 Beaching a casualty while providing artificial respiration Diver rescue, following an accident, is the process of avoiding or limiting further exposure to diving hazards and bringing a SCUBA diver to safety. A safe place is often a place where the diver cannot drown, such as a boat or the shore, from which professional medical treatment can be sought. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (820x615, 151 KB)Beaching a casualty and providing in-water artificial respiration during a rescue. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (820x615, 151 KB)Beaching a casualty and providing in-water artificial respiration during a rescue. ...
Divers face specific physical and health risks when they go underwater (e. ...
Early ideas of autonomous under-water systems appear in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Scuba diving is the use of independent breathing equipment to stay underwater for long periods of time for recreational diving and professional diving. ...
A dive boat is a boat that scuba divers use to reach a diving site which they could not reach by swimming from land. ...
Reasons for needing rescue
There are many reasons that divers need rescue, including: Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. ...
Unconsciousness is the absence of consciousness. ...
A Depth Gauge is a device used to measure pressure and display the equivalent depth in water. ...
A dive computer or decompression meter is an electronic device used by a scuba diver to measure the dive profile and to display information needed for a safe dive, avoiding decompression sickness. ...
A diving mask A diving mask is an item of diving equipment that allows the SCUBA diver to see underwater. ...
Panic is a sudden fear which dominates thinking and often affects groups of people or animals. ...
Trauma can represent: Physical trauma, an often serious and body-altering physical injury, such as the removal of a limb. ...
Divers face specific physical and health risks when they go underwater (e. ...
An underwater scene just beneath the surface. ...
Rescuers and training In recreational diving, the urgency of the rescue and the remoteness of dive sites mean that professional rescuers rarely take part in diver rescues. Other divers at the scene become rescuers. Recreational diving is a type of diving that uses SCUBA equipment for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment. ...
As the immediate in-water rescuer is often the diver's own buddy, diver training agencies often teach rescue techniques in intermediate-level diver training courses; examples are the PADI Rescue Diver and the BSAC Sport Diver courses. When using the buddy system, pairs and groups of three SCUBA divers dive together and co-operate with each other, so that they can help or rescue each other in the event of an emergency. ...
This page lists SCUBA diver training organizations. ...
Diver training is essential for safe diving. ...
The Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) is the worlds largest recreational diving membership organization and diver training organization. ...
The British Sub-Aqua Club or BSAC is the governing body of Britain. ...
When the rescue involves a group of people, co-ordination is needed to make it quick and effective. This may be carried out by the skipper of the boat, if diving is taking place from a boat, or by a diver. Some training agencies offer courses to prepare divers for such as role, for example BSAC's Practical Rescue Management course. Skipper can be: A person who has command of a boat or ship: see Skipper (boating). ...
Rescue activities The effort and difficulty of a rescue varies widely and depends on many factors such as the nature of the problem, the underwater conditions and the type and depth of the dive site. A simple rescue could be to tow to safety a diver on the surface who is exhausted or suffering from leg cramps. A complex and high-risk rescue would be to locate, free and bring to the surface a lost diver who is trapped underwater in an enclosed space such as a shipwreck or cave with limited breathing gas supplies. Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness or lethargy, with a desire to rest, perhaps to sleep. ...
This article is about muscular pain. ...
An underwater scene just beneath the surface. ...
A shipwreck is the remains of a ship after it has sunk or been beached as a result of a crisis at sea. ...
Inside the cave at Cave Stream, New Zealand Caving is the recreational sport of exploring caves. ...
Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. ...
The sequence of potential activities needed in a generic rescue are:
- if the casualty's position underwater in unknown, locate the casualty and, if possible, mark the position
- if the casualty is trapped, free the casualty
- if the casualty is low on breathing gas, provide more gas
- if the casualty is submerged, bring the casualty to the surface
- if the casualty is not buoyant at the surface, make the casualty buoyant
- if the casualty is not breathing, carry out continuous artificial respiration on the surface
- if help at the surface is available but not at hand, attract help
- if the casualty is on the surface in the water and no help is available, tow the casualty to a boat or to land
- if the casualty is beside a boat or the shore, remove the casualty from the water
- if necessary, resuscitate, provide first aid and arrange transport to professional medical help
Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. ...
Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own but whose heart is still beating. ...
Locating the casualty underwater It may be difficult to locate the diver underwater where dives take place in low visibility conditions, in currents or in enclosed spaces such as caves and shipwrecks or where the diver uses breathing equipment which releases few bubbles, such as a rebreather. An underwater scene just beneath the surface. ...
Alternate meanings: Cave (disambiguation) This article is about natural caves; for artificial caves used as dwellings, such as those in north China, see yaodong. ...
A shipwreck is the remains of a ship after it has sunk or been beached as a result of a crisis at sea. ...
Inspiration closed circuit diving rebreather A rebreather is a type of breathing set that provides a breathing gas containing oxygen and recycles exhaled gas. ...
Diver often use distance lines, surface marker buoys, diving shots, lightsticks and strobe lights to indicate their position to their surface support team. A standard precaution when entering enclosed spaces is to use a distance line; this marks the exit route, which may be need after the diver's fins and bubbles dislodge silt and loose overhead materials such as rust and reduce visibility to zero. A distance line is an item of diving equipment used by SCUBA divers as a means of returning to a safe starting point in conditions of low visibilty or where pilotage is difficult. ...
A Surface Marker Buoy, SMB or simply a blob is an inflatable buoy used by SCUBA divers, with a line, to mark the divers position to their surface, safety boat whilst the diver is underwater. ...
A diving shot is an item of diving equipment consisting of a weight, a line and a buoy. ...
Three types of lightsticks in five colours A lightstick, also called a glowstick, is a transparent plastic tube which contains chemical fluids held apart in two compartments. ...
A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. ...
Silt refers to soil or rock particles of a certain very small size range (see grain size). ...
Rusted cars The rusting can completely eat away iron Rusted bolt A blacksmith removing rust with sand prior to welding Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of oxygen and water. ...
Common search techniques such as the circular search or jackstay search, need preparation and practise if they are to be used effectively and safely. An underwater circular search is conducted by a diver swimming around a fixed pivot point. ...
Searches of enclosed spaces expose the rescuer to danger. The rescuers may need training and experience in Cave diving to minimise the risks of that type of rescuer. Inside the cave at Cave Stream, New Zealand Caving is the recreational sport of exploring caves. ...
Free the trapped casualty Divers may become trapped in fishing nets; monofilament is almost invisible underwater. Ropes also are a threat to the diver's safety; normal diving equipment has many inaccessible snag points that can trap the diver. Another problem occurs when divers try to squeeze through small gaps where their bulky equipment become wedged or caught. Also, old ferrous shipwrecks can be structurally unstable; they often retain their shape and therefore have components or cargos that have high potential energy due to gravity, but which have lost their strength through corrosion. NET may stand for: N-ethyltryptamine National Educational Television Net Serviços de Comunicação S/A Nottingham Express Transit New Hellenic Television Noise equivalent target NET may also be: NET Television See also net . ...
A filament is a fine, thinly spun thread, fiber, or wire. ...
Coils of rope used for long-line fishing A rope (IPA: ) is a length of fibers, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. ...
The fundamental item of diving equipment used by divers is the SCUBA equipment, such as the Aqualung or Rebreather. ...
FerrLink titleMedia:Example. ...
Potential energy is stored energy. ...
Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ...
It has been suggested that Corrosive be merged into this article or section. ...
Divers routinely carry a knife, line cutter or scissors or shears to free themselves from ropes, lines and nets. Lifting bags can be used to help move heavy objects underwater. Traditional Finnish puukko knife A knife is a sharp-edged hand tool used for cutting. ...
Different types of scissors - sewing, kitchen, paper Scissors are a tool used for cutting thin material which requires little force. ...
A lifting bag is an item of diving equipment consisting of a robust and air-tight bag with strops, which is used to lift heavy objects underwater by means of the bags buoyancy. ...
Provide emergency gas Running out of gas is a major cause for diving accidents.
The main reasons for running out of gas are:
- failing to monitor consumption of the gas - not watching the contents pressure gauge
- under-estimating the amount of gas needed for the ascent and decompression stops
- consuming gas faster than estimated by going too deep, over-exercising or psychological stress
- equipment failure, such as a frozen first stage or blown o-ring, in the main breathing set leading to escape of gas
Even when the prime cause of an underwater emergency is not running out of gas, lack of gas can easily become another problem for the rescuers to overcome because more gas is consumed during the accident and its aftermath. This is could be due to the diver remaining at depth for longer than planned or due to increases in the diver's breathing rate, due to exercising or panic. A Decompression Stop is a period of time a diver must spend at a constant depth in shallow water at the end of a dive in order safely to eliminate inert gases from the divers body to avoid decompression sickness. ...
Panic is a sudden fear which dominates thinking and often affects groups of people or animals. ...
Common configurations of diving cylinders and diving regulators used for as a backup or reserve for emergencies include:
- an independent set - a complete, backup set such as a "pony" or one half of a “twinset” worn by a diver or a separate set brought down by the rescuer
- an "octopus" - a second, backup demand valve or mouthpiece on a scuba set that is already being used by the diver
- a "spare air" - a small independent set with integrated regulator and mouthpiece
See the diving cylinder and diving regulator articles for more details of the configurations. // Scuba diving and industrial breathing sets Nemrod twin-hose diving regulator made in the 1980s. ...
12 litre and 3 litre steel diving cylinders A diving cylinder or SCUBA tank is used to store and transport high pressure breathing gas as a component of an Aqua-Lung. ...
A gas pressure regulator has one or more valves in series, which let the gas out of a gas cylinder in a controlled way, lowering its pressure at each stage. ...
There are two main ways of delivering the gas to the out of air diver; provide the casualty with a normal demand valve, preferably on a long hose, or "buddy breathing", the more risky of the two, where the two divers share one mouthpiece.
Clearly the gas capacity the cylinder is important; divers breathing at depth consume more gas because of that gas must be delivered to them at ambient pressure and after a deep dive they will need to breath during the slow ascent to the surface and may need to do decompression stops. A Decompression Stop is a period of time a diver must spend at a constant depth in shallow water at the end of a dive in order safely to eliminate inert gases from the divers body to avoid decompression sickness. ...
The mixture of the breathing gas is important; hyperoxic gases cannot be breathed safely below their maximum operating depth because of the risk of oxygen toxicity and hypoxic gas cannot be breathed safely in shallow water because the partial pressure of oxygen falls below that needed to sustain consciousness. Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. ...
In technical diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD) of a breathing gas is the depth at which the partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) of the gas mix exceeds a safe limit. ...
Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome is severe hyperoxia caused by breathing oxygen at elevated partial pressures. ...
The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture or solution is what the pressure of that gas would be if all other components of the mixture or solution suddenly vanished without its temperature changing. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...
Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise such key features as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ...
Bring the casualty to the surface If one of the divers is out of gas and is breathing gas from the rescuer, the rescuer and casualty must remain close to one another and ascend together. This ascent is complicated by the casualty's lack of gas to become buoyant at the start of the ascent and at the surface. At the start of the ascent the casualty needs to fin upwards and keep pace with the rescuer until, with the drop in ambient pressure, the gas inside buoyancy devices such as the buoyancy compensator or diving suit, expands and provides buoyancy. Buoyancy compensator A buoyancy compensator (or buoyancy control device, BC or BCD) is a piece of diving equipment worn by divers to provide: life saving emergency buoyancy both underwater and on the surface. ...
Two divers, one wearing a 1 atmosphere diving suit and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the RMS Lusitania, 1935 A diving suit is a garment or device designed to protect a diver from the underwater environment. ...
If the casualty is not capable of making an ascent, due to injury or unconsciousness, or the casualty cannot make a safe and controlled ascent, perhaps due to the loss or damage of the diving mask, the rescuer must control the casualty's ascent using the Controlled buoyant lift. As the casualty is totally dependent on the rescuer, it is important if the two were to separate underwater the casualty should continue to ascend to the surface in a failsafe way. A diving mask A diving mask is an item of diving equipment that allows the SCUBA diver to see underwater. ...
The controlled buoyant lift is an underwater rescue technique used by scuba divers to safely raise an unconscious diver to the surface from depth. ...
The term Fail-safe is used to describe: A device which, if (or when) it fails, fails in a way that will cause no harm or at least a minimum of harm to other devices or danger to personnel. ...
The options, in order of desirability, for making the casualty buoyant include:
- inflate the casualty's buoyancy compensator to lift off the seabed, then vent it to make a controlled ascent.
- inflate the casualty's drysuit, if one is worn, to lift off the seabed, then vent it to make a controlled ascent. A drysuit is a less secure buoyancy device than a buoyancy compensator.
- drop the weights casualty's diving weighting system. This may result is a dangerous and rapid ascent.
- lift, by fining, the casualty into shallower water where gas in the casualty's buoyancy devices will expand, then vent it to make a controlled ascent.
If the casualty is not breathing, an urgent ascent directly to the surface is needed so that resuscitation can take place there. In this situation and if the rescuer needs to do decompression stops, the rescuer has a dilemma: take the casualty to the surface and increase the risk or severity of the bend, including irreversible injuries or death, or do the stops and kill the casualty. Buoyancy compensator A buoyancy compensator (or buoyancy control device, BC or BCD) is a piece of diving equipment worn by divers to provide: life saving emergency buoyancy both underwater and on the surface. ...
drysuits are used in a number of sports to provide a barrier between the occupant and cold water. ...
Divers wear weighting systems, weight belts or weights, generally made of lead, to counteract the buoyancy of other diving equipment, such as diving suits and aluminium diving cylinders. ...
For other meanings of CPR, see CPR (disambiguation). ...
A Decompression Stop is a period of time a diver must spend at a constant depth in shallow water at the end of a dive in order safely to eliminate inert gases from the divers body to avoid decompression sickness. ...
Make the casualty buoyant on the surface Having reached the relative safety of the surface, it is important that the casualty does not accidentally re-descend. The usual methods of making the diver positively buoyant are to: - inflate the buoyancy compensator. This is a routine surfacing drill in some training schemes.
- inflate the drysuit, if one is being worn. The gas in a dry suit is not very secure; it can easily escape from seals and vents. Also, excess gas in the suit tends to make the legs buoyant causing the diver mobility problems.
- drop weights.
Divers who are out of air will probably not be able to inflate their buoyancy compensator or drysuit using the normal and simple technique of pressing the direct feed injection valve. If their equipment allows it, they may be able to inflate these devices orally or use an integrated gas cylinder (if fitted). Buoyancy compensator A buoyancy compensator (or buoyancy control device, BC or BCD) is a piece of diving equipment worn by divers to provide: life saving emergency buoyancy both underwater and on the surface. ...
Two divers, one wearing a 1 atmosphere diving suit and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the RMS Lusitania, 1935 A diving suit is a garment or device designed to protect a diver from the underwater environment. ...
Compression seal example A mechanical seal is a device which helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing leakage (eg. ...
A vent can refer to: A volcano. ...
Divers wear weighting systems, weight belts or weights, generally made of lead, to counteract the buoyancy of other diving equipment, such as diving suits and aluminium diving cylinders. ...
Carrying out artificial ventilation in the water If the casualty is not breathing, it possible to sustain respiration or even restart it by artificial ventilation (AV) at the surface of the water. It has been suggested that Gas exchange be merged into this article or section. ...
Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own but whose heart is still beating. ...
Methods of AV vary depending on diver training organization: This page lists SCUBA diver training organizations. ...
The BSAC technique works like this: The British Sub-Aqua Club or BSAC is the governing body of Britain. ...
- the casualty and rescuer are buoyant
- the rescuer is positioned at the side of the casualty's head facing the ear
- the rescuer extends the casualty's neck and closes the mouth by lifting the chin with one hand
- the rescuer pushes the casualty's far shoulder upwards with the other hand causing the head the twist towards the rescuer
- the rescuer makes a seal over the casualty's nose using the rescuer's mouth and exhales to fill the casualty's lungs
- the rescuer aims to do 10 inflations per minute if stationary, 2 inflations every 15 seconds if towing
In physics, buoyancy is an upward force on an object immersed in a fluid (i. ...
A human head In anatomy, the head of an animal is the anterior part (from anatomical position) that comprises the mouth, the brain and various sensory organs (e. ...
An ear is an organ used by an animal to detect sound waves. ...
The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. ...
The human upper arm Grays Fig. ...
Human nose in profile The Nose is a story by Gogol and an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich. ...
Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. ...
The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ...
Attracting help At this stage in the rescue immediate help is needed. Very often, the only people that can provide that help are nearby boat users and people on the shore. Unless the emergency services are very close by or the rescue is beyond the capability of the local rescuers, they will not be on the scene quick enough to be able to provide help. Often with a small group of rescuers the emergency services can only be contacted after the highest priority job of getting the casualty is out of the water has taken place.
Often the rescue can be quickened if a boat can come to the casualty rather than a rescuer having to tow the casualty to safety. Once at the surface, using many rescuers becomes feasible; they can communicate and co-operate to make the rescue more efficient.
Methods of attracting help include shouting, waving a straight arm, flag or surface marker buoy, blowing a whistle, flashing or swinging a torch/flashlight at night, or using a strobe at night. Cylinder powered, high-pressure gas whistles may be effective even over the sound of engines. A Surface Marker Buoy, SMB or simply a blob is an inflatable buoy used by SCUBA divers, with a line, to mark the divers position to their surface, safety boat whilst the diver is underwater. ...
Towing the casualty If the casualty is incapacitated or exhausted, help is needed to move the casualty to safety. Towing is time consuming and will exhaust the rescuer, especially in rough water, currents, or if the rescuer is wearing high-drag equipment such as a drysuit or carrying bulky equipment.
It may be possible to avoid a tow by using a boat to pick up the casualty and rescuer. Alternatively, ropes thrown to the rescuer can be used to pull the pair towards safety.
Removing the casualty from the water Urgently lifting an injured or incapacitated casualty from the water is a significant problem especially where there are few rescuers, the sea is rough sea, the boat has high sides or the rescuers on the shore cannot get in or close to the water to help.
Ropes can be very useful, but some precautions are need: Coils of rope used for long-line fishing A rope (IPA: ) is a length of fibers, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. ...
- avoid looping the rope so that it goes round the chest, preventing breathing, or the neck, causing asphyxia.
- when near boats, keep the minimum rope in the water to prevent fouling propellors
- the minimum safe diameter is 12mm, 1/2 inch. The rope should be doubled to increase the area of contact and reduce the lifting pressure on the casualty.
"Purbuckling" can be used to lift a casualty from the water up a 1.5 metre / 5 foot vertical surface such as a high sided boat, pontoon or a jetty. For a 1.5 metre lift, a length of rope of at least 4 metres / 13 feet is needed. The casualty is brought horizontally alongside. A rescuer in the water with the casualty takes the loop of rope under the casualty and passes it back to two rescuers on "land". The loop of rope is positioned so that in passes outside the arms between the shoulder and elbow and around the outside of the legs between the knee and the hip. The two rescuers on land secure the end of the loop that they control by standing heavily on it with one foot. They both pull on the central part of the loop rolling the casualty up the surface taking care to co-ordinate the tension so that the casualty remains horizontal and that the rope remains in position on the casualty's arms and thightd. A rescuer should take care of that the casualty's head and neck is not damaged during the lift. Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. ...
A propeller can be seen as a rotating fin in water or a wing in air. ...
The human upper arm Grays Fig. ...
Elbow redirects here. ...
An x-ray of a human knee In human anatomy, the knee is the leg joint connecting the femur and the tibia. ...
Bones of the Hip In anatomy, the hip is the bony projection of the femur, known as the greater trochanter, and the overlying muscle and fat. ...
Tension is a reaction force applied by a stretched string (rope or a similar object) on the objects which stretch it. ...
An alternative method of lifting the casualty using a rope is to pass the rope under an arm, around the back and under the other arm. The casualty is lifted vertically. There is a risk of spine damage by bending if the casualty is positioned with his or her back to the vertical surface and the rescuers pull the casualty's shoulders in board before lifting the lower end of the torso over top of the vertical surface.
Resuscitate, provide first aid and arrange transport to professional medical help If the casualty is not breathing artificial respiration must be provided continuously. It is more likely to succeed if it is started promptly. If the casualty is showing no signs of circulation, chest compression are needed. See main article: cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own but whose heart is still beating. ...
A circulatory system (sometimes cardiovascular system) is an organ system that moves substances to and from cells; it can also help stabilize body temperature and pH (part of homeostasis). ...
The prevention of the expansion of the chest, see Compressive asphyxia. ...
CPR performed on an adult Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), is an emergency first aid protocol for an unconscious person on whom both breathing and pulse cannot be detected. ...
If the casualty has injuries the rescuers will need to provide first aid and prepare the casualty to be transported to professional medical help. See main article: first aid. First aid is a series of simple, life-saving medical techniques that a non-doctor or layman can be trained to perform. ...
In the developed world, transporting a diving casualty to hospital or a recompression chamber may be as simple as contacting the marine emergency services, generally by using marine VHF radio, telephone or a distress signal, and arranging a lifeboat or helicopter. In other parts of the world and particularly in remote location, it may be difficult to quickly arrange reliable emergency medical transport and treatment; good insurance and self-reliance are needed. In-water recompression is a high-risk alternative that may be useful in locations where the casualty would not survive the journey to the nearest recompression chamber due to its distance. A developed country is a country that has achieved (currently or historically) a high degree of industrialization, and which enjoys the higher standards of living which wealth and technology make possible. ...
A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ...
A recompression chamber is a pressure vessel used to treat divers suffering from certain diving disorders such as decompression sickness. ...
Canadian Coast Guard ship and helicopter A coast guard enforces maritime law, maintains aids to navigation such as beacons and buoys, and provides other services for the benefit of mariners. ...
Portable VHF radio set Marine VHF radio is installed on all large ships and most motorized small craft. ...
A distress signal is an internationally recognized means of obtaining help by using a radio, displaying a visual object or making noise from a distance. ...
For the 1944 movie, see Lifeboat (film). ...
The Bell 206 of Canadian Helicopters Robinson Helicopter Company (USA) R44, a four seat development of the R22 A helicopter is an aircraft which is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors (propellers). ...
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. ...
In-water recompression is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness (DCS) by sending the diver back underwater to allow the gas bubbles in the tissues, which are causing the symptoms, to disappear. ...
A recompression chamber is a pressure vessel used to treat divers suffering from certain diving disorders such as decompression sickness. ...
Precautions during the rescue Rescuers should not take unacceptable risks; any rescuers who become casualties themselves may jeopardise the rescue of the original casualty particularly as many of the emergency resources available at dive site, such as rescue manpower, first aid oxygen, underwater time and gas are generally in short supply.
Conscious casualties may panic and put the rescuer's safety at risk particularly when the rescuer approaches a casualty in or under the water. It may be possible to avoid contacting a panicked casualty by throwing a rope or buoyancy aid and encouraging the casualty to help him or herself. If contact must be made, the rescuer should try to approach the casualty from a direction that presents least risk to the rescuer, such as from behind. Alternatively, the rescuer may need to wait until the casualty is incapacitated before approaching. In physics, buoyancy is an upward force on an object immersed in a fluid (i. ...
See also Divers face specific physical and health risks when they go underwater (e. ...
For other meanings of CPR, see CPR (disambiguation). ...
First aid is a series of simple, life-saving medical techniques that a non-doctor or layman can be trained to perform. ...
Oxygen first aid kit showing a demand valve and a constant flow mask Oxygen first aid or oxygen administration is a first aid treatment for many medical emergencies involving the organs of respiration and circulation such as heart attack, drowning, carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression illness, lung barotrauma and gas embolism. ...
Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own but whose heart is still beating. ...
A recompression chamber is a pressure vessel used to treat divers suffering from certain diving disorders such as decompression sickness. ...
12 litre and 3 litre steel diving cylinders A diving cylinder or SCUBA tank is used to store and transport high pressure breathing gas as a component of an Aqua-Lung. ...
A gas pressure regulator has one or more valves in series, which let the gas out of a gas cylinder in a controlled way, lowering its pressure at each stage. ...
The fundamental item of diving equipment used by divers is the SCUBA equipment, such as the Aqualung or Rebreather. ...
Portable VHF radio set Marine VHF radio is installed on all large ships and most motorized small craft. ...
A distress signal is an internationally recognized means of obtaining help by using a radio, displaying a visual object or making noise from a distance. ...
Emergency position-indicating Radio beacons (EPIRB), Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT) and Personal Locator Beacons, are tracking transmitters that operate as part of the Cospas-Sarsat Satellite System [1]. When activated, the beacons send out a distress signal that allows the beacon to be located by the satellite system and search...
Sources Safety and Rescue for Divers, BSAC, ISBN 0091715202
External links - BSAC Incident Reports 2005
- BSAC Incident Reports 2004
- BSAC Incident Reports 2003
- BSAC Incident Reports 2002
- BSAC Incident Reports 2001
- BSAC Incident Reports 2000
- BSAC Incident Reports 1999
- BSAC Incident Reports 1998
- BSAC Incident Reports 1997
- BSAC Incident Reports 1996
|
Feeds |
Contact