 The dispute concerns the English name of this water There is a long-running dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan between Japan and Korea. The two countries disagree over what the sea should be called in English. The Japanese government insist that it be called Sea of Japan which it claims has been the international de facto standard since the 19th century. The South Korean government challenge this name, contending it is a symbol of Japan's imperialistic past, and want the name East Sea to be used. It points to its own tally of historic maps referring to the sea as Sea of Korea/Corea or East/Oriental Sea (see below). The North Korean government use East Sea of Korea in their English publications. Image File history File links Map of the disputed water, created for Dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan. ...
Image File history File links Map of the disputed water, created for Dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
National motto: ë„리 ì¸ê°„ì„ ì´ë¡ê²Œ í•˜ë¼ Translation: Bring benefit to all people Official language Korean Capital Seoul Largest city Seoul President Roh Moo-hyun Prime Minister Lee Hae-chan Area - Total - % water Ranked 107th 99,274 km² 0. ...
North Korea, officially the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國), is a country in eastern Asia, covering the northern half of the peninsula of Korea. ...
- The Japanese call it the Sea of Japan or sometimes Japan Sea
- North Koreans call it the East Sea of Korea
- South Koreans call it the East Sea
The South Korean government and media use East Sea consistently in their publications. Since the 1990s, South Korea have increased their campaign efforts to change the sea's official international name. Neither the UN (UNCSGN) nor the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) have so far accepted their claims, but left the issue open to discussion (see below). // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ...
The United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names takes place every five years at United Nations Headquarters in New York. ...
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental international organization established in 1921. ...
Some international and media organizations, however, have begun using the names Sea of Japan and East Sea together. This might also be caused by a general trend to use local names, since this is often considered politically correct. Political correctness is the alteration of language to redress real or alleged injustices and discrimination or to avoid offense. ...
The dispute does not attempt to get the respective countries to adopt each other's preferred terms in their own languages. South Koreans generally do not object to Japanese maps calling the sea 日本海 (which translates as Japan Sea), and Japanese do not object to Korean maps calling it 동해 (which translates as Eastern Sea).
History of the dispute According to Japan's count, this sea is mainly called Sea of Japan on most maps earlier than the 19th century, but some maps call it by various names including Bay of Korea, Chinese Ocean, Sea of Corea, Oriental Sea, or Sea of Korea. According to South Korea's count, it is mainly called "Sea of Korea/Corea" or "East/Oriental Sea" on most maps of the same period. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
At a 1919 meeting of the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) to officially determine internationally acceptable names of bodies of water, Japanese delegates submitted the name Sea of Japan as the official name of the sea. Korea could not participate during these talks because it was under Japanese colonial rule. 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental international organization established in 1921. ...
In 1928, Limits of Oceans and Seas, the first edition of the guideline by the IHB adopted Japan Sea with many other geographic names. 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
In 1974 the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) released technical resolution A.4.2.6 independently of this dispute. This resolution is frequently referred to, although it only gives general guidance. It endorses the principle that when the sharing countries of a geographical feature do not agree on a common name, the different names should be recognized simultaneously. 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ...
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental international organization established in 1921. ...
In 1992, South Korea raised the issue at the 6th UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographic Names (UNCSGN). Japan objected and the issue was not addressed. 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
United Nations Statistical Commission or United Nations Statistical Office or UNSCO (also known as the Statistics Division) is a Functional Commission of the UN Economic and Social Council. ...
In 1995, South Korea deleted Japan Sea from its official nautical charts. Before then, South Korea's nautical charts showed both Japan Sea and Tong Hae (the then used romanization of Donghae), out of respect for international conventions. 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In 1997, South Korea raised the issue again at the 7th UNCSGN and Japan opposed. The issue was not addressed but the resolution III/20 (adopted by the 3rd UNCSGN in 1977) is recollected, which urges Japan and South Korea to reach a consensus. To date, however, neither country is willing to compromise their position. 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A July 2001 survey by Korea of 377 mostly 18th century maps in the British National Library showed that of the maps which name the sea, 72 refer to it as Sea of Korea and/or East Sea, and 10 use Sea of Japan. [1] 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...
In 2002, the University of Southern California published their East Asian map collection on the internet, consisting of 172 maps made between 17th and 19th centuries. The names of seas begin to appear on maps beginning in the 18th century, 95 of which called the sea "Sea of Korea" or "Eastern Sea" while "Sea of Japan" is found only on one map. Of the 19th century maps, "Sea of Japan" is found on 9, "Sea of Korea" is found on 30. Among all 165 maps in the collection, 135 used "Sea of Korea" or "Oriental Sea" while only 10 used "Sea of Japan." [2] [pnclink.org/annual/annual2004/2004%20Prroceeding/PDF/101902.pdf] 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In 2002, South Korea raised the issue again at the 8th UNCSGN. Japan objected again and the issue was not addressed. 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In 2002, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) distributed a circular letter asking for a vote for omitting pages containing the Sea of Japan from the fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas. After Japan's objection, the IHO withdrew the letter. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental international organization established in 1921. ...
Around the same time, the volunteer Korean cyber-organization VANK began an aggressive e-mail campaign. They targeted webmasters insisting that Sea of Japan is a shadow of the colonial period and thus its use on the site was inappropriate and racist. VANK, Voluntary Agency Network of Korea is a non-governmental South Korean organization made up of volunteers. ...
A black man drinks out of a water fountain designated for black people in 1939 at a streetcar terminal. ...
Some publishers and media outlets have responded to the dispute by either adapting both names on maps, or—in very rare cases—leave the area blank, until a consensus can be reached between Japan and Korea.
In December 2002, South Korea produced a report on the names used on 228 maps published prior to 1800 that are held by the U.S. Library of Congress, showing that two-thirds of the maps naming the sea between Korea and Japan used terms favorable to Korea's position, assuming Oriental Sea and East Sea are essentially synonymous. Of the 103 maps that named the sea, 66 percent named it the Sea of Korea, East (or Oriental) Sea, or East Sea and/or Sea of Korea. [3] 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
On April 23, 2004, the United Nations affirmed the principle that it will continue using the name Sea of Japan in its official documents to refer to the body of water encircled by Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Russia, with the Japanese government in a written document. However, it has agreed to leave the topic open for further discussion. In a letter to South Korea, it was explained that the UN was not determining the validity of either name, but using the currently most widely used term until the parties resolved the disagreement. April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ...
2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ...
In July 2005, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan published a report [4] (English abstract) of the investigation it conducted on the dispute. According to the report, the investigators from Geographical Survey Institute of Japan looked into maps published between 1300 and 1900 at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, and from 1,435 maps [5] which mention the disputed sea, 1,110 maps use Sea of Japan. 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (外務省; gaimu-sho) is one of the ministries of the Japanese government. ...
The United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records. ...
In an undated report available on its website as of September 2005, South Korea's Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries shows that by its count, of 763 historic maps in various government and university libraries, 440 maps use Sea of Korea, East Sea or variants, and 123 use Sea of Japan or variants. [6]
Arguments Both sides in the dispute have put forward a number of arguments to support their claim, either for a change, or against it. It is worth noting that many of these arguments are not supported by the respective governments, but rather by nationalist organizations.
Geographical reasons Japanese groups argue that as a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean, the sea should be named for Japan. South Korean groups take a different point of view and argue that the sea is really located at the eastern end of the Asian continent, and thus should be called East Sea. A marginal sea is a part of ocean partially enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas. ...
Historical reasons Both sides use a selective sample of old maps to support their claim. South Koreans use old maps that show names other than Sea of Japan, whereas the Japanese use maps to demonstrate that the said name was in use before their imperial time. Many old maps are ambiguous and some even do not include Korea or Japan.
Japanese groups argue that the term Sea of Japan was originally named by Westerners and became the de-facto standard before Japan gained commercial and political influence in the region. South Korean groups claim historical precedence of the name East Sea, and argue that this should be restored. They regard the dominance of the name Sea of Japan a reflection of Japan's imperial past. Part of the dispute boils down to the disagreement over when Sea of Japan became the de facto standard. Japanese groups claim dates in the early 19th century, whereas Korean groups claim dates on the early 20th century when Korea was colonized by Japan. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...
Ownership Some Koreans argue that Sea of Japan implies ownership over an international body of water. Japanese counter by saying that the name of a body of water does not imply ownership. It is merely a name. Some Koreans also claim that the name Sea of Japan was really established after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. Others argue that the name Sea of Japan is related to ownership because it was the Japanese delegates who submitted the name to the IHB when Korea was a part of Japan. Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was an extremely bloody conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Australia and Iraq in Manchuria and Korea. ...
1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Ambiguity Japanese groups claim that the name East Sea is not suitable as an international geographic name, because it could refers to various places including the neighbouring East China Sea. Much of this argument is based on translations of local names into English. Commonly cited potential confusions are the Vietnamese name for the South China Sea Bien Dong, which literally means East Sea, or the Baltic Sea which in many European languages is called the equivalent of East Sea. It is sometimes also argued that East Sea is a mere translation of the local Korean name Donghae, and thus not really an English name. The East China Sea, showing surrounding countries. ...
The South China Sea, showing surrounding countries and neighbouring seas and oceans The South China Sea is a marginal sea, part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 km². It is the largest sea body after the five...
The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainlands of Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and the Danish islands. ...
Precedence Some Japanese groups insist that renaming or showing both simultaneously runs counter to the spirit of geographic standardization and will be a troubling precedent. Since the name Sea of Japan is the internationally established name, some people think renaming is an unnecessary complication.
See also South Korea, North Korea, and Japan have had disputes on many issues. ...
The Liancourt Rocks are islets in the Sea of Japan (Korean name: East Sea), claimed by both Korea and Japan but administered by South Korea since 1953. ...
Regional map showing the word Bahr Fars, (Persian Gulf) in Arabic, from the 9th century text Al-aqalim by the great geographer Istakhri. ...
External links - East Sea Map Study - by the Korean Overseas Information Service
- Sea of Japan - Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs defends the use of Sea of Japan.
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