Djer is the second or third ^{[1] [2]}Egyptian king of the first dynasty. Manetho gives him the name Athothis, or Atoti. Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Hor-Aha was the 2nd Pharaoh of the 1st dynasty of Ancient Egypt. ... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the First Dynasty. ... Djet (Serpent, c. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Djet (Serpent, c. ... General view of area, showing littering of pots Umm el-Qaab (or sometimes Umm el Gaab) is the necropolis of the Early Dynastic kings at Abydos, in Egypt. ... Abydos may mean: Egyptian Mythology - The holy city of Osiris, who was buried there himself, as were many other pharaohs. ... Pharaoh is a title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the First Dynasty. ... Manetho, also known as Manethon of Sebennytos, was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolematic era, circa 3rd century BC. Manetho recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). ...

Length of Reign

While the 3rd Century BCE Egyptian Priest Manetho states that Djer ruled for 57 years, modern research by Toby Wilkinson in Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt stresses that the near contemporary and therefore more accurate Palermo Stone document ascribes Djer a reign of "41 complete and partial years." (Wilkinson: p.79) Wilkinson notes that Years 1-10 of Djer's reign is preserved in register II of the Palermo Stone while the middle years of this king's reign is recorded in register II of Cairo Fragment One. (Wilkinson: p.258) Manetho, also known as Manethon of Sebennytos, was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolematic era, circa 3rd century BC. Manetho recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). ...

Reign

Djer probably fought several battles against the Libyans in the Nile delta. The evidence for Djer's life is: NASA satellite photograph of the Nile Delta (shown in false colour) The Nile Delta is the delta formed in Northern Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. ...

• tomb in Umm el-Qa'ab, Abydos;
• seal prints from graves 2185 and 3471 in Saqqara;
• inscriptions in graves 3503, 3506 and 3035 in Saqqara
• Seal impression and inscriptions from Helwan (Saad 1947: 165; Saad 1969: 82, pl. 94)
• Jar from Turah with the name of the king (Kaiser 1964: 103, fig.3)
• UC 16182 ivory tablet from Abydos, subsidiary tomb 612 of the enclosure of Djer (Petrie 1925: pl. II.8; XII.1)
• UC 16172 copper adze with the name of king Djer (tomb 461 in Abydos, Petrie 1925: pl. III.1, IV.8)

Like his predecessor, Hor-Aha, he was buried in the holy place Abydos. Close to his grave is another, that probably belongs to his wife Merneith, mother of the later king Den, and possibly his regent during his youth. From the Eighteenth dynasty, his tomb was revered as the tomb of Osiris. General view of area, showing littering of pots Umm el-Qaab (or sometimes Umm el Gaab) is the necropolis of the Early Dynastic kings at Abydos, in Egypt. ... Saqqara (Arabic: سقارة) is a vast, ancient burial ground in Egypt, featuring the worlds oldest standing step pyramid. ... Hor-Aha was the 2nd Pharaoh of the 1st dynasty of Ancient Egypt. ... Abydos (Arabic: أبيدوس), one of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt, stood about 11 km (6 miles) west of the Nile at latitude 26° 10 N. The Egyptian name was Abdju (technically, 3bdw, hieroglyphs shown to the right), the hill of the symbol or reliquary, in which the sacred head... Mereneith was a queen during the 1st Dynasty and was possibly the wife of Wadj. ... Den (or Dewen) was the fourth Egyptian king of the First dynasty. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty. ... For other uses, see Osiris (disambiguation). ...

Further reading

• Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, London/New York 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1, 71-73
• Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments, (Kegan Paul International), 2000.

Notes