Portrait of Dmitri Mendeleyev by Ilya Repin

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев listen ▶(?)) (8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 in Tobolsk – 2 February [O.S. 20 January] 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist. He is renowned for being one of the two scientists who created the first version of the periodic table of elements. Unlike other contributors to the table, Mendeleyev managed to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered. In several cases he even ventured to question the accuracy of the accepted atomic weights, arguing that they did not correspond to those predicted by the Periodic Law, and here too subsequent research proved him correct. Download high resolution version (551x707, 27 KB)Repins portrait of Mendeleyev (1885) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (551x707, 27 KB)Repins portrait of Mendeleyev (1885) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Ilyá Yefímovich Répin (Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин) (August 5, 1844 (Julian calendar: July 24) – September 29, 1930) was a leading Russian painter and sculptor of the Peredvizhniki artistic school. ... Image:Ru-Dmitri Mendeleev. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... In Britain and countries of the British Empire, Old Style or O.S. after a date means that the date is in the Julian calendar, in use in those countries until 1752; New Style or N.S. means that the date is in the Gregorian calendar, adopted on 14 September... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... View of Tobolsk in the 1910s. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... In Britain and countries of the British Empire, Old Style or O.S. after a date means that the date is in the Julian calendar, in use in those countries until 1752; New Style or N.S. means that the date is in the Gregorian calendar, adopted on 14 September... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... // Introduction The fundamental component of chemistry is that it involves matter in some way (this explains its broad reach). ... The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of the known chemical elements. ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is the class of atoms which contain the same number of protons. ...

Biography

Mendeleyev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, the thirteenth of more than fourteen children of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleyev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleyeva (nee Kornilieva). At the age of fourteen, after the death of his father, Mendeleyev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk. View of Tobolsk in the 1910s. ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; from the Tatar for “sleeping land”) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... A gymnasium is a type of school of secondary education in parts of Europe. ...

In 1849, the now poor family Mendeleyev relocated to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After graduating, an illness that was diagnosed as tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula near the Black Sea in 1855, where he became chief science master of the local gymnasium. He returned with fully restored health to St. Petersburg in 1856. 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg  listen (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of... Categories: Russia-related stubs | Universities and colleges in Russia | Saint Petersburg ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Tuberculosis is an infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (miliary TB), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ... The Crimea /kraɪˈmia/ is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Between 1859 and 1861 he worked on the density of gases in Paris, and the workings of the spectroscope with Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in Heidelberg. In 1863, after returning to Russia, he became Professor of Chemistry at the Technological Institute and the University of St. Petersburg. In the same year, he married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva; the marriage ended in divorce. He later married Anna Ivanovna Popova; their daughter Lyubov eventually became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok. 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... A spectroscope is a device which measures the spectrum of light. ... Gustav Kirchhoff Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (March 12, 1824 – October 17, 1887), a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects. ... Heidelberg (halfway between Stuttgart and Frankfurt) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Seal of Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg State University (Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университет) one of the oldest Russian educational institutions, established in the city of Saint Petersburg on January 28, 1724 by decree of Peter the Great. ... Blok in 1907 Alexander Blok (Александр Александрович Блок, November 16, 1880 - August 7, 1921), was probably the most gifted lyrical poet that Russia produced after Alexander Pushkin. ...

Though Mendeleyev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London, his political activities worried the Russian government, which led to his resignation from St. Petersburg University on August 17, 1890. In 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London. ... Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,500,000 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ... August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

In his later years, he worked out and patented the standard for the classical Russian vodka. Perhaps more importantly, he investigated the composition and fields of oil and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia. He died in St. Petersburg, Russia from influenza. Element number 101, the radioactive mendelevium, is named after him. Look up Vodka in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Vodka is a strong, clear, typically colorless liquor, usually distilled from fermented grain. ... View of the Tosco (ex Valero, originally Shell) Martinez oil refinery An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into useful petroleum products. ... Saint Petersburg  listen (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of... Negatively stained flu virions. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mendelevium, Md, 101 Chemical series actinides Group, Period, Block ?, 7, f Appearance unknown, probably silvery white or metallic gray Atomic mass (258) g/mol Electron configuration [Rn] 5f13 7s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Melting point 1100...

Periodic table

In 1866, Newlands published his Law of Octaves. However, the lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticised and his ideas were not accepted. Unaware of this, Mendeleyev had been working on a similar idea, and on March 6, 1869, a formal presentation was made to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, stating 19th century (or early 20th century) photograph. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... John Alexander Reina Newlands (November 26, 1838 - July 29, 1898) was an English analytical chemist who prepared in 1863 the first periodic table of the elements arranged in order of relative atomic masses, and pointed out in 1865 the law of octaves whereby every eighth element has similar properties. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weights, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
2. Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
3. The arrangement of the elements or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
6. We must expect the discovery of many as yet unknown elements–for example, elements analogous to aluminum and silicon–whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.

Unknown to Mendeleyev, Lothar Meyer was also working on a periodic table. In his work published in 1864, Meyer presented only 28 elements, classified not by atomic weight but by valence alone. Also, Meyer never came to the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. Only a few months after Mendeleyev published his periodic table of all known elements (and predicted several new elements to complete the table, plus some corrected atomic weights), Meyer published a virtually identical table. Some people consider Meyer and Mendeleyev the cocreators of the periodic table, although most agree that Mendeleyev's accurate prediction of the qualities of what he called eka-silicon (germanium), eka-aluminum (gallium), and eka-boron (scandium) lands him the lion's share of credit. In any case, at the time Mendeleyev's predictions greatly impressed his contemporaries and were eventually found to be correct. A chemical element, often called simply element, is the class of atoms which contain the same number of protons. ... ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silicon, Si, 14 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 3, p Appearance dark gray, bluish tinge Atomic mass 28. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tellurium, Te, 52 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Atomic mass 127. ... Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 - 11 April 1895) was born in Varel, at that time belonging to the duchy of Oldenburg, now part of Germany. ... ... Valence is a scientific term in chemistry to describe electrons in the outermost orbital. ... General Name, Symbol, Number germanium, Ge, 32 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 14, 4, p Appearance grayish white Atomic mass 72. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gallium, Ga, 31 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 4, p Appearance silvery white   Atomic mass 69. ... General Name, Symbol, Number scandium, Sc, 21 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 3, 4, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 44. ...

Other achievements

In 1902, in an attempt at a chemical conception of the ether, he put forward the (wrong) hypothesis that there are in existence two chemical elements of smaller atomic weight than hydrogen, and that the lighter of these is a chemically inert, exceedingly mobile, all-penetrating and all-pervading gas, which constitutes the aether. 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is the class of atoms which contain the same number of protons. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... The aether (also spelled ether) is a substance concept, historically used in science and philosophy. ...

Mendeleyev also devoted much study to the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions, which he looked upon as homogeneous liquid systems of unstable dissociating compounds of the solvent with the substance dissolved, holding the opinion that they are merely an instance of ordinary definite or atomic compounds, subject to Dalton's laws. Dissolving table salt in water In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (the solutes) dissolved in another substance (the solvent). ... A liquid will assume the shape of its container. ... John Dalton John Dalton (September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844) was a British chemist and physicist, born at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth in Cumberland. ...

In another department of physical chemistry he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula for its expression similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while so far back as 1861 he anticipated T. Andrews's conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapour, irrespective of the pressure and volume. Physical Chemistry is the combined science of physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics which functions to provide molecular-level interpretations of observed macroscopic phenomena. ... Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (December 6, 1778–May 10, 1850) was a French chemist and physicist. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Mendeleyev wrote largely on chemical topics, his most widely known book probably being The Principles of Chemistry, which was written in 1868-1870, and has gone through many subsequent editions in various languages.

Mendeleyev is often credited for the scientific justification of the "optimal" ratio of alcohol of 40% (80 proof) used in vodka. The source for the attribution was his doctorate thesis "On Composing Alcohol with Water". The thesis dealt primarily with the physical properties of water-alcohol solutions, such as density. In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... Look up Vodka in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Vodka is a strong, clear, typically colorless liquor, usually distilled from fermented grain. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ...

He is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire. The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start...

He had invented pyrocollodium, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose, and in 1892 organised its manufacture. Smokeless powder is the name given to a number of gunpowder-like propellants used in firearms which produce negligible smoke when fired, unlike the older black powder which it replaced. ... Nitrocellulose (Cellulose nitrate, guncotton) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose (e. ... 1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

External links

• More about Mendeleyev
• Mendeleyev and Sanskrit
• Picture of Mendeleev, Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
• Original Periodic Table, annotated
• Mendeleyev's first draft version of the Periodic Table, 17 February 1869
• Faraday Lecture by Mendeleyev, July 4, 1889, annotated
• A Well-Ordered Thing: Dmitrii Mendeleyev and the Shadow of the Periodic Table, a book by Michael Gordin
• Abiogenic petroleum origin