relation with false flag bombings perpetrated by SIDE agents, which had as aim to accredit the existence of the fake Grupo Rojo. However, the SIDE agents procrastinated too much, and the kidnapping finally was not carried out.^[19] The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Michael Townley, a U.S. expatriate, first worked for the CIA before working for the DINA, Chilean secret police under Augusto Pinochets dictatorship, where he participated in operation Condor. ... Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU) has been described by the FBI as an anti-Castro terrorist umbrella organization.[1] It has taken part in operation Condor, organizing Chilean former minister Orlando Leteliers assassination in Washington, D.C. in 1976. ... The Opposition to Fidel Castros Cuban government is largely unofficial and illegal within Cuba. ... Theater This page is about the ancient city Side on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. ... Mendoza is a city in the west of Argentina, and the capital of the Mendoza Province. ... CÃ³rdoba is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas mountains on the SuquÃa River, about 700 km west-northwest from Buenos Aires. ... False flag operations are covert operations conducted by governments, corporations, or other organizations, which are designed to appear as if they are being carried out by other entities. ...

Human rights violations from 1976 to 1983

In 1976, one of the generals predicted, "We are going to have to kill 50,000 people: 25,000 subversives, 20,000 sympathizers, and we will make 5,000 mistakes." The National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) researched and recorded, case by case, the "disappearance" of about 9,000 persons, though it was made clear that many more could exist; today, the most commonly accepted estimate by human rights organizations places the number at 30,000. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 607 KB) Summary Centro Popular de la Memoria (Popular Memory Center) in Rosario, Argentina. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2304x1728, 607 KB) Summary Centro Popular de la Memoria (Popular Memory Center) in Rosario, Argentina. ... Rosario is the largest city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and the third most populous in the country, after Buenos Aires and CÃ³rdoba. ... The CONADEP (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons) was created by Argentine President RaÃºl AlfonsÃn on December 15, 1983, shortly after his inauguration to investigate the fate of the desaparecidos and other human rights violations performed between 1976 and 1983. ... Disappear redirects here. ...

Most victims were not armed guerrilla fighters, whose organizations were virtually liquidated, but anyone believed to be associated with activist groups, including trade-union members, students (including very young students, for example in September 1976 during the Night of the Pencils, an operation directed by Ramón Camps, General and head of the Bonaerense, the Buenos Aires Provincial Police, from April 1976 to December 1977^[7]) and people thought to hold left-wing views (for example French nun Leonie Duquet, kidnapped by Alfredo Astiz). Ramón Camps told Clarín, in 1984, that he had used torture as a method of interrogation and orchestrated 5,000 forced disappearances, and justified the appropriation of newborns from their imprisoned mothers "because subversive parents will raise subversive children".^[20]Many of the "disappeared" were pushed out of planes and into the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean to drown. This form of disappearance, theorized by Luis Maria Mendia, former chief of naval operations in 1976-77 who is today before the court for his role in the ESMA case, was termed vuelos de la muerte ("death flights"). These individuals which suddenly vanished are called los desaparecidos meaning "the missing ones" or "vanishing ones." The Night of the Pencils (in Spanish, Noche de los LÃ¡pices) was a series of kidnappings and forced disappearances followed by torture of a number of young students by the Argentine police, during the last dictatorship (known as the National Reorganization Process). ... RamÃ³n Juan Camps (? â€“ 1994) was an Argentine general and the head of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police during the military dictatorship known as the National Reorganization Process (1976â€“1983). ... The Buenos Aires Provincial Police (Spanish: PolicÃa de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, informally PolicÃa Bonaerense) is the police service responsible for policing the Province of Buenos Aires, in Argentina. ... Leonie Duquet (1916-1977) was a French nun who was killed by the military regime of Argentine President Jorge Rafael Videla. ... Image:AstizArg. ... ClarÃn is a major newspaper in Argentina, founded by Roberto Noble on August 28, 1945. ... RÃo de la Plata in relation to Uruguay and Argentina A satellite view of the estuary The RÃo de la Plata (Spanish: Silver River) â€” which is often referred to in English-speaking countries as the River Plate (as in the Battle of the River Plate), or sometimes as... Disappear redirects here. ... Luis Maria Mendia (1925-) was the Argentine former chief of naval operations in 1976-77, with the grade of vice-Admiral. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... The so-called death flights (Spanish: vuelos de la muerte) were a form of forced disappearance routinely practiced during the Argentine Dirty War, theorized by Admiral Luis Maria Mendia. ...

Tomás Di Toffino, Deputy Secretary General of Luz y Fuerza de Córdoba, was kidnapped on 28 November 1976 and executed in a military camp in Córdoba on 28 February 1977, in a "military ceremony" presided by General Luciano Benjamín Menéndez.^[3] November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...

In December 1976, 22 political prisoners were tortured and executed during the Massacre of Margarita Belén, in the military Chaco Province, for which Videla would be found guilty of homicide during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas, as well as Cristino Nicolaides, junta leader Leopoldo Galtieri and Santa Fe Provincial Police chief Wenceslao Ceniquel. The same year, fifty anonymous persons were illegally executed by a firing-squad in Cordoba ^[21] The Massacre of Margarita BelÃ©n was an episode of the 1970s Dirty War in Argentina. ... Chaco is an Argentine province located on the north of the country, near the border with Paraguay. ... Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentinian general and the de facto President of Argentina from 22 December 1981 to 18 June 1982, during the last military dictatorship. ...

Organizations closely associated with state terrorism included the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), the Batallón de Inteligencia 601 of the military unit, the Naval Mechanics School (ESMA), and the Secretaría de Inteligencia (SIDE). SIDE cooperated with DINA, its Chilean counter-part, and other South American intelligence units in Operation Condor. This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Spanish: , usually known as Triple A or AAA) was a far-right death squad active in Argentina during the mid-1970s, particularly active under Isabel PerÃ³ns rule (1974-1976). ... The BatallÃ³n de Inteligencia 601 (601 Intelligence Battalion) was a special military intelligence service of the Argentine Army active in the Dirty War and Operation Condor. ... The Argentine Army (EjÃ©rcito Argentino, EA) is the land armed force branch of the Argentine military and the senior military service of the country. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... SecretarÃa de Inteligencia (Intelligence Secretariat, S.I) is the main intelligence agency of the Argentine Republic. ... DINAs emblem DirecciÃ³n de Inteligencia Nacional (Spanish: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean secret police in the government of Augusto Pinochet. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Participating countries of the Operation Condor; in pink those with partial participation (i. ...

Relatives of the victims uncovered evidence that some children taken from their mothers soon after birth were being raised as the adopted children of military men, as in the case of Silvia Quintela. For three decades, the Grand-Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a group founded in 1977, has been demanding the return of these kidnapped children, estimated to number as many as five hundred. 77 of the kidnapped children have been located so far.^[22] A leftist doctor who tended to the indigent of Buenos Aires in the 1970s, Silvia Quintela became one of the disappeared during Argentinas Dirty War. ... The white shawl of the Mothers, painted on the floor in May Square, Buenos Aires. ...

In 1977, Videla told British journalists: "I emphatically deny that there are concentration camps in Argentina, or military establishments in which people are held longer than is absolutely necessary in this ... fight against subversion". Yet, there are people such as Alicia Partnoy, who was tortured and has written her story in "The Little School", who claim otherwise. It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Alicia Partnoy (b. ... The Little School is a book written by Alicia Partnoy, a woman who was disappeared during the Dirty War period of the history of Argentina. ...

In 1980, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, a Catholic human rights activist who had organized the Servicio de Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice Service) and suffered torture while held without trial for 14 months in a Buenos Aires concentration camp, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in the defense of human rights in Argentina. Adolfo PÃ©rez Esquivel at World Social Forum 2003 Adolfo PÃ©rez Esquivel (born November 26, 1931 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was the recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ...

In 1981 Videla retired and General Roberto Eduardo Viola replaced him, but nine months later, Viola stepped down for health reasons, and General Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri took the post. Democracy returned with Raúl Alfonsín, who created the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) on 15 December 1983. Under Alfonsín, Congress would then pass the Ley de Punto Final and Ley de Obediencia Debida as amnesty laws, overturned in June 2005 by the Supreme Court. Roberto Eduardo Viola Prevedini (October 13, 1924 â€“ September 30, 1994) was a military officer who briefly served as interim president of Argentina from March 29 to December 11, 1981 during a period of military rule. ... President Galtieri Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentinian general and dictator. ... RaÃºl Ricardo AlfonsÃn (born 13 March 1927) is an Argentine politician, who was the President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 9 July 1989. ... The ComisiÃ³n Nacional sobre la DesapariciÃ³n de Personas (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons, CONADEP) was an Argentine organism created by President RaÃºl AlfonsÃn on December 15, 1983, shortly after his inauguration to investigate the fate of the desaparecidos and other human rights violations (see... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Supreme Court of Argentina (in Spanish, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la NaciÃ³n) is the highest court of law of the Argentine Republic. ...

Invasion of the Falkland Islands

In 1982, the Argentine military invaded the British-controlled Falkland Islands, in a desperate attempt to gather the population around this war, lifting patriotic spirit. The junta was quickly defeated by the British, led by Margaret Thatcher, who retook the islands. It seems that the junta, so sure of the US support, thought that Great Britain would not attack for so little. The loss of the war led to the resignation of Galtieri on June 17 of the same year and a third (and last) junta was placed in power under a new president, Reynaldo Bignone. The defeat accelerated the end of the junta rule. Combatants United Kingdom Argentina Commanders Sir John Fieldhouse Sir John Woodward Margaret Thatcher Leopoldo Galtieri Mario MenÃ©ndez Ernesto Crespo Casualties 258 killed[1] 777 wounded 59 taken prisoner 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner The Falklands War (Spanish: ) was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC (born October 13, 1925), former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in office from 1979 to 1990. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... Reynaldo Benito Antonio Bignone RamayÃ³n (born January 21, 1928) is a former Argentine general and the de facto president of the country from July 1, 1982 to December 10, 1983. ...

Anti-Communism

The junta's mission was allegedly to defend against international communism. Indeed, the "ideological war" doctrine of the Argentine military focused on eliminating the supposed social base of insurgency, as much as targeting actual guerrillas. Associated with other South American dictatorships in Operation Condor, they also worked closely with the Asian-based World Anti-Communist League and its Latin American affiliate, the Confederación Anticomunista Latinoamericana. In 1980, the Argentine military helped Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie, Stefano Delle Chiaie and major drug lords mount the bloody Cocaine Coup of Luis García Meza Tejada in neighboring Bolivia. They hired 70 foreign agents for this task,^[23] which was managed in particular by the 601st Intelligence Batallion headed by General Guillermo Suárez Mason. Buildings used by the School of the Americas in Panama. ... The Argentine Army (EjÃ©rcito Argentino, EA) is the land armed force branch of the Argentine military and the senior military service of the country. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Participating countries of the Operation Condor; in pink those with partial participation (i. ... The World Anti-Communist League (WACL) (now known as the World League for Freedom and Democracy) is an international right-wing political organization founded in 1966 in Taipei, Taiwan, under the initiative of Chiang Kai-Shek. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Ex-Nazis are those who were once Nazis and resigned from the party. ... Klaus Barbie in Army NCO Uniform. ... Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 1934) was a figure on the far right of Italian politics who went on to become a wanted man worldwide. ... Luis GarcÃa Meza Tejada (b. ... August 7, 1979 US embassy in Argentina Memorandum of the conversation with Jorge Contreras, director of Task Force 7 of the Reunion Central section of the 601 Army Intelligence Unit, which gathered members from all parts of the Argentine Armed Forces . ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

After having been trained by the French military, the Argentine Armed Forces would train their counterparts, in Nicaragua, but also El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala, in the frame of Operation Charly. From 1977 to 1984, after the Falklands War, the Argentine Armed Forces exported counter-insurgency tactics, including the systemic use of torture, death squads and disappearances. Special force units, such as Batallón de Inteligencia 601, headed in 1979 by Colonel Jorge Alberto Muzzio, trained the Nicaraguan Contras in the 1980s, in particular in Lepaterique base. Following the release of classified documents and an interview with Duane Clarridge, former CIA responsible for those operations, the Clarín showed that with the election of President Jimmy Carter in 1977, the CIA was blocked from engaging in the special warfare it had previously delivered against opponents. In conformity with the National Security Doctrine, the Argentine militaries then did the work the most conservative North-American elements wanted to achieve, while they pressured the US to be more active in counter-revolutionary activities. And finally, they submitted themselves to Washington's control following the access of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1981.^[24] Buildings used by the School of the Americas in Panama. ... Counter-insurgency is the combating of insurgency, by the government (or allies) of the territory in which the insurgency takes place. ... The game Special Force is typical of the fake Muslims that term themselves Hezbollah. ... The BatallÃ³n de Inteligencia 601 (601 Intelligence Battalion) was a special military intelligence service of the Argentine Army active in the Dirty War and Operation Condor. ... The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (which ended the Somoza dynasty), and continuing throughout the following decade. ... Lepaterique is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco MorazÃ¡n. ... Duane Ramsdell Dewey Clarridge, (1932-) a CIA operative and supervisor for more than 30 years, became famous in the mid-1980s for his role in the Contra end of the Iran-Contra Affair. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... ClarÃn is a major newspaper in Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Special forces or special operations forces is a term used to describe relatively small military units raised and trained for reconnaissance, unconventional warfare and special operations. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981 â€“ 1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967 â€“ 1975). ...

Since the end of the dictatorship, some former military, politicians and journalists have tried to justify these crimes as either regrettable or simply inevitable "excesses" brought about by the nature of the enemy (that is, the insurgency), which employed the same tactics. Critics have coined the phrase "theory of the two demons" to qualify the alleged thesis that views the forces of law of the national state and the radical subversive groups as morally comparable entities. Opponents of this theory talk of a deliberate strategy of tension. TeorÃa de los dos demonios (Spanish, theory of the two demons) is a rhetorical device used in Argentine political discourse to disqualify arguments that appear to morally equate violent political subversion with illegal repressive activities carried out by the state. ... A strategy of tension (Italian: ) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, false flag terrorism actions and even terroristic actions. ...

USA involvement

According to the National Security Archive, the junta led by Jorge Rafael Videla believed it had United States' approval for its all-out assault on the left in the name of "national security doctrine". The USA Embassy in Buenos Aires complained to Washington that the Argentine officers were "euphoric" over signals from high-ranking USA officials, including Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.^[4] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (913x470, 100 KB) Foto del encabezado del MemorÃ¡ndum de la Embajada USA en Argentina del 07-AG-1979 sobre la conversaciÃ³n con Contreras. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (913x470, 100 KB) Foto del encabezado del MemorÃ¡ndum de la Embajada USA en Argentina del 07-AG-1979 sobre la conversaciÃ³n con Contreras. ... August 7, 1979 US embassy in Argentina Memorandum of the conversation with Jorge Contreras, director of Task Force 7 of the Reunion Central section of the 601 Army Intelligence Unit, which gathered members from all parts of the Argentine Armed Forces . ... The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923 in FÃ¼rth) is a German-born American diplomat, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ...

But President Jimmy Carter's emphasis on human rights led to strained relations between the USA and the military regime in Argentina during the height of the Dirty War in the late 1970s. James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ...

The Reagan administration that was elected to office in 1981, however, asserted that Carter had weakened USA diplomatic relationships with Cold War allies, and reversed the previous administration's official condemnation of the junta's human rights practices. The re-establishment of diplomatic ties allowed for CIA collaboration with the Argentine intelligence service in training and arming the Nicaraguan Contras against the Sandinista government. The 601 Intelligence Battalion, for example, trained Contras at Lepaterique base, in Honduras. President Reagan, with his Cabinet and staff, in the Oval Office (February 4, 1981) Headed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989, the Reagan Administration was conservative, steadfastly anti-Communist and in favor of tax cuts and smaller government. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... â€œCIAâ€ redirects here. ... Look up contra in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the Nicaraguan left-wing political party. ... The BatallÃ³n de Inteligencia 601 (601 Intelligence Battalion) was a special military intelligence service of the Argentine Army active in the Dirty War and Operation Condor. ... Lepaterique is a municipality in the Honduran department of Francisco MorazÃ¡n. ...

The "French Connection"

French journalist Marie-Monique Robin has found in the archives of the Quai d'Orsay, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, the original document proving that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires instaured a "permanent French military mission," formed of militaries who had fought in the Algerian War, and which was located in the offices of the chief of staff of the Argentine Armed Forces. It was continued until 1981, date of the election of socialist François Mitterrand.^[25] She showed how Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentine and with Augusto Pinochet's regime in Chile.^[26]. The first Argentine officers, among whom Alcides Lopez Aufranc, went to Paris to assist to courses during two years at the Ecole de Guerre military school in 1957, two years before the Cuban Revolution and when no Argentine guerrilla existed.^[25] "In practice, declared Robin to Página/12, the arrival of the French in Argentina led to a massive extension of intelligence services and of the use of torture as the primary weapon of the anti-subversive war in the concept of modern warfare." The anniquilation decrees signed by Isabel Peron had been inspired by French texts. During the Battle of Algiers, the police forces were put under the authority of the Army, and in particular of the paratroopers, who generalized interrogation sessions, systematically using torture and then disappearances. 30 000 persons disappeared in Algeria. Reynaldo Bignone, named President of the Argentinian junta in July 1982, declared in her film: "The March 1976 order of battle is a copy of the Algerian battle."^[25] The same statements were issued by Generals Albano Harguindeguy, Videla's Interior Minister, and Diaz Bessone, former Minister of Planification and ideologue of the junta.^[27] The French military would transmit to their Argentine counterparts the notion of "internal enemy" and the use of torture, death squads and "quadrillages". The French Army made a systemic use of torture during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62), which was theorized as a counter-insurgency tactic by Roger Trinquier in Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency (1961). ... Image File history File links LÃ©onie_Duquet_y_Alice_Domon_fotografiadas_en_la_ESMA_. ... Image File history File links LÃ©onie_Duquet_y_Alice_Domon_fotografiadas_en_la_ESMA_. ... Diquet and Alice Domon at the ESMA illegal detention centre, 1977. ... Image:AstizArg. ... Luis Maria Mendia (1925-) was the Argentine former chief of naval operations in 1976-77, with the grade of vice-Admiral. ... Marie-Monique Robin (1960-) is a French journalist, who was awarded the Albert Londres prize in 1995 for Voleurs dyeux, on organ theft. ... Quai dOrsay is a Parisian quay situated on the Ile de la Cité. Its name is commonly associated with the French Ministry of External Affairs, whose building is situated on the quay. ... The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. ... The armed forces of Argentina are controlled by the Commander-in-Chief (the President) and a civilian Minister of Defense. ... The emblem of the French Socialist Party The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste or PS), founded in 1969, is the main opposition party in France. ... IPA: (October 26, 1916 â€“ January 8, 1996) was President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the Socialist Party (PS). ... ValÃ©ry Marie RenÃ© Giscard dEstaing (born 2 February 1926) is a French center-right politician who was President of the French Republic from 1974 until 1981. ... Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... Augusto JosÃ© RamÃ³n Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915â€“December 10, 2006) was a general who was military dictator and President of Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... Building of the Ã‰cole Militaire Other side of the Ã‰cole Militaire Building The Ã‰cole Militaire (French for military school) is a vast complex of buildings housing various military teaching facilities located in Paris, France southeast of the Champ-de-Mars. ... The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of Fulgenchio Batistaâ€™s dictatorial government on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other revolutionary elements in the country. ... PÃ¡gina/12 is a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina founded in May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he... This article is about the computer software framework. ... President Perón giving a speech Isabel Martínez de Perón was born Isabel Martínez on February 4, 1931, in La Rioja, Argentina. ... An American Paratrooper using a MC1-B series parachute Paratroopers are soldiers trained in parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Reynaldo Benito Antonio Bignone RamayÃ³n (born January 21, 1928) is a former Argentine general and the de facto president of the country from July 1, 1982 to December 10, 1983. ... Albano Harguindeguy (born 1927) was a general of the Argentine Army, and the interior minister of Argentina under dictator Jorge Rafael Videla, during the National Reorganization Process (1976â€“1983). ...

Green deputies Noël Mamère, Martine Billard and Yves Cochet filed on 10 September 2003 a request for the constitution of a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by Edouard Balladur (UMP). Apart of Le Monde, newspapers remained silent about this request.^[28] However, UMP deputy Roland Blum, in charge of the Commission, refused to hear Marie-Monique Robin, and published in December 2003 a 12-page report qualified by Robin as the summum of bad faith. It claimed that no agreement had been signed, despite the agreement found by Robin in the Quai d'Orsay^[29]^[30] NoÃ«l MamÃ¨re (born December 25, 1948) is a French politician of the French Green Party (Les Verts). ... DÃ©putÃ©e Martine Billard attending the protest of the 7th of May 2006 against the DADVSI law project. ... Yves Cochet is a French politician. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the Gregorian calendar (254th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Stub | 1929 births | Prime ministers of France | Alumni of Sciences Po ... The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), initially named the Union for the Presidential Majority (Union pour la MajoritÃ© PrÃ©sidentielle), is the main French conservative political party. ... Le Monde is also the name of a song by the Thievery Corporation. ... Roland Blum (Les Pennes-Mirabeau, 12 July 1945-) is a French conservative politician, member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). ... Quai dOrsay is a Parisian quay situated on the Ile de la Cité. Its name is commonly associated with the French Ministry of External Affairs, whose building is situated on the quay. ...

When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.^[31] This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Reporter Marie-Monique Robin thus declared to L'Humanité newspaper: "French have systematized a military technique in urban environment which would be copied and pasted to Latin American dictatorships."^[32]. The methods employed during the 1957 Battle of Algiers were systematized and exported to the War School in Buenos Aires.^[25] Roger Trinquier's famous book on counter-insurgency had a very strong influence in South America. She declared being shocked to learn that the DST French intelligence agency communicated to the DINA the name of the refugees who returned to Chile (Operation Retorno). All of these Chileans have been killed. "Of course, this puts in cause the French government, and Giscard d'Estaing, then President of the Republic. I was very shocked by the duplicity of the French diplomatic position which, on one hand, received with open arms the political refugees, and, on the other hand, collaborated with the dictatorships."^[32] LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was the only French newspaper owned by a political party. ... DVD cover The Battle of Algiers (in Italian, La Battaglia di Algeri) is a 1966 black-and-white film by Gillo Pontecorvo based on the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 until 1962 against the French occupation. ... Roger Trinquier (March 20, 1908 - 1986) was a French army officer with an immense impact on the development of Counter-insurgency theory. ... Counter-insurgency is the combating of insurgency, by the government (or allies) of the territory in which the insurgency takes place. ... The Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire (DST; Directorate of Territorial Surveillance) is a directorate of the French National Police operating as a domestic intelligence agency. ... ValÃ©ry Marie RenÃ© Giscard dEstaing (born 2 February 1926) is a French center-right politician who was President of the French Republic from 1974 until 1981. ...

Marie-Monique Robin also demonstrated ties between the French far right and Argentina since the 1930s, in particular through the Catholic fundamentalist organization Cité catholique, created by Jean Ousset, a former secretary of Charles Maurras, the founder of the royalist Action française movement, who was awarded the Francisque under Vichy (1940-1944). La Cité edited a review, Le Verbe, which influenced militaries during the Algerian War, notably by justifying the use of torture. At the end of the 1950s, the Cité catholique installed itself in Argentina and organized there cells in the Army. It greatly expanded itself during the government of General Juan Carlos Onganía, in particular in 1969.^[25] The key figure of the Cité catholique was priest Georges Grasset, who became Videla's personal confessor and had been the spiritual guide of the Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS) pro-French Algeria terrorist movement founded in Franquist Spain. This Catholic fundamentalist current in the Argentine Army explains, according to Robin, the importance and length of the French-Argentine cooperation. In Buenos Aires, Georges Grasset maintained links with Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of Society of St. Pius X in 1970 and excommunicated in 1988. The Society of Pius-X has four monasteries in Argentina, the largest one in La Reja. There, a French priest declared to Marie-Monique Robin: "To save the soul of a Communist priest, one must kill him." There, she met Luis Roldan, former Under Secretary of Cult under Carlos Menem, President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999, who was presented by Dominique Lagneau, the priest in charge of the monastery, as "Mr. Cité catholique in Argentina". Bruno Genta and Juan Carlos Goyeneche represent this ideology.^[25] A 1950s Low Mass in Bohermeen, Ireland in the presence of a bishop and several priests and with the altar arranged for Eucharistic devotions to follow A traditionalist Catholic is a Roman Catholic who believes that there should be a restoration of the liturgical forms, public and private devotions, and... La CitÃ© Catholique is a Catholic fundamentalist group created in 1946 by Jean Ousset, private secretary of Charles Maurras, who himself had founded the monarchist Action franÃ§aise in 1899. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Action FranÃ§aise is a French Monarchist movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras. ... Motto Travail, famille, patrie French: Work, family, fatherland Unoccupied zone of Vichy France (until November 1942) Capital Vichy Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholic Government Dictatorship Head of state - 1940 â€” 1944 Philippe PÃ©tain President of the Council - 1940 â€” 1942 Philippe PÃ©tain - 1942 - 1944 Pierre Laval Legislature National Assembly... Juan Carlos OnganÃa Carballo (1914-1995) was a military president of Argentina from 29 June 1966 to 8 June 1970. ... The Organisation de larmÃ©e secrÃ¨te (OAS; Secret Army Organization) was a short-lived French right-wing terrorist group formed in January 1961 to resist the granting of independence to the French colony of Algeria (AlgÃ©rie franÃ§aise). ... The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... Archbishop Marcel-FranÃ§ois Lefebvre C.S.Sp. ... Archbishop LefebvreFounder of the Society of St. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Antonio Caggiano, archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1959 to 1975 wrote in 1961 a prologue to Jean Ousset's Spanish version of Le Marxisme-léninisme. Caggiano explained that "Marxism is the negation of Christ and his Church" and spoke of a Marxist conspiracy to take over the world, for which it was necessary to "prepare for the decisive battle". Together with President Arturo Frondizi (Radical Civic Union, UCR), he inaugurated the first course on counter-revolutionary warfare in the Higher Military College (Frondizi was eventually overthrown for being "tolerant of Communism"). Antonio Caggiano (30 January 1889 â€“ 23 October 1979) was an archbishop and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church of Argentina. ... Arturo Frondizi Ercoli (October 28, 1908 - April 18, 1995) was the President of Argentina between 1 May 1958 and 29 March 1962 for the Intransigent Radical Civic Union. ... The Radical Civic Union (UniÃ³n CÃvica Radical, or UCR) is the foremost opposition party in Argentina. ...

By 1963, cadets at the (then infamously well-known) Navy Mechanics School started receiving counter-insurgency classes aided by the film The Battle of Algiers, which showed the methods used by the French Army in Algeria. Caggiano, the military chaplain at the time, introduced the film approvingly and added a religiously oriented commentary to it. On 2 July 1966, four days after President Arturo Umberto Illia was removed from office and replaced by the dictator Juan Carlos Onganía, Caggiano declared: "We are at a sort of dawn, in which, thanks to God, we all sense that the country is again headed for greatness." A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... Arturo Umberto Illia (Pergamino, Buenos Aires, August 4, 1900 - CÃ³rdoba, January 18, 1983) was President of Argentina from October 12, 1963, to June 28, 1966. ... Juan Carlos OnganÃa Carballo (1914-1995) was a military president of Argentina from 29 June 1966 to 8 June 1970. ...

Argentine Admiral Luis Maria Mendia, who had theorized the practice of "death flights", already used during the Algerian War (1954-62) by General Marcel Bigeard, testified in January 2007, before the Argentine judges, that a French intelligence "agent," Bertrand de Perseval, had participated in the abduction of the two French nuns, Léonie Duquet and Alice Domont. Perseval, who lives today in Thailand, denied any links with the abduction, but did admit being a former member of the OAS, and having escaped for Argentina after the March 1962 Evian Accords putting an end to the Algerian War (1954-62). Referring to Marie Monique Robin's film documentary titled The Death Squads - the French School (Les escadrons de la mort - l'école française), Luis Maria Mendia asked before the Argentine Court that former French president, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, former French premier Pierre Messmer, former French embassador to Buenos Aires Françoise de la Gosse, and all officials in place in the French embassy in Buenos Aires between 1976 and 1983 be convoked before the court.^[33] Besides this "French connection," he has also charged former head of state Isabel Peron and former ministers Carlos Ruckauf and Antonio Cafiero, whom had signed the "anti-subversion decrees" before Videla's 1976 coup d'état. According to ESMA survivor Graciela Dalo, this is another tactic which pretends that these crimes were legitimate as the 1987 Obediencia Debida Act claimed them to be and that they also obeyed to Isabel Peron's "anti-subversion decrees" (which, if true, would give them a formal appearance of legality, despite torture being forbidden by the Argentine Constitution)^[34] Alfredo Astiz also referred before the courts to the "French connexion".^[35] Luis Maria Mendia (1925-) was the Argentine former chief of naval operations in 1976-77, with the grade of vice-Admiral. ... The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Diquet and Alice Domon at the ESMA illegal detention centre, 1977. ... The Organisation de larmÃ©e secrÃ¨te (OAS; Secret Army Organization) was a short-lived French right-wing terrorist group formed in January 1961 to resist the granting of independence to the French colony of Algeria (AlgÃ©rie franÃ§aise). ... -1... The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. ... ValÃ©ry Marie RenÃ© Giscard dEstaing (born 2 February 1926) is a French center-right politician who was President of the French Republic from 1974 until 1981. ... On May 29, 1974 Jacques Chirac (left) replaced Pierre Messmer (right) as prime minister on the steps of the HÃ´tel Matignon. ... President Perón giving a speech Isabel Martínez de Perón was born Isabel Martínez on February 4, 1931, in La Rioja, Argentina. ... Carlos Ruckauf (born 1944) is a Argentina. ... Antonio Francisco Cafiero (born 12 September 1922 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. ... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... Image:AstizArg. ...

When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004, he claimed that no cooperation between France and the military regimes had occurred.^[36] This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Truth commission and trials

The junta relinquished power in 1983. After democratic elections, president elect Raúl Alfonsín created the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (CONADEP) in December 1983, led by writer Ernesto Sábato, to collect evidence about the Dirty War crimes. The gruesome details, including documentation of the disappearance of nearly 9,000 people, shocked the world. Jorge Rafael Videla, head of the junta, was among the generals convicted of human rights crimes, including forced disappearances, torture, murders and kidnappings. President Alfonsín ordered that the nine members of the military junta be judicially charged, during the 1983 Trial of the Juntas, together with guerrilla leaders Mario Firmenich, Fernando Vaca Narvaja, Rodolfo Galimberti, Roberto Perdía, and Enrique Gorriarán Merlo. The "theory of the two demons," which attempted to morally equate violent political subversion with state terrorism, was at the time upheld by the government. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1503x1187, 465 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Dirty War ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1503x1187, 465 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Dirty War ... RaÃºl Ricardo AlfonsÃn (born 13 March 1927) is an Argentine politician, who was the President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 9 July 1989. ... The ComisiÃ³n Nacional sobre la DesapariciÃ³n de Personas (National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons, CONADEP) was an Argentine organism created by President RaÃºl AlfonsÃn on December 15, 1983, shortly after his inauguration to investigate the fate of the desaparecidos and other human rights violations (see... Ernesto Sabato (born 1911 ) is an Argentine writer (of Italian and ethnic ArbÃ«resh/Albanian descent). ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes, Buenos Aires) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. ... The Juicio a las Juntas (Spanish, Trial of the Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina during the dictatorship of the Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional, which lasted from 1976 to 1983. ... Mario Eduardo Firmenich (b. ... Enrique GorriarÃ¡n Merlo Enrique Haroldo GorriarÃ¡n Merlo (18 October 1941 â€“ 22 September 2006) was an Argentine revolutionary and guerrilla leader, born in San NicolÃ¡s de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires Province. ... TeorÃa de los dos demonios (Spanish, theory of the two demons) is a rhetorical device used in Argentine political discourse to disqualify arguments that appear to morally equate violent political subversion with illegal repressive activities carried out by the state. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

In the Prologue to the Nunca Más report ("Never Again"), Ernesto Sábato wrote: Never Again is the only album released by the TexAns. ...

In 1985, Videla was sentenced to life imprisonment at the military prison of Magdalena. However, on 29 December 1990, President Carlos Menem pardoned Videla and other convicted generals. In 1998, Videla received a prison sentence for his role in the kidnapping of eleven children during the regime and for the falsification of the children's identity documents (the "stolen babies", kidnapped from the parents arrested, and raised by military families). December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The white shawl of the Mothers, painted on the floor in May Square, Buenos Aires. ...

Some viewed the pardons as a pragmatic decision of national reconciliation that sought to please the military and thus prevent further uprisings. Others condemned it as unconstitutional, noting that the constitutionally acknowledged right of the president to pardon does not extend to those who have not yet been convicted — which was the situation in the case of some military officials. Others yet consider that this presidential privilege is inappropriate for modern times, a relic of monarchic rule that should be abolished.

Ironically, dictator Videla was de facto incapable of leaving his house, since every time he went out in public he risked insults or assault. At one time, the street was painted with enormous arrows pointing to his house, and the words: 30,000 disappeared, assassin on the loose.

Foreign governments whose citizens were victims of the Dirty War are pressing individual cases against the former military regime. France has sought the extradition of Captain Alfredo Astiz for the kidnapping and murder of its nationals, among them nun Leonie Duquet. Adolfo Scilingo, a former Argentine naval officer, was convicted in Spain, on 19 April 2005, to 640 years on charges of crimes against humanity. Image:AstizArg. ... Leonie Duquet (1916-1977) was a French nun who was killed by the military regime of Argentine President Jorge Rafael Videla. ... Adolfo Scilingo is serving 640 years (maximum 40) in a Spanish jail after being convicted on April 19, 2005 for crimes committed between 1976 and 1983 during military government Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional in Argentina. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is in need of attention. ...

At the end of 2005, during the presidency of Néstor Kirchner, the Ley de Punto Final and Ley de Obediencia Debida were declared void by congress, but those already pardoned cannot be prosecuted again for the same crimes. Since 2006, 24 March is a public holiday in Argentina, the Day of Memory for Truth and Justice; that year, on the 30th anniversary of the coup, a multitude filled the streets calling to remember what happened during the military government, and pray it never to happen again. , full name NÃ©stor Carlos Kirchner Ostoic (born 25 February 1950), is the President of Argentina, sworn in on May 25, 2003. ... A poster calling for a demonstration against the passing of the law. ... Ley de Obediencia Debida (Spanish, Law of Due Obedience) was a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military dictatorship of the Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (which started with a coup dÃ©tat in 1976 and ended in 1983). ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (84th in leap years). ... This is a table of national public holidays of Argentina. ... The Day of Memory for Truth and Justice (in Spanish, DÃa de la Memoria por la Verdad y la Justicia) is a public holiday in Argentina, commemorating the victims of the military dictatorship known as the National Reorganization Process. ...

In 2006, the first trials since the repeal of the "Pardon Laws" began. Miguel Etchecolatz, a police officer in the 1970s, was the first to face trial for illegal detention, torture and homicide. Miguel Osvaldo Etchecolatz (b. ...

Furthermore, several former Ford Argentine workers have deposed a suit against the U.S.-based company, alleging that the local managers worked with the security forces to detain union members on the premises and torture them. The civil suit against Ford Motor Company and Ford Argentina also calls for four former company executives and a retired military officer to be questioned.^[37] According to Pedro Norberto Troiani, one of the plaintiffs, 25 employees were detained in this plant located 40 miles from Buenos Aires. Ford has been accused since 1998 of involvement in state repression, but has denied the claims. According to several documents, army personnel arrived at the plant on the day of the military coup, 24 March 1976, and disappearances immediately started. In October 2002, DaimlerChrysler had also announced an external investigation into the claims, made by Amnesty International, that 14 union activists had been handed over to Argentina's military during the Dirty War.^[38] Ford may mean a number of things: A ford is a river crossing. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (84th in leap years). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... DaimlerChrysler AG (ISIN: DE0007100000) is a German car corporation and the worlds fifth largest car manufacturer. ... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) comprising a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights.[1] Founded in the UK in 1961, AI compares actual practices of human rights with internationally accepted standards and demands compliance where these...

Continuing controversies

In 2001, Jorge Zorreguieta, a civilian who was former Undersecretary of Agriculture in the Videla regime, became the focus of attention when his daughter Máxima became engaged to the Crown Prince of the Netherlands. The significance of his potential connection to the Dutch Royal Family, and his possible presence at a royal wedding was hotly debated for several months. Zorreguieta claimed that, as a civilian, he was unaware of the Dirty War while he was a cabinet minister; however, that would have been unlikely for a person in such a powerful position in the government. Formal charges have never been brought against him, but he was banned from attending the royal wedding which was held in Amsterdam on 2 February 2002. HRH The Princess of Orange (MÃ¡xima Zorreguieta Cerruti) (born May 17, 1971 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is the wife of Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, heir to the Dutch throne. ... His Royal Highness Crown Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand), Prince of Orange, Prince of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer of Amsberg (born April 27, 1967), is the Crown Prince of the Netherlands and styled HRH the Prince of Orange. ... The Netherlands have been an independent monarchy since 1815, and have been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since. ... Nickname: Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Valiant, Determined, Compassionate) Location of Amsterdam Coordinates: Country Netherlands Province North Holland Government - Mayor Job Cohen (PvdA) - Aldermen Lodewijk Asscher Hennah Buyne Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos - Secretary Erik Gerritsen Area [1][2] - City 219 kmÂ² (84. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...

Allegations against Cardinal Bergoglio

On 15 April 2005, a human rights lawyer filed a criminal complaint against Argentine cardinal Jorge Bergoglio, accusing him of conspiring with the junta in 1976 to kidnap two Jesuit priests. So far, no hard evidence has been presented linking the cardinal to this crime. It is known that the cardinal was the superior figure in the Society of Jesus of Argentina during 1976 and had asked the two priests to leave their pastoral work following conflict within the Society over how to respond to the new military dictatorship, with some priests advocating a violent overthrow. Bergoglio's spokesman has flatly denied the allegations. [1] April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually a bishop, of the Roman Catholic Church, a member of the College of Cardinals which as a body elects a new pope. ... Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio is a Jesuit priest and Archbishop of Buenos Aires in Argentina. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ...

It should be noted that Bergoglio was a key figure in securing the priests' release following their abduction by an Argentine navy squad, as he pressured Navy Chief of Staff Emilio Eduardo Massera.

The complaint was filed as the Roman Catholic Conclave prepared to convene to select a new pope, likely as a means of protesting Bergoglio's candidacy. The papacy went to Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger. The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... The Sistine Chapel is the location of the conclave. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

Notes

^ ^a ^b La Nación, 19 September 2006. Condenaron a Etchecolatz a reclusión perpetua.
^ L'ancienne présidente argentine Isabel Peron arrêtée à Madrid, à la demande de Buenos Aires, Le Monde, January 13, 2007 (French)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Argenpress, 10 April 2006. Represión en Argentina y memoria larga.
^ ^a ^b ARGENTINE MILITARY BELIEVED U.S. GAVE GO-AHEAD FOR DIRTY WAR, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 73 - Part II, CIA classified documents released in 2002.
^ Law 23492 (Ley de Punto Final).
^ BBC News, 15 June 2005. Argentine amnesty laws scrapped.
^ ^a ^b Julio Strassera's prosecution during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas (Juicio a las Juntas Militares)
^ Desaparecidos.org, documents of the Trial of the Juntas. El Estado de necesidad.
^ Hugo Moreno, Le désastre argentin. Péronisme, politique et violence sociale (1930-2001), Editions Syllepses, Paris, 2005, p.109 (French)
^ Spanish: el commando general del Ejército procederá a ejecutar todas las operaciones militares que sean necesarias a efectos de neutralizar o aniquilar el accionar de los elementos subversivos que actúan en la provincia de Tucumán
^ Decree No. 261/75. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento.
^ Decree No. 2770/75. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento.
^ Decree No. 2771/75. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento.
^ Decree No. 2772/75. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento.
^ ^a ^b ^c Automotores Orletti el taller asesino del Cóndor, Juventud Rebelde, 3 January 2006 (mirrored on El Correo.eu.org (Spanish)/(French)
^ Marie-Monique Robin, 2004. Escadrons de la mort, l'école française. 453 pages. La Découverte ISBN 2707141631; Spanish transl., 2005: Los Escuadrones De La Muerte/ the Death Squadron, de Marie-Monique Robin. 539 pages. Sudamericana. ISBN 950072684X
^ Martín Almada, "Paraguay: The Forgotten Prison, the Exiled Country"
^ Stella Calloni. Los Archivos del Horror del Operativo Cóndor. freely available on Equipo Nizkor's website, here (Spanish)
^ Visit by Guillermo Novo Sampol to Chile in 1976, 1 and 2, on the National Security Archive website
^ Terra Actualidad, 18 March 2006. Ramón Camps: el peor de todos.
^ ^a ^b The Victims: Abducted, Tortured, Vanished (list of victims) (English)/(Spanish)
^ Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo's website (English)
^ Hearing of Stefano Delle Chiaie on 22 July 1997 before the Italian Parliamentary Commission on Terrorism headed by senator Giovanni Pellegrino (Italian)
^ Los secretos de la guerra sucia continental de la dictadura, El Clarin, March 24, 2006 (Spanish)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Argentine - Escadrons de la mort : l’école française, interview with Marie-Monique Robin published by RISAL, October 22, 2004 available in French & Spanish (“Los métodos de Argel se aplicaron aquí”, Página/12, October 13, 2004
^ Conclusion of Marie-Monique Robin's Escadrons de la mort, l'école française (French)
^ Torture : l’école française, Marie-Monique Robin, interview first published by Rouge, September 2005 (French)
^ MM. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient être entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-américaines, Le Monde, 25 September 2003 (French)
^ « Série B. Amérique 1952-1963. Sous-série : Argentine, n° 74. Cotes : 18.6.1. mars 52-août 63 ».
^ RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 1060), tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête sur le rôle de la France dans le soutien aux régimes militaires d'Amérique latine entre 1973 et 1984, PAR M. ROLAND BLUM, French National Assembly (French)
^ Argentine : M. de Villepin défend les firmes françaises, Le Monde, February 5, 2003 (French)
^ ^a ^b L’exportation de la torture, interview with Marie-Monique Robin in L'Humanité, 30 August 2003 (French)
^ Disparitions : un ancien agent français mis en cause, Le Figaro, 6 February 2007 (French)
^ “Impartí órdenes que fueron cumplidas”, Página/12, February 2, 2007 (Spanish)
^ Astiz llevó sus chicanas a los tribunales, Página/12, January 25, 2007 (Spanish)
^ Argentine : M. de Villepin défend les firmes françaises, Le Monde, February 5, 2003 (French)
^ Ford sued over Argentine abuses, BBC News, 24 February 2006
^ Argentina checks Ford's 'military ties', BBC News, 6 November 2002

La NaciÃ³n is an Argentine daily newspaper. ... Le Monde is also the name of a song by the Thievery Corporation. ... The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... The Juicio a las Juntas (Spanish, Trial of the Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina during the dictatorship of the Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional, which lasted from 1976 to 1983. ... Juventus Rebelde Juventud Rebelde is a Cuban newspaper of the UniÃ³n de JÃ³venes Comunistas ( External links Juventus Rebelde Website Categories: | | ... Marie-Monique Robin (1960-) is a French journalist, who was awarded the Albert Londres prize in 1995 for Voleurs dyeux, on organ theft. ... MartÃn Almada is a lawyer, writer and educationalist from Paraguay. ... Equipo Nizkor is a human rights NGO concerned mostly about events in South America and Central America, but also Europe [1]. It is affiliated with Derechos Human Rights, Serpaj Europe and the Global Internet Liberty Campaign (GILC). ... The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 1934) was a figure on the far right of Italian politics who went on to become a wanted man worldwide. ... Giovanni Pellegrino (June 4, 1939, Lecce-) is the president of the Lecce Province in Italy. ... ClarÃn is a major newspaper in Argentina, founded by Roberto Noble on August 28, 1945, and is of centrist political persuasions. ... PÃ¡gina/12 is a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina founded in May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata. ... Marie-Monique Robin (1960-) is a French journalist, who was awarded the Albert Londres prize in 1995 for Voleurs dyeux, on organ theft. ... Rouge means red in French and it can refer to: A fine powder of iron(III) oxide, used for polishing or cosmetics. ... Le Monde is also the name of a song by the Thievery Corporation. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: AssemblÃ©e nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... Le Monde is also the name of a song by the Thievery Corporation. ... Marie-Monique Robin (1960-) is a French journalist, who was awarded the Albert Londres prize in 1995 for Voleurs dyeux, on organ theft. ... LHumanitÃ© (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was the only French newspaper owned by a political party. ... Le Figaro (English: ) is one of the leading French morning daily newspapers. ... PÃ¡gina/12 is a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina founded in May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata. ... PÃ¡gina/12 is a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina founded in May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata. ... Le Monde is also the name of a song by the Thievery Corporation. ... The current BBC News logo BBC News and Current Affairs is a major arm of the BBC responsible for the corporations newsgathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... The current BBC News logo BBC News and Current Affairs is a major arm of the BBC responsible for the corporations newsgathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ...

Contents

Origin of the term

The return of Peronism

Isabel Martínez de Perón's government

"Annihilation decrees"

20 March 1975 raid in Santa Fe

The military's rise to power

False flag actions by SIDE agents

Human rights violations from 1976 to 1983

Invasion of the Falkland Islands

Anti-Communism

USA involvement

The "French Connection"

Truth commission and trials

Continuing controversies

Allegations against Cardinal Bergoglio

Notes

See also

External links

Books

Film

Contents

Origin of the term GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

The return of Peronism

Isabel Martínez de Perón's government

"Annihilation decrees"

20 March 1975 raid in Santa Fe

The military's rise to power

False flag actions by SIDE agents

Human rights violations from 1976 to 1983

Invasion of the Falkland Islands

Anti-Communism

USA involvement

The "French Connection"

Truth commission and trials

Continuing controversies

Allegations against Cardinal Bergoglio

Notes

See also

External links

Books

Film

Origin of the term