Alexander Hamilton defending his honor by obliging to duel Aaron Burr.

Honour (or honor) is the concept of a direct relation between one's virtues (or "values") and their status within society. Accordingly, individuals are assigned worth and stature based on a harmony between their own code of honour and that of the society at large. Honour is often seen as a relativistic concept, as conflicts between individuals and even cultures may arise as a consequence of material circumstance and ambition, rather than due to fundamental differences in principle. Others hold to a more nativist view — that honour is as real to the human condition as love, and likewise derives from the formative personal bonds that establish one's personal dignity and character. Alexander Hamilton duelling with Aaron Burr. ... Alexander Hamilton duelling with Aaron Burr. ... Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 — July 12, 1804) was an American politician, leading statesman, financier, intellectual, military officer, and founder of the Federalist party. ... Aaron Burr, Jr. ... Personification of virtue (Greek ἀρετή) in Celsus Library in Ephesos, Turkey Virtue (Latin virtus; Greek ) is moral excellence of a person. ... Value is a term that expresses the concept of worth in general, and it is thought to be connected to reasons for certain practices, policies or actions. ... Young people interacting within an ethnically diverse society. ... As commonly used, individual refers to a person or to any specific object in a collection. ... An honor code or honor system is a set of rules or principles governing a community based on a set of rules or ideals that define what constitutes honorable behavior within that community. ... In philosophy, moral relativism takes the position that moral or ethical propositions do not reflect absolute and universal moral truths, but instead make claims relative to social, cultural, historical or personal circumstances. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Love Look up love in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Dr. Samuel Johnson, in his A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), defined honour as having several senses, the first of which was "nobility of soul, magnanimity, and a scorn of meanness." This sort of honour derives from the perceived virtuous conduct and personal integrity of the person endowed with it. On the other hand, Johnson also defined honour in relationship to "reputation" and "fame"; to "privileges of rank or birth", and as "respect" of the kind which "places an individual socially and determines his right to precedence." This sort of honour is not so much a function of moral or ethical excellence, as it is a consequence of power. Finally, for women, according to Dr Johnson, honour is synonymous with "chastity". For other persons named Samuel Johnson, see Samuel Johnson (disambiguation). ... A Dictionary of the English Language, one of the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language, was prepared by Samuel Johnson and published on April 15, 1755. ... // Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... The soul, according to many religious and philosophical traditions, is a self-aware ethereal substance particular to a unique living being. ... Magnanimity is the generosity of the victor to the defeated. ... Personification of virtue (Greek ἀρετή) in Celsus Library in Ephesos, Turkey Virtue (Latin virtus; Greek ) is moral excellence of a person. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Look up Fame in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Fame may refer to a number of different topics, including: Fame, the condition of being known to the general public. ... Image of a woman on the Pioneer plaque sent to outer space. ... Allegory of chastity by Hans Memling. ...

Honour, sex, and violence

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Previously, honour figured largely as a guiding principle of society. One's honour, that of one's wife, of one's bloodfamily or of one's beloved formed an all-important issue: the archetypal "man of honour" remained ever alert for any insult, actual or suspected: for either would impugn his honour. Image File history File links Circle-question. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... A family in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 1997 A family consists of a domestic group of people (or a number of domestic groups), typically affiliated by birth or marriage, or by analogous or comparable relationships — including domestic partnership, cohabitation, adoption, surname and (in some cases) ownership (as occurred in the...

The concept of honour appears to have declined in importance in the modern secular West. Popular stereotypes would have it surviving more definitively in alleged "hot-blooded" Mediterranean cultures (Italian, Persian, Arab, Iberian, etc.) or in more "gentlemanly" societies (like the "Old South" of Dixie). Feudal or other agrarian societies, which focus upon land use and land ownership, may tend to "honour" more than do deracinated industrial societies. Traces of the importance attached to honour linger in the military (officers may conduct a court of honour) and in organisations with military echoes, such as Scouting organisations. The term Western World or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... DIXIE is an obsolete protocol for accessing X.500 directory services. ... A court of honor (or, court of honour) is a semi-official or unofficial tribunal constituted to determine various questions of social protocol, breaches of etiquette, and other allegations of breaches of honor, or entitlement to various honors. ... Scouts and Guides from different countries on World Scout Moot 1996 Scouting, or the Scout movement, is a worldwide youth movement of multiple organizations for both boys and girls whose aim is to develop young people physically, spiritually and mentally so that youth may take a constructive place in society. ...

"Honour" in the case of females is frequently related, historically, to sexuality: preservation of "honour" equated primarily to maintenance of virginity of unattached women and to the exclusive monogamy of the remainder. One can speculate that feminism has changed some linguistic usage in this respect. Conceptions of honour vary widely between cultures; in some cultures, honour killings of (mostly female) members of one's own family are considered justified if the individuals have "defiled the family's honour" by marrying against the family's wishes, or even by being the victims of rape. These honour killings are generally seen in the West as a way of men using the culture of honour to control female sexuality [1]. This article is about the issues and phenomena pertaining to human sexual function and behavior. ... In Roman times, the Vestal Virgins remained celibate for 30 years on penalty of death Virginity is a term used to describe the state of never having engaged in sexual intercourse. ... Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate during a period of time. ... Feminism is a collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies largely motivated by or concerned with the liberation of women. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this section may require cleanup. ...

Cultures of honour and cultures of law

One can contrast cultures of honour with cultures of law. In a culture of law there is a body of laws which must be obeyed by all, with punishments for transgressors. This requires a society with the structures required to enact and enforce laws. A culture of law incorporates an unwritten social contract: members of society agree to give up most of their rights to defend themselves and retaliate for injuries, on the understanding that transgressors will be apprehended and punished by society. For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... // Balancing scales are symbolic of how law mediates peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ...

From the viewpoint of anthropology, cultures of honour typically appear among nomadic peoples and herdsmen who carry their most valuable property with them and risk having it stolen, without having recourse to law enforcement or government. In this situation, inspiring fear forms a better strategy than promoting friendship; and cultivating a reputation for swift and disproportionate revenge increases the safety of one's person and property. Thinkers ranging from Montesquieu to Steven Pinker have remarked upon the mindset needed for a culture of honour. Initiation rite of the Yao people of Malawi Anthropology (from the Greek word , man or person) consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Property designates those things that are commonly recognized as being the possessions of a person or group. ... For the band, see The Police. ... Revenge or vengeance consists primarily of retaliation against a person or group in response to a perceived wrongdoing. ... Montesquieu in 1728. ... Steven Pinker Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a prominent American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and popular science writer known for his spirited and wide-ranging advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. ...

Cultures of honour therefore appear among the Bedouins, Scottish and English herdsmen of the Border country, and many similar peoples, who have little allegiance to a national government; among cowboys, frontiersmen, and ranchers of the American West, where official law-enforcement often remained out of reach, as is famously celebrated in Westerns; among the plantation culture of the American South, and among aristocrats, who enjoy hereditary privileges that put them beyond the reach of codes of law. Cultures of honour also flourish in criminal underworlds and gangs, whose members carry large amounts of cash and contraband and cannot complain to the law if it is stolen. A Bedouin man resting on a hillside at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic (‎), a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... The Border country is the hilly area of Lowland Scotland on the border between Scotland and England. ... One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... The classic vision of the American cowboy, as portrayed by Frederic Remington A cowboy (Spanish: vaquero) tends cattle and horses on cattle ranches in North and South America. ... // United States In the United States, the frontier was the term applied to the zone of unsettled land outside the region of existing settlements of Americans. ... A Ranch is an area of land, including buildings and structures, given primarily to the grazing of livestock on rangeland. ... This article deals with the western United States. ... Broncho Billy Anderson, from The Great Train Robbery The Western movie is one of the classic American film genres. ... The U.S. Southern states or the South, also known colloquially as Dixie, constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States, with its own unique heritage, historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ... For the scientific journal Heredity see Heredity (journal) Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characters from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and... A privilege—etymologically private law or law relating to a specific individual—is an honour, or permissive activity granted by another person or a government. ... Criminal redirects here for other uses of crime and criminal, see crime (disambiguation). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Cash usually refers to money in the form of liquid currency, such as banknotes or coins. ... Contraband consists of items of which possession may be illegal, depending on the variety and the country or the age or sex of the possessor. ...

Once a culture of honour exists, it is difficult for its members to make the transition to a culture of law; this requires that people become willing to back down and refuse to immediately retaliate, and from the viewpoint of the culture of honour, this tends to appear to be an unwise act reflecting weakness.

Related concepts

In contemporary international relations, the concept of "credibility" resembles that of honour, as when the credibility of a state or of an alliance appears to be at stake, and honour-bound politicians call for drastic measures. International relations (IR), a branch of political science, is the study of foreign affairs of and relations among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). ...

Compare the concepts of integrity, face (social custom) in stereotyped Oriental cultures, or of mana in Polynesian society. Look up integrity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Face refers to two separate but related concepts in Chinese social relations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The term the Orient - literally meaning sunrise, east - is traditionally used to refer to Near, Middle, and Far Eastern countries. ... Mana is a traditional term that refers to a concept among the speakers of Oceanic languages, including Melanesians, Polynesians, and Micronesians. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 This article is about the wider region in the Pacific. ...

The ancient Greek concepts of honour (timē) included not only the exaltation of the one receiving honour, but also the shaming of the one overcome by the act of hubris. This concept of honour is akin to a zero-sum game. Note: This article contains special characters. ... Hubris or hybris (Greek ), according to its modern usage, is exaggerated self pride or self-confidence, often resulting in fatal retribution. ... Zero-sum describes a situation in which a participants gain (or loss) is exactly balanced by the losses (or gains) of the other participant(s). ...

For the Orient, there are a few words more to say. First of all, in Eastern lands, such as Japan, honour was always seen as an almost-duty (by Samurai, but also the normal people). When you lost your honour or the situation made you lose it, there was only one way to save your dignity: death. Seppuku (vulgarly called "harakiri," or "belly-cutting") was the most honourable death in that situation. The only way for a Samurai to die more honourably was to be killed in a battle by a sword. Today, people in Japan, and Tahiti, hold on to their dignity and don't want their honour to be lost. As it was important for the Samurai or wives of dead Samurai who were forced to marry another in the earlier times, it now is important to all people who practise martial arts. Yet there are others who still stick to old Eastern values, even in a Western world. Seppuku with ritual attire and second (staged) General Akashi Gidayu preparing to commit Seppuku after losing a battle for his master in 1582. ... Seppuku with ritual attire and second Seppuku (wiktionary:切腹, せっぷく, from the kanji cut and stomach) is a Japanese word that means ritual suicide by disembowelment. ...

For a similar concept with many connotations opposite to honour, see shame. It has been suggested that the section Shame campaign from the article Smear campaign be merged into this article or section. ...

Quotations

• "Mine honour is my life, both grow in one. Take honour from me, and my life is done. Then, dear my liege, mine honour let me try; In that I live, and for that I will die." — William Shakespeare, Richard II (1.1.182-185)
• "Oh Lord! How many of these you surely have spilt over the world, who suffer for the black so-called honour what they would not suffer for you!" (Lázaro) [...] "I make you know that I am, as you see, a squire; but, by God!, if Ï meet the count on the street and he does not fully take off his hat before me, next time I will know to enter a house, simulating to have some business there, or cross to another street, if there is one, before he reaches me, so that I will not take off mine. That a hidalgo does not owe anything to anybody but God and the king, nor it is proper, being a good man, to lose a comma of care in regarding himself highly." (The Squire) — Anonymous, Lazarillo de Tormes, Third Tract.
• "Honour thy father and thy mother, That thou mayest be longlived upon the land" — the Bible.
• "To the King, one must give his possessions and his life; but honour is a possession of soul, and the soul is only God's." — Pedro Crespo in Pedro Calderón de la Barca's The Mayor of Zalamea, 1st day.
• "And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm Reliance on the Protection of the divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor." — Thomas Jefferson [2] [3]
• "... Honour ... remains awake in us like a last lamp in a temple that has been laid to waste." — Alfred de Vigny, Servitude et grandeur militaires (1835).
• "... during the time that the aristocracy was dominant, the concepts honour, loyalty, etc. were dominant, during the dominance of the bourgeoisie the concepts freedom, equality, etc." — Marx and Engels, The German Ideology.
• "We laugh at honour and are shocked to find traitors in our midst." — C. S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man
• "Civilized men are more discourteous than savages because they know they can be impolite without having their skulls split, as a general thing." — Robert E. Howard, The Tower of the Elephant
• "I will to my lord be true and faithful, and love all which he loves and shun all which he shuns." — Anglo-Saxon oath as quoted in Civilization IV, similar to the Buddhist Oath of Refuge.
• "I will be forced to sink [the US ships], because even if I have one ship left I will proceed with the bombardment. Spain, the Queen and I prefer honour without ships than ships without honour.", Casto Méndez Núñez on the Valparaiso bombardment.
• "My name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die..." — William Goldman, The Princess Bride
• "To die with honour, when one can no longer live with honor." — Giacomo Puccini, Madama Butterfly
• "We have no other choice. Our submission would serve no end; if Germany is victorious, Belgium, whatever her attitude, will be annexed to the Reich. If die we must, better death with honour." — Prime Minister de Broqueville of Belgium, responding to Germany's demand for Belgium's capitulation, 2 August 1914
• "Rather fail with honour than succeed by fraud" — Sophocles
• "In contrast to the purely economically determined "class situation" we wish to designate as "status situation" every typical component of the life fate of men that is determined by a specific, positive or negative, social estimation of honour. This honour may be connected with any quality shared by a plurality, and, of course, it can be knit to a class situation: class distinctions are linked in the most varied ways with status distinctions. Property as such is not always recognised as a status qualification, but in the long run is, and with extraordinary regularity." — Max Weber

Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Title page of Richard II, from the fifth quarto, published in 1615. ... The term God is used to designate a Supreme Being, however, there are countless definitions of God. ... A salute is a gesture or other action used to display respect. ... Hidalgo is a state in central Mexico, with an area of 20,502 km². In 2000 the state had a population of some 2,231,000 people. ... Title page of the 1554 edition The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities is a Spanish novel, published anonymously, 1554, in Alcalá de Henares in Spain, and, in 1557, in Antwerp, Flanders, then under Spanish rule. ... The Spanish monarchy, referred to as the Crown of Spain (Corona de España) in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the office of the King or Queen of Spain. ... Pedro Calderon de la Barca Pedro Calderón de la Barca (January 17, 1600 – May 25, 1681), was an important dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age. ... A copy of the 1823 William J. Stone reproduction of the United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies were independent of Great Britain. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Alfred Victor de Vigny (March 27, 1797 – September 17, 1863) was a French poet, playwright, and novelist. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Loyalty is faithfulness or devotion to a person or cause. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Frederich Engels (November 28, 1820, Wuppertal – August 5, 1895, London), a 19th-century German political philosopher, developed communist theory alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto (1848). ... Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an Irish author and scholar. ... Robert Ervin Howard (January 22, 1906 – June 11, 1936)[1] was a classic American pulp writer of fantasy, horror, historical adventure, boxing, western, and detective fiction. ... The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... Sid Meiers Civilization IV (or Civ IV) is a turn-based strategy computer game released in 2005 and developed by lead designer Soren Johnson under the direction of Sid Meier and Meiers studio Firaxis Games, it is the latest installment of the acclaimed Civilization series. ... Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a philosophy, and a system of psychology. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ... Casto Méndez Núñez (July 1, 1824 — August 21, 1869), Spanish military naval officer. ... Spanish fleet shelling the port of Valparaiso The Valparaiso bombardment was an episode of the Chincha Islands War, in which the Spanish fleet shelled, burned and destroyed the port of Valparaiso, Chile. ... William Goldman (born August 12, 1931) is an American novelist, playwright and two-time Academy Award-winning screenwriter. ... Giacomo Puccini Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (December 22, 1858 – November 29, 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire[1]. Some of his melodies, such as O mio babbino caro... Sophocles, as depicted in the Nordisk familjebok. ... Maximilian Weber (IPA: ) (April 21, 1864 – June 14, 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who is considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. ...

Honours and awards

In many countries the term honour can refer to an award given by the state. Such honours include military medals, but more typically imply a civilian award, such as a British OBE, a knighthood or membership of the French Légion d'honneur. For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... A Medal is a word used for various types of compact objects: a wearable medal awarded by an authority government for services redered, especially to a country (such as Armed force service); strictly speaking this only refers to a medal of coin-like appearance, but informally the word also refers... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire (Military division) The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... Chiang Kai-sheks Légion dhonneur. ...

See also, List of prizes, medals, and awards. A list of famous prizes, medals and awards including cups, trophies, bowls, badges, state decorations etc. ...

Feudal honors

In mediaeval England, an honor could consist of a great lordship, comprised of dozens or hundreds of manors. Holders of honors (and the kings to whom they reverted by escheat) often attempted to preserve the integrity of an honor over time, administering its properties as a unit, maintaining inheritances together, etc. Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... Generic plan of a mediaeval manor; open-field strip farming, some enclosures, triennial crop rotation, demesne and manse, common woodland, pasturage and meadow Manorialism or Seigneurialism is the organization of rural economy and society in medieval western and parts of central Europe, characterised by the vesting of legal and economic... Escheat is an obstruction of the course of descent and the consequent reversion of property to the original grantor. ...

The typical honor had properties scattered over several shires, intermingled with the properties of others. Usually, though, a more concentrated cluster existed somewhere. Here would lie the caput (head) of the honor, with a castle that gave its name to the honor and served as its administrative headquarters. A shire is an administrative area of Great Britain and Australia. ...

A lordship could consist of anything from a field or two to vast territories all over England. Thus the designation honor can distinguish the large lordship from the small. The term has particular usefulness for the eleventh and twelfth centuries, before the development of an extensive peerage hierarchy. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Traditional property-based honours in mediaeval England included:

• The Honor of Huntingdon

Huntingdon is a town in the county of Cambridgeshire in East Anglia, England. ...

See also

Look up honour, honor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Bushido
• Code duello
• Chivalry
• Honor code
• Honour killing
• Honor system, a philosophical way of running a variety of endeavours based on trust and honour
• Honorary degree
• The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum
• Omerta
• Vendetta

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ... Japanese samurai in armor, 1860s. ... A code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat, or duel. ... Woman under the Safeguard of Knighthood, allegorical Scene. ... An honor code or honor system is a set of rules or principles governing a community based on a set of rules or ideals that define what constitutes honorable behavior within that community. ... Honour killing is most often the killing of a female, but in some cases also a male, and sometimes his/her family members, love-interests or other associates,[1][2] for supposed sexual or marital offences, typically by his/her own relatives or relatives of a purported romantic interest, with... The honor system is a philosophical way of running a variety of endeavors based on trust and honor. ... Trust in sociology and psychology refers to an open, positive relationship between people, or between people and social institutions such as a corporation or government. ... An honorary degree (Latin: honoris causa ad gradum, not to be confused with an honors degree) is an academic degree awarded to an individual as a decoration, rather than as the result of matriculating and studying for several years. ... The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum is a 1974 novel by Heinrich Böll. ... The omertà (Sicilian for manliness) is the vow of silence taken by members of the Italian Mafia. ... A feud is a long-running argument or fight between parties—often groups of people, especially families or clans. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Honour

• Il Canto di Malavita is a collection of three recordings from PIAS of the folk music of the Calabrian Ndrangheta, an organised crime group operating in southern Italy. Members call themselves L'Onorata, the "men of honor"; the lyrics to these songs prominently feature murder and revenge against betrayers and informers, and offer a glimpse into the self-image of a culture of honor.

Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and for the common people. ... Calabria (Latin: Bruttium or Brutium), is a region in southern Italy which occupies the toe of the Italian peninsula south of Naples. ... The Ndrangheta (from a Greek word for heroism and virtue) is a mafia-like criminal organization in Calabria, Italy. ... Organized crime is crime carried out systematically by formal criminal organizations. ... Lyrics are the words in songs. ...

References

• Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (2 vols., Crowder, Wark, and Payne, 1777), anonymous translation
• Spirit of Laws on line
• Richard E. Nisbett and Dov Cohen: Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (Westview, 1996) ISBN 0-8133-1993-5
• Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (Penguin, 2002) ISBN 0-670-03151-8