Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) was a subfield of Artificial intelligence research dedicated to the development of distributed solutions for complex problems regarded as requiring intelligence. These days DAI has been largely supplanted by the field of Multi-Agent Systems. See the paper by Inman and Hewitt on some of the limitations of classic DAI. Artificial intelligence (also known as machine intelligence and often abbreviated as AI) is intelligence exhibited by any manufactured (i. ... In computer science, a multi-agent system (MAS) is a system composed of several agents, capable of mutual interaction. ...

Main streams in DAI research included the following:

• Parallel problem solving: mainly deals with how classic AI concepts can be modified, so that multiprocessor systems and clusters of computers can be used to speed up calculation.
• Distributed problem solving (DPS): the concept of agents, autonomous entities that can communicate with each other, was developed to serve as an abstraction for developing DPS systems. See below for further details.
• Multi-Agent Based Simulation (MABS): a branch of DAI that builds the foundation for simulations that need to analyze not only phenomena at macro level but also at micro level, as it is in many social simulation scenarios.

The key concept used in DPS and MABS is the abstraction called agent. An agent is a virtual (or physical) autonomous entity that has an understanding of its environment and acts upon it. An agent is usually able to communicate with other agents in the same system to achieve a common goal, that one agent alone could not achieve. Multiprocessing is traditionally known as the use of multiple concurrent processes in a system as opposed to a single process at any one instant. ... Look up Agent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary An agent is an autonomous entity with an ontological commitment and agenda of its own. ... A macro in computer science is an abstraction, whereby a certain textual pattern is replaced according to a defined set of rules. ... Micro is a SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 10−6 (one millionth). ... Social simulation is the modelling, or simulation, normally performed using a computer, of social phenomena (e. ... To be considered a bonafide agent, an agent (software, hardware or otherwise) must exhibit the behavioural qualities of agenthood. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ...

A first classification that is useful is to divide agents into:

• reactive agent - A reactive agent is not much more than an automata that receives input, processes it and produces an output.
• deliberative agent - A deliberative agent in contrast should have an own internal view of its environment and is able to follow its own plans.
• hybrid agent - A hybrid agent at last is a mixture of reactive and deliberative, that follows its own plans, but also sometimes directly reacts to external events without deliberation.

Well recognized agent architectures that describe how an agent is internally structured are:

• Soar (a rule-based approach)
• BDI (Believe Desire Intention, a general architecture the describes how plans are made)
• InterRAP (A three-layer architecture, with a reactive, a deliberative and a social layer)
• PECS (Physics, Emotion, Cognition, Social, describes how those four parts influences the agents behaviour).

Software agents can communicate with one another using an agent communication language. SOAR (also spelled Soar) is a symbolic cognitive architecture, created by John Laird, Allen Newell, and Paul Rosenbloom at Carnegie Mellon University. ... In computing, an agent communication language (ACL) is a formal language used by software agents to communicate. ...

Important researchers in the area of agents are:

• Jacques Ferber
• Michael Wooldridge and Nick Jennings
• Rao and Georgeff
• Rosaria Conte

See also

collective intelligence Collective intelligence as characterized by Tom Atlee, Douglas Engelbart, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, and other theorists, is that which overcomes groupthink and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a relatively large number of people to cooperate in one process - leading to reliable action. ...

References

• Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman. DAI Betwixt and Between: From "Intelligent Agents" to Open Systems Science IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Nov./Dec. 1991.

External links

• CiteSeer