NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Discriminate

To discriminate is to make a distinction. There are several meanings of the word, including Statistical discrimination is an economic theory of inequality based on group stereotypes. In its simplest version, individuals are discriminated against because stereotypes are held against the groups they are associated with. This type of preferential treatment is labeled statistical because stereotypes may be based on the discriminated groups average... statistical discrimination, or the actions of a circuit called a discriminator. This article addresses the most common colloquial sense of the word, invidious discrimination. That is, irrational social, This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. For the many types of competitive sport, see Racing. For racing conditions associated with computer programming, see Race hazard. A race is a distinct population of humans distinguished in some way from other humans. The most widely observed races are those... racial, Religion, sometimes used interchangeably with faith, is commonly defined as belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine, and the practices and institutions associated with such belief. In its broadest sense some have defined it as the sum total of answers given to explain humankinds relationship with the universe. Religion... religious, This article is about sex, meaning the different sexes; male, female, etc. For alternate uses, see Sex (disambiguation) The members of many species of living things are divided into two or more categories called sexes (or loosely speaking, genders). These refer to complementary groups that combine genetic material in order... sexual, This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. Ethnicity is sometimes used as a euphemism for race, or as a synonym for minority group. While ethnicity and race are related concepts... ethnic and Ageism is discrimination against a person or group on the grounds of age. Although theoretically the word can refer to the discrimination against any age group (e.g. prejudice specifically targeted at fortysomethings), ageism usually comes in one of two forms: discrimination against youth, and discrimination against the elderly. In... age-related discrimination of people.

Contents

1 Definition

2 Institutionalized discrimination and responses

3 Religious discrimination

4 Ageism

5 The paradox of discrimination

6 See also

Definition

Invidious discrimination involves formally or informally classifying people into different groups and according the members of each group distinct, and typically unequal, treatments, rights and obligations without a rational justification for the different treatment. If there is rational justification for the different treatment, then the discrimination is not invidious. The criteria delineating the groups, such as gender, race, or class, determine the kind of discrimination.

Invidious discrimination generally refers to treating one group of people less well than another on such grounds as their This article is about race as an intraspecies classification. For the many types of competitive sport, see Racing. For racing conditions associated with computer programming, see Race hazard. A race is a distinct population of humans distinguished in some way from other humans. The most widely observed races are those... race ( An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. Racism is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human capacities, that a certain race is inherently superior or inferior to others, and/or that individuals... racism), This article is about sex, meaning the different sexes; male, female, etc. For alternate uses, see Sex (disambiguation) The members of many species of living things are divided into two or more categories called sexes (or loosely speaking, genders). These refer to complementary groups that combine genetic material in order... gender ( Sexism is discrimination between people based on their Sex rather than their individual merits. Sexism as a belief can refer to three subtly different beliefs: The belief that one sex is superior to the other. The belief that men and women are very different and this should be strongly reflected... sexism), Religion, sometimes used interchangeably with faith, is commonly defined as belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine, and the practices and institutions associated with such belief. In its broadest sense some have defined it as the sum total of answers given to explain humankinds relationship with the universe. Religion... religion ( Religious discrimintation is valuing a person or group lower because of their religion, or treating someone differently because of what they do or dont believe. While many religious and secular authorities nowadays tend to stress that religion is something personal, the highly social nature of most religions makes conflicts... religious discrimination), The word Caste is derived from the Portuguese word casta, meaning lineage, breed or race. The term caste, when used in human culture, is usually in conjunction with the social division in Hindu society, particularly in India. This term is also used in entomology to describe social insects species who... caste, ethnic background, nationality, The term disability, as it is applied to humans, refers to any condition that impedes the completion of daily tasks using traditional methods. National governments and global humanitarian agencies have narrowed this definition for their own purposes, only pledging aid to those with specific disabilities of a certain severity. Types... disability, Sexual orientation, sexual preference or sexual inclination describes the focus of a persons amorous or erotic desires, fantasies, and feelings. A persons sexual orientation is most often classified by the gender(s) one is oriented towards, as: heterosexual, if the focus is primarily a person of the opposite... sexual orientation, Sexual orientation, sexual preference or sexual inclination describes the focus of a persons amorous or erotic desires, fantasies, and feelings. A persons sexual orientation is most often classified by the gender(s) one is oriented towards, as: heterosexual, if the focus is primarily a person of the opposite... preference or Sexual behavior is a form of physical intimacy that may be directed to reproduction (one possible goal of sexual intercourse) and/or to the enjoyment of activity involving sexual gratification. This article concentrates on physical activity. Social and psychological issues are covered in other, related articles such as heterosexuality and... behavior, Intelligence is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. In psychology, the study of intelligence is related to the study of personality. Introduction While the definition and importance of intelligence are somewhat controversial, especially in the... results of IQ testing, Description An air embolism, or more generally gas embolism, is a medical condition caused by gas bubbles in the bloodstream. Small amounts of air often get into the blood circulation accidentally during surgery and other medical procedures, but air embolism which shows symptoms is relatively rare. Large emboli can be... age ( Ageism is discrimination against a person or group on the grounds of age. Although theoretically the word can refer to the discrimination against any age group (e.g. prejudice specifically targeted at fortysomethings), ageism usually comes in one of two forms: discrimination against youth, and discrimination against the elderly. In... ageism) or political views. Discrimination on the basis of such grounds as subcultural preference ( Punk culture as it is seen today started in the mid 1970s as a movement or rebellion against some styles of music which existed at the time such as Prog Rock and Heavy Metal whose stars were seen as out of touch with their fans. Followers of punk culture developed... Punks, Hippies (singular hippie or sometimes hippy) were members of the 1960s counterculture movement who adopted a communal or nomadic lifestyle, renounced corporate nationalism and the Vietnam War, embraced aspects of Buddhism, Hinduism, and/or Native American religious culture, and were otherwise at odds with traditional middle class Western values. They... Hippies, The Mods and the Rockers were two British youth movements of the early 1960s. Gangs of mods and rockers fighting in 1964 sparked a moral panic about British youth. They can be seen as a type of Folk devil. The Rockers adopted a macho biker gang image tending to wear... Mods vs. Rockers, often defined in opposition to their famous antitheses, the Mods, were English youths driven by 1950s-era rock and roll. The Rocker movement arose from a modernisation of the Teds, or Teddy Boys of the 1950s. These youths favoured American rock and roll music courtesy of artists like Little... Rockers) is also common. In 2003, Robert W. Fuller coined the term rankism in his book Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank to describe negative discrimination predicated on rank difference between individuals (for example, a customer humiliating a waitress or a boss picking on an employee).

The effects of invidious discrimination span the spectrum from mild, such as slow or unhelpful In commerce, a retailer buys goods or products in large quantities from manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells individual items or small quantities to the general public or end user customers, usually in a shop, also called store. Retailers are at the end of... retail service, through racial and ethnic slurs, denial of Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. In a commercial setting, the employer conceives of a productive activity, generally with the intention of creating profits, and the employee contributes labour to the enterprise, usually in return for payment of wages... employment or housing, to A hate crime (bias crime), loosely defined, is a crime committed because of the perpetrators prejudices. This is a controversial political issue within the US. The U.S. Congress (HR 4797 - 1992) defined a hate crime as: [a crime in which] the defendants conduct was motivated by hatred... hate crimes and Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide.

Use of the term carries the implication that the factors on which the invidious discrimination is based are intrinsically irrelevant to the decision being influenced. Generally, the aggrieved group is considered by the discriminator as inferior to others.

Institutionalized discrimination and responses

Many governments have attempted to control discrimination through Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. Examples include the right to vote and anti_discrimination laws. Civil rights movements usually want equal protection of the laws for minorities, as well as new laws outlawing discrimination and its vestiges. Civil rights... civil rights legislation, Equal opportunity is a descriptive term for an approach intended to give equal access to an environment or benefits, such as education, employment, health care, or social welfare to members of various social groups, some of which might otherwise suffer from discrimination. This can involve hiring and other practices. Major... equal opportunity laws and institutionalised policies of Affirmative action ( US English), or positive discrimination ( British English), is a policy or a program providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society. This consists of preferential access to education, employment, health... affirmative action (called Reverse discrimination is a colloquial term used to describe discriminatory policies or acts that benefit a historically sociopolitically nondominant group (typically minorities), rather than the historically sociopolitically dominant group. The term reverse discrimination is sometimes considered synonymous with the terms affirmative action and positive discrimination. In the late 20th century... reverse discrimination by its opponents).

Some governments have formalized and supported discrimination. Examples include Apartheid ( International Phonetic Alphabet in English and in Afrikaans) is the policy and the system of laws implemented and enforced by White minority governments in South Africa from 1948 till 1990; and by extension any legally sanctioned system of racial segregation. The first recorded use of the word, which means... apartheid in The Republic of South Africa (pronunciation) is a large republic in Southern Africa. It is located at the southern tip of the continent, and borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. The small nation of Lesotho is entirely contained within South African territory. Its economy is the largest and most... South Africa, institutionalized Racial segregation is a kind of formalized or institutionalized discrimination on the basis of race, characterized by the races separation from each other. The separation may be geographical, but is usually supported by providing services through separate institutions (such as schools) and through similar legal and social structures. See also... racial segregation in the USA from the The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as the U.S., the Union, the North, or the Yankees; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as the Confederate States of America, the CSA, the Confederacy... Civil War through the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around the world. Many of the trends of... 1960s, the "Jewish problem" in Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. The Third Reich is an Anglicization of the German... Nazi Germany, and re-education camps in some Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a social and economic system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system. As a theoretical social and economic system, communism would be a type of egalitarian society with no... communist countries.

Even in western, secular countries, governments practice discrimination. For example, governments may provide better treatment to citizens than to non-citizens. Unemployed citizens may receive welfare benefits funded by taxpayers, while unemployed non-citizens may be denied such benefits. Governments often have the power to forcefully expel non-citizens but cannot expel citizens. Discrimination based on citizenship status is not generally considered illegal.

Religious discrimination

Religious intolerance is intolerance motivated by ones own religious beliefs, generally against anothers religious beliefs. Religious intolerance and persecution have been common throughout history, and most faiths have been subject to it at one time or another. See: Anti-Catholicism Anti-Mormonism Anti-Semitism Christianophobia Crusades Holocaust Inquisition... Religious intolerance often manifests itself in discriminatory behaviours. During the The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. The Middle Ages of Western Europe are commonly dated from the end of the Western Roman Empire... Middle Ages, in the Historically, the Crusades were a series of several military campaigns, usually sanctioned by the Papacy, that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims. Some were directed against other Christians, such as the Fourth Crusade against... Crusades, Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches (note that the name within the communion is simply the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church). In addition to... Popes, kings, and emperors tried to draw on Christian unity to defend their lands from some followers of Islam ( Arabic al-islām الإسلام, listen?) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. Etymology In Arabic, Islām means submission and is described as a Dīn, meaning way of life... Islam, which was spreading along Europe's southern and eastern borders. The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. Members generally prefer the term Catholic Church, but this term has multiple meanings (see Catholicism); the term Roman Catholic Church is used in this article to avoid... Roman Catholic countries have historically persecuted dissenters, for example with the Pedro Berruguete. Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe (1475). The Spanish Inquisition was the Inquisition acting in Spain under the control of the Kings of Spain. This Inquisition was the result of the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims and the policy of converting Spanish Jews and Muslims... Spanish Inquisition. Rulers of Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. It generally refers to those that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the Reformation of the 16th century, their offshoots, and those that share similar doctrines or ideologies. It is commonly considered one of the three major branches of Christianity... Protestant countries sponsored discrimination against members of the The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. Members generally prefer the term Catholic Church, but this term has multiple meanings (see Catholicism); the term Roman Catholic Church is used in this article to avoid... Roman Catholic faith. During The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor (Welsh Twdwr) is a series of five monarchs of Welsh origin who ruled England from 1485 until 1603. The three main monarchs (Henry VII, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I) each played an important part in turning Britain from a European backwater still immersed... Tudor and The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Scottish, and then British, Royal House of Breton origin. The House started off ruling Scotland but after the death of Elizabeth I of England, the last monarch from the House of Tudor, took over the whole of Britain. It was followed by... Stuart times, rulers of the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom persecuted both Catholics and non-Catholics at intervals for political reasons. Non-Muslims are discriminated against under many Islamic theocratic states. Jews and Christians have historically had fewer rights than Muslim citizens under Muslim states; non-Muslim Monotheism (in Greek monon = single and Theos = God) is the belief in a single, universal, all-encompassing deity. Various forms of monotheism exist, including: Theism, a term that usually refers to the belief in a personal god, that is, a single god with a distinctive personality, rather than just a... monotheists have been consigned to the status of A Dhimmi, or Zimmi (Arabic ذمّي), as defined in classical Islamic legal and political literature, is a person living in a Muslim state who is a member of an officially tolerated non-Muslim religion. The term literally means protected person. Etymology The root of dhimmi comes from... dhimmis in some cases. Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. Marx drew on Georg Hegels philosophy, the political economy of Adam Smith, Ricardian economics, and 19th century French socialism to develop... Marxist states have discriminated against all religions at some time or another.

For example, the Kingdom of The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, commonly called Jordan, is a country in the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the north-east, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, and Israel and West Bank to the west. It shares with Israel the coastlines of... Jordan forbids Jews from becoming citizens, although peoples of any other group are allowed to do so (law No. 6, sect. 3, of April 3, 1954; restated in law no. 7, sect. 2, of April 1, 1963). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country on the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, with the Persian Gulf to its north-east and the Red Sea to its west. National motto: None Official language Arabic Capital Riyadh King Fahd... Saudi Arabia forbids non-Muslims from practising their religion in public, and clergy may not enter the country to lead ceremonies of other faiths. Christians asking Muslims to convert to Christianity have been persecuted and arrested; Muslims who have converted to Christianity have been executed as Apostasy (Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is the formal renunciation of ones religion. In a narrow sense, the term refers to renunciation and criticizing ones former religion. One who commits apostasy is an apostate, or one who apostatises... apostates. Fictional tales of Jews committing diabolic crimes are published by the state. The article on The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an Islamic monarchy without legal protection for freedom of religion, and such protection does not exist in practice. Islam is the official religion, and the law requires that all citizens be Muslims. The Government prohibits the public practice of non-Muslim religions. The Government... discrimination against non-Muslims in Saudi Arabia discuses this subject in more depth.

According to reports from the U.S. Department of State, non-Muslims also suffer discrimination in many non-Arab A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. The word Muslim means one who submits and implies complete submission to the will of God ( Allah). Muslims believe that nature is itself Islamic, since it follows natural laws placed by God. Thus, a Muslim strives to surrender to God... Muslim nations. Separate articles discuss discrimination against non-Muslims in Under the rule of the Taliban Islamist Muslim government, the freedom to choose and openly practice ones own religion did not exist in Afghanistan. The freedom to choose ones own beliefs and practice them was not well defined in Afghanistan prior to the Taliban as the ongoing civil war and... Afghanistan, This article needs to be wikified. Please format this article according to the guidelines laid out at Wikipedia:Guide to layout, then remove this notice. The Constitution of Iran declares that the official religion of Iran is Islam and the doctrine followed is that of Ja’fari (Twelver) Shi... Iran, The Constitution of Malaysia provides for freedom of religion, although Islam is the official religion. However, there exists certain restrictions against religious freedom in Malaysia. Religious demography Malaysia country has a total area of approximately 127,000 square miles (329,000 km²), and a population of just over 23... Malaysia, The state of Mauritania has a constitution which establishes the country as an Islamic republic and decrees that Islam is the religion of its citizens and the State; the Government limits freedom of religion. Non-Muslim resident expatriates and a few non-Muslim citizens practice their religion openly with certain... Mauritania, The Islamic nation of Pakistan gives Muslims special rights that non-Muslims do not have. Non- Muslims are persecuted if they say things which offend Muslim sensibilities. When blasphemy and other religious cases are brought to court, Islamic extremists often pack the courtroom and make public threats about the consequences... Pakistan and The Muslim nation of Sudan has a constitution which provides for freedom of religion; however, in practice the government of Sudan severely restricts this right. The Government treats Islam as the state religion and has declared that it must inspire the countrys laws, institutions, and policies. U.S. attempts... Sudan.

The The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... State of Israel is often accused of discrimination against The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. While there are various older or different definitions of the term Palestinian (discussed in Definitions of Palestine#Palestinian), the overwhelming majority of uses of the term today are in reference to the people, mainly... Palestinians; this topic is discussed in the article on Apartheid ( International Phonetic Alphabet in English and in Afrikaans) is the policy and the system of laws implemented and enforced by White minority governments in South Africa from 1948 till 1990; and by extension any legally sanctioned system of racial segregation. The first recorded use of the word, which means... apartheid.

Some A new religious movement or NRM appears as a religious, ethical or spiritual grouping that has not (yet) become recognised as a standard denomination, church, or body, especially when it has a novel belief system and when it is not a sect. Some scholars prefer this neutral term to the... New religious movements often claim that they are discriminated for their non-conformist beliefs. They claim Apostasy (Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is the formal renunciation of ones religion. In a narrow sense, the term refers to renunciation and criticizing ones former religion. One who commits apostasy is an apostate, or one who apostatises... apostates of these movements are the ones carrying the discrimination.

Ageism

Ageism is discrimination against a person or group on the grounds of age. Although theoretically the word can refer to the discrimination against any age group (e.g. prejudice specifically targeted at fortysomethings), ageism usually comes in one of two forms: discrimination against youth, and discrimination against the elderly. In... Ageism is discrimination against a person or group on the grounds of age. Although theoretically the word can refer to the discrimination against any age group, ageism usually comes in one of two forms: discrimination against For Youth, the record producer and musician in the band Killing Joke, see Martin Glover. In law, a youth is a person who is neither an adult nor a child, but somewhere in between, commonly called a teenager. The age in which a person is considered a youth, and thus... youth, and discrimination against the Old age consists of ages nearing the average lifespan of human beings, and thus the end of the human life cycle. Euphemisms for older people include advanced adult, elderly, and senior or senior citizen. Older people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease, syndromes, and sickness than... elderly.

Some underage A separate article is about the punk band called The Adolescents. Adolescence is the transitional stage of development between childhood and full adulthood, representing the period of time during which a person is biologically adult but emotionally not at full maturity. The ages which are considered to be part of... teenagers consider that they're victims of ageism—prejudice on the grounds of age—and that they should be treated more respectfully by adults and not as second-class citizens. Some complain that social Stratification is the building up of layers of deposits, and can have several variations of meaning: Social stratification, is the dividing of a society into levels based on wealth or power. Stratification in archaeology are the layers in which objects are found. Stratification (botany). See stratified sampling for the use... stratification in age groups causes outsiders to incorrectly In modern usage, a stereotype is a simplified mental picture of an individual or group of people who share a certain characteristic (or stereotypical) qualities. The term is often used in a negative sense, and stereotypes are seen by many as undesirable beliefs which can be altered through education and... stereotype and generalize the group, for instance that all adolescents are equally immature, violent or rebellious, listen to rock or rap music and do In J. R. R. Tolkiens world of Middle-earth, the Drúedain, also known as Drûg, Woses, Wild Men of the Woods and Púkel-men, were a strange race of Men which was counted amongst the Edain. The Drûg lived among the Second House of Men... drugs. Some have organized groups against ageism.

The paradox of discrimination

Many people assume that when there is discrimination, one group of people is given more favorable treatment than others. This is not always the case. It is possible to have cases where it is not at all clear which group is given the more favorable treatment.

Example: A country is under attack during wartime. The war is so ferocious that 80% of the combatants are killed. A law has been passed to forcefully conscript males between 18-24 years of age into the frontline, but females are forbidden to participate.
Question: Who is suffering unfair discrimination?

There are four possible answers:

Males are suffering unfair discrimination. They are forced to participate in the effort which will result in a high probability of death.
Females are suffering unfair discrimination. They are prevented from participation in the war effort to protect their homeland.
Both males and females are suffering unfair discrimination.
No one suffers unfair discrimination. The ruling was made because of valid intrinsic reasons suiting men and women to different activities. (This is not to assert anything about the relative suitability of men and women for conflict.) There may however be other examples of a situation some might regard as discriminatory, but in which there was no discrimination because of the decision was based on the intrinsic suitedness of the two groups to the roles being apportioned. An example might be symphony orchestras made up of all-white musicians selected by blind auditions. In a blind audition, the musician plays behind a curtain. The reviewer can't see the player, so there is no possibility of skin or race influencing the choice.

Even here, the situation is complicated by possible indirect or institutionalized discrimination. Suppose black people are just as capable of being musicians but have not had access to training. For example, in 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January January 7 - Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan following the death of Hirohito. The Heisei period begins January 8 - the Kegworth Air Disaster - A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport - 44 dead... 1989, the The Detroit Symphony Orchestra (DSO) was founded in 1914. It performed the worlds first radio broadcast of a symphonic concert on February 10, 1922 with pianist Artur Schnabel. It became the first nationally broadcast radio orchestra on the Ford Sunday Evening Hour, later Ford Symphony Hour from 1934 to... Detroit Symphony Orchestra was threatened with losing a $1.3m subsidy from the state of State nickname: Wolverine State or Great Lakes State Other U.S. States Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Governor Jennifer Granholm Official languages English Area 250,941 km² (11th) - Land 147,255 km² - Water 103,687 km² (41.3%) Population ( 2000) - Population 9... Michigan unless it hired a second black musician. It side-stepped the blind audition and hired a black man, who noted nonetheless that he would've preferred to be hired normally. This affirmative action hiring was clearly in the narrowest sense discriminatory, yet a chain of events followed leading to the Detroit Symphony African-American Fellowship Program in which young black musicians join the orchestra in rehearsals and performances. They receive coaching and audition preparation tips from orchestra members. Seven This article refers to the largest city of Michigan. For other places with this name, see Detroit (disambiguation). City nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in the state of Michigan Founded July 24, 1701 County Wayne County Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick (Dem) Area - Total - Water 370.2 km... Detroit fellows have won seats in major American orchestras.

The key to the paradox is the subjectively interpreted phrase "more favorable treatment". Different people have different ideas about what constitutes "favorable treatment". To a male who does not want to die, favorable treatment means not being forced to go to the frontline. To a female who wants to defend her homeland, favorable treatment means being allowed to defend her homeland.

Different groups of people will have different perceptions of a situation. Four people who witness a car accident will have four different perceptions of what happened and how it happened.

Therefore it is possible to have a situation where two groups of people vehemently oppose each other, both objecting to the same piece of legislation on the grounds that it "gives more favorable treatment" to the other group.