Bangdi

The dizi (Chinese: 笛子; pinyin: dízi), is a Chinese transverse flute. It is also sometimes known as the di (笛) or hengdi (橫笛), and has varieties including the qudi (曲笛) and bangdi (梆笛). My Di Zi (Bang Di), taken by me on May 29, 2004 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... My Di Zi (Bang Di), taken by me on May 29, 2004 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... This article pertains to the musical instrument. ...

These names are likely to have multiple spellings, too, depending on the transliteration used to convert from Chinese names. Nonetheless, dizi seems to be the most common name (and written form) used in the West. Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ...

The dizi is a major Chinese musical instrument, and is widely used in many genres of Chinese folk music, as well as Chinese opera, and the modern Chinese orchestra. Traditionally, the dizi has also been popular among the Chinese common people, and it is simple to make and easy to carry.^[1] Traditional Chinese musical instruments comprise a wide range of string, wind, and percussion instruments. ... The music of China dates back to the dawn of Chinese civilization with documents and artifacts providing evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 256 BC). ... Emperor Xuan-Zong of Tang (left) and his Consort Yang Yuhuan (right) portrayed in a Chinese Opera 19th century Chinese opera Chinese opera costumes Some athletic jump Chinese opera is a popular form of drama in China. ... The term Chinese orchestra can refer to either: The ancient Chinese orchestra, or The modern Chinese orchestra // According to recent archaeological findings, ancient Chinese music was much more developed and sophisticated than is generally believed. ...

Most dizi are made of bamboo, which explains why dizi are sometimes known by simple names such as "Chinese bamboo flute." However, "bamboo" is perhaps more of a Chinese instrument classification like "woodwind" in the West. For other uses, see Bamboo (disambiguation). ... A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument in which sound is produced by blowing through a mouthpiece against an edge or by a vibrating reed, and in which the pitch is varied by opening or closing holes in the body of the instrument. ...

Although bamboo is the common material for the dizi, it is also possible to find dizi made from other kinds of kinds of wood, or even from stone. Jade dizi (or yudi, 玉笛) are popular among both collectors interested in the almost magical beauty of jade dizi, and among professional players who seek an instrument with look that matches the quality of their renditions. But jade may not be the best material for dizi since, as with metal, jade may not be so tonally responsive, unlike bamboo which is more resonant. Look up material in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This is a list of woods, in particular those commonly used in the timber and lumber trade. ... Rock redirects here. ... A selection of antique, hand-crafted Chinese jade (jadeite) buttons Unworked Jade Jade is used as an ornamental stone, the term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals. ... // The hobby of collecting consists of acquiring specific items based on a particular interest of the collector. ...

The dizi is not the only bamboo flute of China, although it is certainly distinctive. Other Chinese bamboo wind instruments include the vertical end-blown xiao, the guanzi (double reed), the koudi, and the bawu (free reed). Xiao blowing hole (the hole faces away from the player, against the lower lip, when the instrument is played) The xiao (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: hsiao) is a Chinese vertical end-blown flute. ... Guanzi The guan (管; pinyin: guǎn; literally pipe or tube) is a Chinese double reed wind instrument. ... The koudi (Chinese: 口笛; also spelled kou di) is a very small Chinese flute made from bamboo. ... The bawu (simplified: 巴乌; traditional: 巴烏; pinyin: bāwū; also ba wu) is a Chinese wind instrument. ...

Membrane

Dizi bamboo membrane

Dizi bamboo membrane

Whereas most simple flutes have only a blowing hole (known as chui kong in Chinese) and finger-holes, the dizi has very different additional hole, called a mo kong (膜孔), between the embouchure and finger-holes. A special membrane called dimo (笛膜, lit. "di membrane"), made from an almost tissue-like shaving of reed, is made taut and glued over this hole, traditionally with a substance called ejiao. Garlic juice or glue sticks may also be used to adhere the dimo. This application process, in which fine wrinkles are created in the centre of the dimo to create a penetrating buzzy timbre, is an art form in itself. My di zi rice paper, taken by myself on May 29, 2004 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... My di zi rice paper, taken by myself on May 29, 2004 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Di mo is a special bamboo membrane; a kind of musical reed used in a distinctive Chinese flute called the Di zi. ... In music, timbre, or sometimes timber, (from Fr. ...

The dimo covered mokong has a distinctive resonating effect on the sound produced by the dizi, making it brighter and louder, and adding harmonics to give the final tone a buzzing, nasal quality. Dizi have a relatively large range, covering about two-and-a-quarter octaves. This article is about resonance in physics. ... In acoustics and telecommunication, the harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. ... For other uses, see Octave (disambiguation). ...

Techniques

Dizi are often played using various "advanced" techniques, such as circular breathing, slides, popped notes, harmonics, "flying finger" trills, multiphonics, fluttertonguing, and double-tonguing. Most professional players have a set of seven dizi, each in a different key (and size). Additionally, master players and those seeking distinctive sounds such as birdsong may use extremely small or very large dizi. Circular breathing is a special technique utilized by players of some wind instruments used to produce a continuous tone without break, accomplished by the use of the cheeks as a reservoir of air while breathing through the nose rather than the mouth. ... Flutter tonguing is a wind instrument tonguing technique in which performers flutter their tongue to make a characteristic FrrrrFrrrrr sound. ... Tonguing is when a musician playing a wind instrument uses their tongue on the reed or mouthpiece to enunciate different notes. ...

Origins

Dizi bamboo membrane

There are many suggestions for the source of dizi. While some suggest that the Yellow Emperor ordered his government official to make the bamboo musical instrument, others believe that dizi was imported into China during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). Yellow Emperor The Yellow Emperor or Huang Di (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: huángdì) is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is said to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24  - Abdication to Cao Wei 220...

Recently, archaeologists have discovered evidence suggesting that the simple transverse flutes (though without the distinctive mokong of the dizi) have been present in China for over 9,000 years. Fragments of bone flutes from this period are still playable today, and are remarkably similar to modern versions in terms of hole placement, etc, found at Jiahu site. These flutes share common features of other simple flutes from cultures all around the world, including the ney, an end-blown cane flute which was depicted in Egyptian paintings and stone carvings. In fact, recent archeological discoveries in Africa suggest that the history of such flutes may date back a very long way in human history indeed. 9000 years old Jiahu playable Flutes. ... For other uses, see Ney (disambiguation). ...

The first written record of the membrane (dimo) dates from the 12th century. On traditional dizi the finger-holes are spaced approximately equidistantly, which produces a temperament of mixed whole-tone and three-quarter-tone intervals. During the middle of the 20th century dizi makers began to change the finger hole placements to allow for playing in equal temperament, as demanded by new musical developments and compositions, although traditional dizi continue to be used for purposes such as kunqu accompaniment. A fully chromatic version of the dizi, called xindi. An equal temperament is a musical temperament — that is, a system of tuning intended to approximate some form of just intonation — in which an interval, usually the octave, is divided into a series of equal steps (equal frequency ratios). ... A Kunqu performers portrayal of Hu Sanniang Kunqu (崑曲; pinyin: Kūnqǔ; Wade-Giles: kun-chü), also known as Kunju, Kun opera or Kunqu Opera, is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. ... The chromatic scale is a scale with twelve pitches, each a semitone or half step apart. ...

Styles

Contemporary dizi styles based on the professional conservatory repertory are divided into two: Northern and Southern, each style having different preferences in dizi and playing techniques. In Northern China, for example, the bangdi is used to accompany Bangzi opera, with a sound that is bright and vigorous. In Southern China, the qudi accompanies Kunqu opera and is used in music such as Jiangnan Sizhu, has a more mellow, lyrical tone. Alternative meaning: In geology, North China (continent) and South China (continent) were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern and southern China. ... Alternative meaning: In geology, North China (continent) and South China (continent) were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern and southern China. ... A Kunqu performers portrayal of Hu Sanniang Kunqu (崑曲; pinyin: Kūnqǔ; Wade-Giles: kun-chü), also known as Kunju, Kun opera or Kunqu Opera, is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. ...

Performers

Major dizi performers of the 20th century who have contributed to dizi playing in the new conservatory professional concert repertory, often based on or adapted from regional folk styles, include Feng Zicun, Liu Guanyue, Lu Chunling and Zhao Songting.

Feng Zicun (冯子存，1904-1987) was born in Yangyuan, Hebei province. Of humble origins, Feng had established himself as a folk musician by the time of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, playing the dizi as well as the four-string fiddle sihu in local song and dance groups, folksongs and stilt dances. He also introduced errentai, the local opera of inner Mongolia, to Hebei after spending four years there as a musician in the 1920s. Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... People on the stairs to the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago In general, the English word people refers to a specific group of humans, or to persons in a general sense. ... The sihu is a Chinese bowed string instrument with four strings. ...

In 1953, Feng was appointed to the state-supported Central Song and Dance Ensemble in Beijing as dizi soloist, and accepted a teaching post at the China Conservatory of Music (Beijing) in 1964. Peking redirects here. ...

Feng adapted traditional folk ensemble pieces into dizi solos, such as Xi xiang feng (Happy Reunion), Wu bangzi (Five Clappers), contributing to the new Chinese conservatory curricula in traditional instrument performance. Feng’s style, virtuosic and lively, has been known as representative of the folk musical traditions of northern China.

Liu Guanyue (刘管乐，1918- ) was born in An'guo county, Hebei. Born to a poor peasant family, Liu was a professional folk musician who had earned a meagre living playing the guanzi, suona, and dizi in rural ritual ensembles before becoming a soloist in the Tianjin Song-and-Dance Ensemble (Tianjin gewutuan) in 1952. Anguo (Chinese: 安国; pinyin: ), nicknamed Medicine Capital (藥都), is a county-level city in the regional city of Baoding, central Hebei Province, China, south of Beijing. ... Guanzi Guan zi can also refer to the classic Chinese work the Guan-zi The guan (管; pinyin: guÇŽn; literally pipe or tube) is a Chinese double reed wind instrument. ... Two Suonas The suona (simplified: 唢呐; traditional: 嗩吶; also called the laba 喇叭 or haidi 海笛) is a Han Chinese shawm (oboe). ...

Liu together with Feng Zicun are said to be representatives of the Northern dizi style. His pieces, including Yin zhong niao (Birds in the Shade), He ping ge (Doves of Peace) and Gu xiang (Old Home village) have become part of the new conservatory professional concert repertory.

Lu Chunling (陆春龄，1921- ) was born in Shanghai. In pre-1949 Shanghai, Lu worked a trishaw driver, but was also an amateur musician, performing the Jiangnan sizhu folk ensemble repertory. In 1952, Lu became dizi soloist with the Shanghai folk Ensemble (Shanghai minzu yuetuan), and also at the Shanghai Opera Company (Shanghai geju yuan) from 1971 to 1976. In 1957 he taught at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, and became Associate Professor in 1978. For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation). ... A betchak and its driver wait for a fare in Bandung, Indonesia Rickshaw in Hamburg. ... Categories: Chinese universities | Stub ...

Lu has performed in many countries as well as throughout China and has made many recordings. His dizi playing style has become representative of the Jiangnan dizi tradition in general. He is well known as a longtime member of the famous Jiangnan sizhu music performance quartet consisting of Zhou Hao, Zhou Hui, and Ma Shenglong. His compositions include Jinxi (Today and Yesterday). Village in Jiangnan Jiangnan or Jiang Nan (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Jiāngnán; Wade-Giles: Chiang nan; sometimes spelled Kiang-nan) is a geographic area referring to lands immediately to the south of the lowest reaches of the Yangtze River, including the southern part of the Yangtze Delta. ...

Zhao Songting (zh:趙松庭，1924- ) was born in Dongyang county, Zhejiang. Zhao had trained as a teacher in Zhejiang, and had studied law, Chinese and Western music in Shanghai. In the 1940s he worked as a music teacher in Zhejiang, and became the dizi soloist in the Zhejiang Song and Dance Ensemble (Zhejiang Sheng Gewutuan) in 1956. He also taught at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music and the Zhejiang College of Arts (Zhejiang sheng yishu xuexiao). Dongyang is a Chinese city of about 1,000,000 people in the middle of Zhejiang Province, about 200 kilometers south of Hangzhou. ... Zhejiang (also spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Categories: Chinese universities | Stub ...

Because of his middle class background, Zhao had suffered in the political campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s and was not allowed to perform, instead he taught many students who went on to become leading professional dizi players, and to refine dizi design. He has been reinstated in his former positions since 1976.

Zhao's compositions include San wu qi (Three-Five-Seven), which is based on a melody from wuju (Zhejiang traditional opera).

Notes

Xiao blowing hole (the hole faces away from the player, against the lower lip, when the instrument is played) The xiao (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: hsiao) is a Chinese vertical end-blown flute. ...

References

• New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).

See also

• Chinese flutes
• Traditional Chinese musical instruments
• Koudi
• Music of China

• Dizi Internette Online Izlemek Için