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Debate is a formalized system of (usually) logical argument. Rules governing debate allow groups and individuals to discuss and decide issues and differences. Debate is a common process in deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts. Outcomes of debates may be decided by voting, by judges, or by combination of both. An argument is an attempt to demonstrate the truth of an assertion called a conclusion, based on the truth of a set of assertions called premises. ...
A deliberative body (or deliberative assembly) is an organization which collectively makes decisions after debate and discussion. ...
Formal debates between candidates for elected office such as the leaders debates and the U.S. presidential election debates are common in democracies. In jurisdictions which use the Westminster system of government or a similar system, leaders debates are often held, usually during a general election campaign. ...
Senator John F. Kennedy debates Vice President Richard M. Nixon in the first televised debates, 1960. ...
In the United States, meetings which may involve large group debates are frequently run according to Roberts Rules of Order. Roberts Rules of Order is a handbook of parliamentary procedure that is often used as the parliamentary authority by deliberative bodies, as part of their overall rules of order. ...
Competitive Debate is a competition most commonly engaged in at the high school and college level. It is a rule-governed contest with two sides, usually presided by a number of judges. Each side is attempting to win the approval of a designated audience, such as the judges. Competitive Debate is a highly organized activity with teams such as the Oxford Union at the local, national, and international level. The term, Judges, may refer to the Book of Judges in the Bible or to the office of judge. ...
Oxford Union Societys Victorian (new) debating chamber The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to simply as the Oxford Union, is a private debating society whose membership is drawn primarily from the University of Oxford. ...
Competitive Debate in education
Competitive debate is popular in English-speaking universities and high schools around the world, most notably in North America, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. Many different styles of debate occur under a variety of organizations and rules. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is the sixth-largest country in the world, the only country to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia/Oceania. ...
New Zealand is an independent sovereign state in the south-western Pacific Ocean. ...
World map showing location of Asia A satellite composite image of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ...
Parliamentary Debate Parliamentary debate (sometimes referred to as "Parli") is conducted under rules derived from British parliamentary procedure. It features the competition of individuals in a multi-person setting. It borrows terms such as "government" and "opposition" from the British parliament. It is commonly used in Canada. Rules of order, also known as standing orders or rules of procedure, are the written rules of parliamentary procedure adopted by a deliberative body, which detail the processes used by the body to make decisions. ...
In the U.S. the American Parliamentary Debate Association is the oldest national parliamentary debating organization, based on the east coast and including all of the Ivy League, although the more recently founded National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is now the largest collegiate sponsor. In Canada, the Canadian Universities Society for Intercollegiate Debating (CUSID) is the umbrella organization for all university-level debating. The American Parliamentary Debating Association (APDA) is one of two major intercollegiate parliamentary debating associations in the United States, the other being the National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA). ...
The East Coast (also known as the Eastern Seaboard) is a term referencing the easternmost coastal states in the United States of America. ...
The Ivy League is an association of eight American universities, named for the ivy plants traditionally covering their older buildings. ...
The National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is one of two major United States national organizations which organizes intercollegiate parliamentary debate competition. ...
The Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate (CUSID) is the national organization which governs and represents university debating in Canada. ...
Throughout the rest of the world, parliamentary debate is what most countries know as "debating", and is the primary style practiced in the United Kingdom, Australia, India and most other nations. The premier event in the world of debate, the World Universities Debating Championship, is conducted in the British Parliamentary style. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is the sixth-largest country in the world, the only country to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia/Oceania. ...
The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. ...
The World Universities Debating Championship is the highest-profile tournament in university debating. ...
British Parliamentary Debate This style of parliamentary debating is used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Europe and Africa and for the World Universities Debating Championship. Speeches are 7 min in length. Four teams (two on each side) use the following positions: - Opening Government:
- Prime Minister or First Government member and
- Deputy Prime Minister or Second Government member;
- Opening Opposition:
- Leader of the Opposition or First Opposition member and
- Deputy Leader of the Opposition or "Second Opposition member;
- Closing Government:
- Member for the Government or Third Government member and
- Government Whip or Fourth Opposition member;
- Closing Opposition:
- Member for the Opposition or Third Opposition member and
- Opposition Whip or Fourth Opposition member.
Speaking order is - Prime Minister
- Opposition Leader;
- Deputy Prime Minister;
- Deputy Opposition Leader;
- Member for the Government;
- Member for the Opposition;
- Government Whip;
- Opposition Whip.
- Members will deliver a substantive speech of seven minutes duration and should offer points of information while members of the opposing teams are speaking.
- Depending on the country, there are variations in speaking time, speaking order, and the number of speakers. For example, in New Zealand, both the leader of the Opposition and the Prime Minister offer a short summary as the last two speakers.
American Parliamentary: Parliamentary debating in North America uses two teams who have the following positions: - Government
- Prime Minister (speaks first, and last 7 and 3 minutes respectively)
- Minister of the Crown (speaks third for 7 minutes)
- Opposition
- Minister of the Opposition (speaks second for 7 minutes)
- Leader of the Opposition (speaks fourth for 10 minutes)
Some tournaments allow points of information, where an opposing team member may stand up and ask a question to the member who is debating.
Policy Debate Policy Debate is primarily a US style of debating where two teams of two students advocate or oppose a resolution calling for a change in policy by the government. The style of argumentation features extensive use of citations and quotations from news sources and technical material. In the US, high school Policy Debate is overseen by the NFL, the NCFL and the NCFCA (http://www.ncfca.org). Inter-Collegiate policy debate is overseen by the National Debate Tournament (NDT) (http://www.wfu.edu/organizations/NDT/), the Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA) (http://cedadebate.org/), the National Educational Debate Association, and the Great Plains Forensic Conference. Policy debate often involves cross examination. Policy Debate (also known as Cross-Examination Debate) is a form of speech competition in which teams of two debate whether or not a specific policy action should be enacted. ...
The National Forensic League is one of two U.S. national organizations which direct high school or prep competitive speech events. ...
The National Catholic Forensic League (NCFL) was formed in 1953. ...
General Information In Inter-Collegiate Policy Debate two teams of two students advocate or oppose a resolution calling for a change in policy by the government. ...
The National Educational Debate Association (NEDA) is a collegiate debate association emphasizing typical public forum debate. ...
In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by ones opponent. ...
Simulated legislature Other high school debate events such as Student Congress, Model United Nations, European Youth Parliament, and the American Legion's Boys State and Girls State events are activities which are based on the premise of the contestants acting as representatives in a mock legislative body. Student Congress (also Congressional Debate) is a form of high school debate and a National Forensic League event. ...
A Model United Nations (also known as a Model UN or an MUN) is a simulation education activity focusing on civics, communications, globalization and multilateral diplomacy. ...
EYP (The European Youth Parliament, Parlement Européen des Jeunes) is a non-profit, politically unaffiliated organization, which encourages European youth to participate in European politics. ...
The American Legion is an organization of veterans of the United States armed forces who served in wartime. ...
Moot court Moot court (simulating appellate advocacy) and Mock trial (usually simulating criminal trials) competitions for law school, undergraduate, and (in some regions) high school students are held throughout the United States. Moot court (sometimes synonymous with mock trial) is an extracurricular activity in many law schools. ...
A mock trial (sometimes synonymous with moot court, although the activities are often different) is a contrived or imitation trial. ...
Lincoln-Douglas debate Lincoln-Douglas Debate, is a US format of debating named after the famous series of Senate debates between the two candidates, has two participants who compete against each other. The arguments center around philosophy or abstract values, and thus it is also called a value debate. Lincoln-Douglas debate tends to require less evidence than policy debate, and thus emphasizes logic and reasoning. Most LD cases center arround a core value and a value criterion, with the value representing the highest concept that can be achieved under a given resolution and the criterion being the best way to achieve or measure the value. While there are regional variations, most good LD debates occur when both sides agree on a set value, and then must argue their criteria on the best way to achieve or measure that core value. Lincoln-Douglas debate differs markedly on the national circuit from the local circuit. The national circuit is based more on the argumentation itself (known as "the flow"), while the local circuit focuses on "persuasiveness" and presentation to a greater extent. Lincoln-Douglas Debate, sometimes called Lincoln-Douglas, LD debate, or simply L/D, L-D, or LD, is a style of debate practiced in National Forensic League competitions, and widely used in related debate leagues, such as the National Catholic Forensic League, National Educational Debate Association and NFLs analogous...
The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas for an Illinois seat in the United States Senate. ...
World Schools Style World Schools Style (or WSS) is a debating style which is fairly easy to learn. This is a combination of the British Parliamentary and Australian formats, designed to meet the needs of the World Schools Debating Championships tournament. Each debate comprises eight speeches delivered by two three-member teams (the Proposition and the Opposition). Each speaker delivers an eight-minute speech; then both teams deliver a "reply speech" lasting four minutes, with the last word being reserved for the Proposition The World Schools Debating Championships (WSDC) is an annual English-language debating tournament for high school-level teams representing different countries. ...
Each team has three speakers: The word speaker has a number of uses: In politics the Speaker is the presiding officer in many legislative bodies. ...
- First speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 8 minutes, presents the case of the Proposition, defines the motion, gives 2/3 of the arguments of the Proposition)
- First speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 8 minutes, may accept the definitions or contest them and give an alternative, rebuts Proposition arguments, presents the case of the Opposition, gives 2/3 of the arguments of the Opposition).
- Second speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 8 minutes, further develops the case of the Proposition, rebuts the arguments of the first speaker of the Opposition, gives 1/3 of the arguments of the Proposition)
- Second speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 8 minutes, further develops the case of the Opposition, rebuts the arguments given by the second speaker of the Proposition, gives 1/3 of the arguments of the Opposition)
- Third speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 8 minutes, rebuilds the case of the Proposition, rebuts the arguments of the second speaker of the Opposition, concludes case)
- Third speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 8 minutes, rebuilds the case of the Opposition, rebuts the arguments of the second speaker of the Opposition - may not introduce a new argument!)
- Reply speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 4 minutes, outlines clash point, evaluates debate, gives the final appeal) - either the first or the second speaker of the Opposition, usually the first
- Reply speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 4 minutes, outlines clash point, evaluates debate, has the last word in protected time!) - either the first or the second speaker of the Proposition, usually the first
During main speeches, members of the opposing team may offer Points of Information to express a question or brief remark, these shall not exceed 23 seconds or three sentences. First and last minutes of main speeches as well as the entire duration of reply speeches are protected, that means, no Points of Information may be offered. There is no cross examination. The Proposition has to prove the motion for a reasonable majority of cases, while it is not enough for the Opposition to present reasonable doubt. This article is about the unit of time. ...
Shortcut: WP:PP or WP:PROT Administrators have the ability to protect pages or images such that they cannot be modified except by other admins. ...
In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by ones opponent. ...
Reasonable Doubt was rapper Jay-Zs debut album, released on June 25, 1996 (see 1996 in music). ...
Debate tournaments High school speech tournaments are held every week during the season. Regional tournamnents, often held in high schools, attract other local teams. Major tournaments (such as Harvard, Oxford etc) attract students from the circuit. Some of these tournaments are held at colleges (such as Harvard, Yale, Stanford, etc.) while others are sponsored by debate teams (Greenhill, Glenbrooks, Hendrick Hudson, etc.) The various national championships attract debaters from all over the country as well as from overseas. In the US each of the national organizations hold national championship tournaments including the NFL national championships, CFL, NCFCA, CDA and NDT. The US national championships include teams from former US territories and protectorates including the Panama Canal Zone, American Samoa and Guam. The National Forensic Leagues National Speech and Debate Tournament (also called the National Speech Tournament, referred to by forensics competitors as Nationals or simply Nats) is a week-long championship forensics competition held annually in early June. ...
Map of Panama, with Panama canal The Panama Canal Zone was a 553 mile² (1,432 km²) territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area extending 5 mi (8. ...
American Samoa is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the South Pacific Ocean, to the East of the larger state of Samoa. ...
Territorial motto: Where Americas Day Begins Official languages English, Chamorro Unofficial languages Japanese (used in business transactions), Tagalog (used in conversation) Capital Hagåtña Chief of state George W. Bush Governor Felix Perez Camacho Area - Total - % water Ranked 202nd 549 km² Negligible Population - Total (2003) - Density Ranked N...
Other forms of debate
Online debating With the increasing popularity and availability of the Internet to people, different opinions arise frequently. This paved the way for more formalized debating websites, typically in the form of online forums or bulletin boards. The debate style is interesting, as research and well thought out points and counterpoints are possible because of the obvious lack of time restraints (although practical time restraints usually are in effect, e.g., no more than 5 days between posts, etc.). Many people use this to strengthen their points, or drop their weaker opinions on things, many times for debate in formalized debates (such as the ones listed above) or for fun arguments with friends. The ease-of-use and friendly environments make new debaters welcome to share their opinions in many communities. Examples of online debating websites are shown in the external links. The Internet, or simply the Net, is the publicly available worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet Protocol (IP) and many other protocols. ...
U.S. presidential debates
The 1976 Ford-Carter Presidential election debate Since the 1976 general election, debates between presidential candidates have been a part of U.S. presidential campaigns. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or collegiate level, the participants, format, and rules are not independently defined. Nevertheless, in a campaign season heavily dominated by television advertisements, talk radio, sound bites, and spin, they still offer a rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the two major candidates side-by-side. The format of the presidential debates, though defined differently in every election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants to ask each other questions and restricting discussion of particular topics to short time frames. Download high resolution version (1216x656, 275 KB)http://teachpol. ...
Download high resolution version (1216x656, 275 KB)http://teachpol. ...
Red states supported Carter; blue states supported Ford. ...
Senator John F. Kennedy debates Vice President Richard M. Nixon in the first televised debates, 1960. ...
From the earliest days of the medium, television has been used as a vehicle for advertising in some countries. ...
Talk radio is radio format which features discussion of topical issues. ...
In film and broadcasting, a soundbite is a very short piece of footage taken from a longer speech or an interview in which someone with authority says something which is considered by those who edit the speech or interview to be a most important point. ...
In public relations, spin is a usually pejorative term signifying a heavily biased portrayal in ones own favor of an event or situation that is designed to bring about the most positive result possible. ...
The presidential debates were initially sponsored by the League of Women Voters, though since 1988 the two major political parties have taken over the process. In 2004, the Citizens' Debate Commission was formed in the hope of establishing an independent sponsor for presidential debates, with a more voter-centric role in the definition of the participants, format, and rules. The League of Women Voters is a United States non-partisan political organization founded in 1920 by Carrie Chapman Catt during a meeting of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. ...
The Citizens Debate Commission (CDC) is a nonpartisan organization, formed in 2004, that was established to sponsor future general election presidential debates. ...
See also
International University Debating The World Universities Debating Championship is the highest-profile tournament in university debating. ...
The American Parliamentary Debating Association (APDA) is one of two major intercollegiate parliamentary debating associations in the United States, the other being the National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA). ...
The Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate (CUSID) is the national organization which governs and represents university debating in Canada. ...
The North American Debating Championship is the premier parliamentary debating championship in North America, sanctioned by the national university debating associations in the United States and Canada, the American Parliamentary Debating Association and the Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate. ...
The North American Public Speaking Championship is organized by the Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate and the American Parliamentary Debating Association. ...
International High School Debating Other The World Schools Debating Championships (WSDC) is an annual English-language debating tournament for high school-level teams representing different countries. ...
The World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championship is the highest-profile tournament for high school students involved in debating and public speaking, for an individual ranking. ...
A spin room is an area in which debate participants, their representatives, and/or other interested parties attempt to spin or influence the perception of a debate, usually among assembled reporters. ...
National and notable local debate organizations The National Forensic League is one of two U.S. national organizations which direct high school or prep competitive speech events. ...
Oxford Union Societys Victorian (new) debating chamber The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to simply as the Oxford Union, is a private debating society whose membership is drawn primarily from the University of Oxford. ...
The American Parliamentary Debating Association (APDA) is one of two major intercollegiate parliamentary debating associations in the United States, the other being the National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA). ...
The National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is one of two major United States national organizations which organizes intercollegiate parliamentary debate competition. ...
External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: File links The following pages link to this file: Abraham Lincoln Aristotle Ayn Rand Adolf Hitler Al Gore Animal Farm Aldous Huxley Arthur Koestler Arthur Schopenhauer Animal Albert Einstein Art Abortion Apocalypse Now Alfred Hitchcock Alexander Graham Bell Andy Warhol Afrika Bambaataa Arthur C. Clarke Atheism Arthur Conan Doyle A...
Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ...
International debate organizations
Other related websites - World Debate Website (http://www.debating.net/flynn/) Information about university debating events around the globe
- Debate Central (http://debate.uvm.edu/) Wideranging debate training website. Includes several online videos
- Debate Outreach Network (http://www.debateoutreach.net/) A resource for starting a debate team. Includes video from the Dartmouth Debate Institute
- Conversational Terrorism (http://www.vandruff.com/art_converse.html) Delay tactics and other techniques to use in debate
- Debatepoint dot com (http://www.debatepoint.com/) Web-based debate software
- Debatabase (http://www.debatabase.org/) Arguments for and against a wide variety of debate topics that may arise in various debate formats and styles
- British Debate (http://www.britishdebate.com/) Information about school and university debating in Britain
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