The United States Army Observation Group, commonly known as the Dixie Mission, was sent during World War Two to Yenan, China, to establish the first official relations between the Communist Party of China and the United States of America. German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ... Yanan (延安, pinyin Yánān, or Yen-an in Wade-Giles), is a city in Shaanxi province, China. ... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name) also known as Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; Pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

The mission lasted from 22 July 1944, to 11 March 1947, and played host to both the Patrick Hurley and George Marshall diplomatic missions. The initial reports of the mission presented a positive outlook on the Chinese Communists as a potential and useful wartime ally. These reports later condemned the men who wrote them, as they fell victim to pro Chinese Nationalist factions in the American government and to McCarthyism. July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Patrick Hurley at center (in bow tie) with Communist leadership in Yanan, 1945 Patrick Jay Hurley (January 8, 1883, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory — July 30, 1963, Santa Fe, NM) was an American soldier, statesman, and diplomat. ... This article is about the general and statesman. ... The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional Chinese: 中國國民黨; Simplified Chinese: 中国国民党; pinyin: Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang; literally the National Peoples Party of China) is a conservative political party currently active in the Republic of China (ROC) on... Sen. ...

U.S. Army Observation Group to Yenan
Colonel David Barrett with Mao Zedong
Active:	22 July, 1944 - 11 March, 1947
Country:	United States of America
Allegiance:
Branch:	Army and Navy
Type:
Role:
Size:
Command structure:	China Burma India Theater
Current commander:
Garrison/HQ:
Ceremonial chief:
Colonel of the Regiment:
Nickname:	Dixie Mission
Patron:
Motto:
Colors:
Identification symbol:
March:
Mascot:
Notable battles or wars:
Notable commanders:	Colonel David D. Barrett
Anniversaries:
Decorations:
Battle honours:

Image File history File links DixieMission. ... China Burma India Theater (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces in China, Burma, India during World War II. Well_known US units in this theater included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, the engineers who built Ledo Road, and Merrill... A battle honour is an official acknowledgement to recognize a military units achievements in specific wars or operations. ...

Origin

The idea for a military mission in Chinese Communist territory preceded the development of the Dixie Mission, such as a plan by the Office of Strategic Services to send agents into north China. However, the first major impetus for the mission began with a memo written on January 15, 1944, by John Paton Davies, Jr., a Foreign Service Officer serving in the China Burma India Theater (CBI). The memorandum called for the establishment of an observers' mission in Chinese Communist territory. Davies listed several reasons. First, the Communists offered attractive strategic benefits in the fight against Japan. Second, the more the United States ignored the Communists, the closer Yenan would move to Moscow.^[1] With the support of Davies' superior, General Joseph Stilwell, this memorandum successfully convinced the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which put the implementation of the plan into motion.^[2] The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime (but not direct) precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency. ... (Redirected from 15 January) January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... John Paton Davies Jr. ... Foreign Service Officers or FSOs help formulate and implement the foreign policy of the United States. ... China Burma India Theater (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces in China, Burma, India during World War II. Well_known US units in this theater included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, the engineers who built Ledo Road, and Merrill... Joseph Warren Stilwell (March 19, 1883 – October 12, 1946) was a United States Army four-star general best-known for his service in China. ... FDR redirects here. ...

Davies' January 15th Memo

While the first team members were being assembled, such as John S. Service and Colonel David D. Barrett, the Roosevelt Administration sought the permission of Chinese Nationalist president Chiang Kai-shek to send an American observer group to visit the Communists. Initially, Chiang was less than forthcoming and the matter was batted back and forth between Chungking and Washington. The matter was finally and successfully resolved after a state visit to Chungking by American Vice-President Henry Wallace in late June of 1944. Assisted by John Carter Vincent, an experienced China expert from the State Department, the mission in its final form was negotiated between Wallace and Chiang. The Americans were allowed to go to Yenan, without Nationalist supervision, and the United States promised to send a new representative for Roosevelt to work with Chiang.^[3] In effect, General Joseph Stillwell's position in charge of the China Burma India Theater had also been decided, he was to go in October 1944. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (632x840, 89 KB) Summary A scan of John Paton Daviess Jan 15th Memo on the formation of the Dixie Mission. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (632x840, 89 KB) Summary A scan of John Paton Daviess Jan 15th Memo on the formation of the Dixie Mission. ... John Stewart Service (3 August 1909 - 3 February 1999) was an American diplomat who served in the Foreign Service in China prior to and during the Second World War. ... David Dean Barrett (1892 - 3 February 1977) was an American Soldier, Diplomat, and an old Army China hand. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887–April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆; Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Wade_Giles: Chung_ching; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four municipalities, which have provincial_level status. ... Official language(s) None Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Area  Ranked 18th  - Total 71,342 sq mi (184,824 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 6. ... Henry Wallace may refer to several people: Henry Agard Wallace, the 33rd Vice President of the United States Henry Cantwell Wallace, US Secretary of Agriculture 1921-1924 Henry W. Wallace, inventor of the Kinemassic Field Generator This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise... John Carter Vincent John Carter Vincent (1900–1972) was an American diplomat, Foreign Service Officer, and China Hand. ... Stilwell with Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. ...

The Mission arrives in Yenan

The first arrivals

The first part of the Dixie Mission arrived in Yenan on July 22, 1944, on an Army C-47. This team consisted of: Colonel David D. Barrett, John S. Service, Major Melvin A. Casberg, Major Ray Cromley, Captain John C. Colling, Captain Charles G. Stelle, Captain Paul C. Domke, 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Whittlesey, and Staff Sergeant Anton H. Remeneh. C-47A USAAF Serial #43-48052 The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota was a military transport that was developed from the Douglas DC-3 airliner. ... David Dean Barrett (1892 - 3 February 1977) was an American Soldier, Diplomat, and an old Army China hand. ... John Stewart Service (3 August 1909 - 3 February 1999) was an American diplomat who served in the Foreign Service in China prior to and during the Second World War. ... Melvin A. Casberg was born in India and grew up in St. ... Ray Cromley was a Major in the United States Army and a Journalist. ...

The second half of the team arrived the next month in August and consisted of: Raymond P. Ludden, Lieutenant Colonel Reginald E. Foss, Major Wilbur J. Peterkin, Major Charles E. Dole, Captain Brooke Dolan, Lieutenant Simon H. Hitch, 1st Lieutenant Louis M. Jones, Sergeant Walter Gress, and Technician 4th Class George I. Nakamura. As time progressed, other members joined the mission.^[4] Raymond P. Ludden was born on June 6, 1909 in Fall River Massachusetts. ... Wilbur J. Peterkin was a Colonel in the United States Army during the Second World War in the China Burma India Theater, and a commanding officer of the United States Army Observer Group, commonly known as the Dixie Mission. ... George Itsuo Nakamura was a Nisei and Japanese-American, a lieutenant in the United States Army, and recepient of the Bronze Star. ...

At work in Yan'an

The Americans set immediately to their tasks of discovering as much as they might about the Communists. John Service, while technically under Stilwell's command, served as a diplomatic observer for both Stilwell and the American Embassy in Chungking. Over the next three months, he sent a flurry of reports back to Chungking. Controversial from the start, many of Service's reports praised the Communists as Agrarian Reformers more akin to European socialists than the feared Russian Bolsheviks.^[5] Service also praised the Communists for creating a clean and superior society versus that of the Chinese Nationalists. Even before Service's trip to Yenan, he had developed a strong bias against Chiang Kai-shek, and this bias only strengthened in the Communist atmosphere. Before his recall in October, Service had adopted and supported the stance that the United States should forsake the Nationalists for the Communists.^[6] This opinion was shared with John Paton Davies, and the future careers of both men were ruined for it.

Colonel Barrett sitting down with Communist General Zhu De.

On the military side of the mission, Colonel David Barrett set about evaluating the Communists' military potential. This involved observing war games between Communist troops and visiting war schools setup to train the Communist officer corp. Barrett's reactions were mixed, as he felt the Communists put more emphasis on doctrination of their soldiers than actual military training. He believed, however, that American advisors could turn the Communist soldier into an excellent fighter.^[7] Image File history File linksMetadata Barrettzhu. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Barrettzhu. ...

The Communists also impressed the Americans in an effective propaganda move against the Nationalists. They created a reputation for engaging and attacking the Japanese regularly, most often in guerilla raids, that dutifully impressed the Americans, used to Nationalist reluctance to fully engage the Axis power. In reality, the last significant military campaign by the Communists against the Japanese had occurred four years earlier in the "Hundred Regiments" Campaign by the Communist 8th Route Army. Ultimately a disaster, the Communists had held back on any further large campaigns against the Japanese, but still successfully sold the image of themselves as active fighters.

The Hurley Mission

Hurley conversing with Chinese Communist leadership after promotion to Ambassador to China

On 7 November 1944, General Patrick Hurley arrived in Yenan.^[8] Hurley had been in the CBI theater since August, sent as part of an agreement between Wallace and Chiang to provide for a means for Chiang to directly communicate with Roosevelt without going through Stilwell. Famous as a negotiator in the private sector, Hurley had arrived in China with the mission to help smooth the flow of operations in the China theater, which he immediately extended to uniting the Nationalists and Communists into a unified government. An ill fated mission from the start, Hurley approached it with little to no knowledge of either political group and under the belief that their differences were no greater than those between the Republican and Democratic parties back home in the United States.^[9] Hurley failed miserably and, at the same time, helped to destroy the future of several of the Dixie Mission members. Image File history File links Hurleyconference. ... Image File history File links Hurleyconference. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... Patrick Hurley at center (in bow tie) with Communist leadership in Yanan, 1945 Patrick Jay Hurley (January 8, 1883, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory — July 30, 1963, Santa Fe, NM) was an American soldier, statesman, and diplomat. ...

The Marshall and Wedemeyer Missions

Main article: Marshall Mission George C. Marshall with Mao in Yenan. ...

In 1946, President Harry S. Truman sent General George C. Marshall to China to attempt to negotiate a ceasefire and a unified government between the Communists and the Nationalists.^[10] While most of his time was spent in the Nationalist capital of Chungking, the Dixie Mission played host to Marshall when he arrived in Yenan to speak with the Communist leadership. Like the Hurley Mission, Marshall failed to find a common ground for both parties and the Chinese Civil War resumed. 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953); as Vice-President, he succeeded to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ... Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆; Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Wade_Giles: Chung_ching; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four municipalities, which have provincial_level status. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 circa June 1948 2,800,000 circa June 1948 The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: 國共内戰; Simplified Chinese: 国共内战; Pinyin: guógòng neìzhàn; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in...

General George C. Marshall and Mao Zedong in Yenan

Shortly after the failure of the Marshall Mission, Truman once again sent a representative to the fractured country. This time he selected the former commander of American troops in China during the war, General Albert Wedemeyer. Again, the American mission in Yenan played host to a presidential mission. Wedemeyer's trip, rather than repeat the fruitless gesture of attempting to unify the Communists and Nationalists, was purely a fact finding mission to establish the state of both groups.^[11] Wedemeyer's presence served as a sign of the coming end, as shortly thereafter, the Americans packed up their base of operations and liquidated that which could not easily be transported aboard a C-47. On 11 March, 1947, the last Americans departed Yenan.^[12] Image File history File linksMetadata Marshallmao. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Marshallmao. ... George C. Marshall with Mao in Yenan. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ...

The question of Communist subterfuge

One criticism of the early Dixie Mission participants, such as John Service, was that they were deceived by the Communist leadership into viewing the Communists as socialist agrarian reformers. Service's August 3rd, 1944, report "The Communist Policy Towards the Kuomintang" underlined his opinion of the Communists as such.^[13] In the years after the Dixie Mission, Colonel Barrett wrote in his memoir: August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining. ...

"In addition, I had fallen to some extent, not as much perhaps as did some other foreigners, for the "agrarian reformer" guff. I should have known better than this, particularly since the Chinese Communists themselves never at any time made claim to being anything but revolutionaries - period."^[14]

The history of the Chinese Communists offers evidence that they did not follow the path of socialist reformers, but Service continued to believe thirty years later that American cooperation with the Communists might have prevented the excesses that occurred under Mao's leadership after the war.^[15] John Davies, after the same number of years, in his memoir, Dragon by the Tail, also defended his belief that Communists should have been the Chinese ally for the United States, not the Kuomingtang. For Davies, however, it was not a matter if the Chinese Communists were Communists, but that such a move was a practical one based on the idea of Realpolitik. Alliance with the Chinese Communists would have kept an alliance from occuring with the Soviet Union, and thus, been beneficial in the Cold War that followed the end of the war.^[16] As such, it is impossible to accurately state how the influence of a working relationship between the Communists and the United States would have affected the flow of events that followed the Communist victory in 1949 in the Chinese Civil War. Realpolitik (German: real (realistic, practical or actual) and Politik (politics)) is a term used to describe politics based on strictly practical rather than idealistic notions, and practiced without any sentimental illusions. ... The Cold War (Russian: Холодная война Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their military alliance partners. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 circa June 1948 2,800,000 circa June 1948 The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: 國共内戰; Simplified Chinese: 国共内战; Pinyin: guógòng neìzhàn; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in...

Lasting Impact

The impact of the Dixie Mission unfolded on a personal and national level. On the personal level, many of its participants were later accused of being Communists, such as John Davies and John Service. Both men underwent numerous Congressional investigations, which consistently found the men innocent of charges of being Communists or disloyal to the United States. This did not prevent institutional bias from being applied, and Service was fired from the State Department, a decision he appealed and ultimately won in a case before the Supreme Court of the United States.^[17] Davies was exiled from China, his field of expertise, by Hurley, then hounded from a position in Russia to a inconsequential post in South America, where he resigned and turned to furniture manufacturing.^[18] Colonel David Barrett was yet another victim of Hurley's wrath. As the ambassador, who retained his rank of general despite his civilian post, halted a promotion for Barrett to brigadier general endorsed by the theater commander, General Albert C. Wedemeyer, and accused the colonel of sabotaging his diplomacy between the KMT and CCP.^[19] Barrett was retained in the China Theater, but placed in a position of little influence or involvement. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (1897–1989) born July 9, 1897, Omaha, Neb. ...

The mission's impact on the national level was through the 1950's and 1960's one of suspicion and the scene of American-Communist conspiracy. The thawing of relations between the Peoples Republic of China and the United States in the 1970's opened up a new chapter for the mission. For the first time, the mission and its participants became the subject of positive scholarship and many of the original participants were among the first Americans invited to visit China in twenty years. In China, the Dixie Mission remains remembered as a positive time between the two nations involved and a symble of Sino-American cooperation.^[20]

The Nickname

While fondly referred to as "Dixie" or the Dixie Mission, the true name of the mission was the United States Army Observation Group to Yenan. One war scholar attributes the name to the fact that there were a predominant number of Southerners amongst the mission's personnel. John Davies, however, declared in his memoir Dragon by the Tail that the mission earned its nickname due to the reference of Communist territory as "rebel" territory by himself and his peers, a glib comparison to the territory of the Confederate States of America.^[21]

Notable Members

• Colonel David D. Barrett(1892 - 1977), first commanding officer of Dixie.
• John S. Service (1909 - 1999), first State Department representative to arrive in Dixie.
• John P. Davies (1908 - 1999), State Department official instrumental in the creation of the mission.
• Raymond P. Ludden (1909 - 1970), State Department, detailed to Stilwell as political officer, arrived in Yan'an August 7, 1944 with second contingent of the Dixie Mission. Traveled four months behind enemy lines with small field group of six Americans and a guerrilla bodyguard to Communist Jin Cha Ji headquarters near Fouping.

David Dean Barrett (1892 - 3 February 1977) was an American Soldier, Diplomat, and an old Army China hand. ... John Stewart Service (3 August 1909 - 3 February 1999) was an American diplomat who served in the Foreign Service in China prior to and during the Second World War. ... John Paton Davies Jr. ... Raymond P. Ludden was born on June 6, 1909 in Fall River Massachusetts. ...

Dixie Mission Commanding Officers

• Colonel David D. Barrett
• Colonel Morris DePass
• Colonel Wilbur J. Peterkin
• Major Clifford F. Young
• Colonel John Sells

David Dean Barrett (1892 - 3 February 1977) was an American Soldier, Diplomat, and an old Army China hand. ... Wilbur J. Peterkin was a Colonel in the United States Army during the Second World War in the China Burma India Theater, and a commanding officer of the United States Army Observer Group, commonly known as the Dixie Mission. ...

Notes

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (632x840, 89 KB) Summary A scan of John Paton Daviess Jan 15th Memo on the formation of the Dixie Mission. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (662x930, 163 KB) Summary Page One: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (656x936, 168 KB) Summary Page Two: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (642x912, 151 KB) Summary Page Three: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (637x909, 135 KB) Summary Page Four: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (680x936, 143 KB) Summary Page Five: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (680x936, 72 KB) Summary Page Six: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (680x936, 116 KB) Summary Cover letter: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (635x936, 143 KB) Summary Page One: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (644x936, 145 KB) Summary Page Two: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (647x936, 137 KB) Summary Page three: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (638x936, 61 KB) Summary Page four: John Service, Report No. ... General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (1897–1989) born July 9, 1897, Omaha, Neb. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (662x930, 163 KB) Summary Page One: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (656x936, 168 KB) Summary Page Two: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (642x912, 151 KB) Summary Page Three: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (637x909, 135 KB) Summary Page Four: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (680x936, 143 KB) Summary Page Five: John Service, Report No. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (680x936, 72 KB) Summary Page Six: John Service, Report No. ...

Resources

• David D. Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, U of California, 1970).

• Carolle J. Carter, Mission to Yenan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists 1944-1947 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1997).

• John Colling, The Spirit of Yenan: A Wartime Chapter of Sino-American Friendship (Hong Kong: API Press, 1991).

• John Paton Davies, Dragon by the Tail: American, British, Japanese, and Russian Encounters with China and One Another (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972).

• E. J. Kahn, The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them (New York: Viking Press, 1972, 1975).

• Colonel W. J. Peterkin, Inside China 1943-1945: An Eyewitness Account of America's Mission in Yenan (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1992)

• Koji Ariyoshi, From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi, Beechert, Edward D., and Alice M. Beechert, eds, (Honolulu, HI: U of Hawai’i Press, 2000).

• John Emmerson,The Japanese Thread: A Life in the U.S. Foreign Service(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978).

• Joseph W. Esherick, Last Chance in China: The World War II Despatches of John S. Service(New York: Random House, 1974).

• William P. Head, Yenan!: Colonel Wilbur Peterkin and the American Military Mission to the Chinese Communist, 1944 – 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1987).

• Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland,United States Army in World War II, China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's mission to China (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1953).

• --------, United States Army in World War II, China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's command problems (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1956).

• --------,United States Army in World War II, China-Burma-India Theater: Time Runs Out in CBI (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1959).

• Peter Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan, China: 1942 – 1945 (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1975).

Koji Ariyoshi (1914 - 1976) was a Nisei, Labor activist, and a Sergeant in the United States Army during the Second World War. ...

See also

• Category:Dixie Mission participants
• China Burma India Theater
• Second Sino-Japanese War

China Burma India Theater (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces in China, Burma, India during World War II. Well_known US units in this theater included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, the engineers who built Ledo Road, and Merrill... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Tojo Hideki, Matsui Iwane, Minami Jiro, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Neiji Okamura. ...

External links

• Chinese article on 60th Anniversary of Dixie Mission
• Story on Dixie from Nisei Perspective via Japanese American Veteran Association
• PDF of speech given by Dixie Mission Participant, Louis Jones, in 1987.