Docking is used as a term for the intentional removal of part of an animal's tail or ears. The term cropping is also used, more commonly in reference to the docking of ears, while docking more commonly—but not exclusively—refers to the tail. The term bobbing is also used. A Ring-tailed Lemur For other uses, see Tail (disambiguation). ... Bat ears come in different sizes and shapes The ear is the sense organ that detects sound. ...

History of docking and cropping

Originally, most docking was done for practical purposes. For example, a large horse used for hauling large loads might have its tail docked to prevent it from becoming entangled in tow ropes or harnesses; without docking, it could be dangerous to the horse and inconvenient to the owner to tie up the horse's tail for every use. For other uses, see Horse (disambiguation). ...

The practice of docking dogs originates in the old Roman empire when the worm-like muscles in the tail of the dog were thought to cause rabies, leading to the tradition of cutting off the tail as a preventive measure.^{[citation needed]}

For dogs who worked in fields, such as some hunting dogs and some herding dogs, tails could collect burrs and foxtails, causing pain and infection; tails with long fur could collect feces and become a cleanliness problem; and particularly for herding dogs, longer tails could get caught in gates behind livestock. These arguments are often used to justify docking tails for certain breeds, although the same rationale is not applied to all herding or to all hunting dogs with long or feathered tails. Burr or Bur may refer to: In certain species of plants, burr is a seed or dry fruit in which the seeds bear hooks or teeth which attach themselves to fur or clothing of passing animals or people. ... A foxtail (or fox tail) can be: A decorative ornament commonly flown from the tip of automobile radio aerials, popular in the 1950s and 1960s. ...

Many hunting dogs' tails are docked to prevent them from becoming injured while running through thickets and briars while fetching hunters' prey. The few hunting breeds that are not docked, including English Pointers and the Setter breeds, may have chronic injuries to the tips of their tails. Such injuries cause continuing pain and discomfort and are at risk of infection throughout their lives. Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog is a mammal in the order Carnivora. ...

Boxers with natural and docked ears and docked tails

In dogs used for guarding property (such as Dobermanns or Boxers), cropped ears often make the breed appear more ferocious; hanging ears are reminiscent of the naturally droopy ears of puppies, looking more cute than dangerous. To ensure the best use of the dog (intimidating possible thieves or interlopers), a more ferocious appearance was important. Some fighting dogs' ears were cropped and tails docked to make smaller targets for other animals that they might fight with. Image File history File links Boxer_(dog). ... Image File history File links Boxer_(dog). ... The Dobermann (alternatively spelled Doberman in the U.S.) or Doberman Pinscher is a breed of domestic dog. ... Boxers are a breed of stocky, medium-sized, short-haired dog with a smooth fawn or brindled coat and square-jawed muzzle. ... This article is about the baby dog. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog is a mammal in the order Carnivora. ...

In many breeds whose tails (or whose ancestors' tails) have been docked over centuries, such as Australian Shepherds, no attention was paid to selectively breeding animals whose natural tail was attractive or healthy—or, in some cases, dogs with naturally short (or bob) tails were selectively bred, but inconsistently (since docking was done as a matter of course, a natural bob did not have an extremely high value). As a result, in many of these breeds, naturally short tails can occur, but medium-length and long tails also occur. Occasionally, tails have developed with physical problems or deformities because the genetic appearance was never visible or because of the inconsistent emphasis on natural bobs. Breeders often consider many of the resulting tails to be ugly or unhealthy and so continue to dock all tails for the breed. The Australian Shepherd is a working dog that was developed in the United States in the 19th century. ... Selective breeding in domesticated animals is the process of developing a cultivated breed over time. ...

Current status

Docking is usually done almost immediately after birth to ensure that the wound heals easily and properly. An old belief said that newborns hardly felt the injury, but now reputable breeders have cropping and docking performed only under licensed veterinary care. Today, many countries consider cropping or docking to be cruel or mutilation and ban it entirely. This is not true in the United States, and the breed standards for many breeds registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC) make undocked animals presumably ineligible for the conformation show ring. The AKC states that it has no rules that require docking or that make undocked animals ineligible for the show ring, but it also states that it defers to the individual breed clubs (who define the breed standards) to define the best standards for each breed. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Disfigurement. ... The American Kennel Club (or AKC) is the largest registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. ... In a conformation show, judges familiar with specific dog breeds evaluate individual dogs for how well they conform to published breed standards. ...

In such an environment, even people who desire undocked dogs often cannot get them. Most people prefer to choose a puppy from a reputable breeder after the puppy is old enough to determine personality and conformation, whereas docking is done immediately after birth. A breeder normally will not withhold docking on an entire litter so that a potential owner can later have one of the puppies with an undocked tail, as docking an older dog is a major surgery requiring anesthesia. It has been suggested that Personality psychology be merged into this article or section. ... A Conformation point in dog breeding and showing is any one out of a long list of dog attributes known as the breed standard. ...

Show dogs of many breeds are still routinely docked in the UK. Kennel Club standards allow for docked or undocked dogs to enter conformation shows. However, many owners believe that an undocked dog is at a disadvantage when judged. An undocked dog's tail must be within the standard, so a docked dog is at an advantage by having one less attribute to be judged. There is also a perception that many judges have a preference for docked tails.

Although docking should be performed by a veterinary surgeon, often the methods used are far from ideal. In the UK a common method is to apply a rubber ring around the tail base, so that circulation is cut off and the tail dies. This extends the period of pain for the puppy and increases the risk of infection.^{[citation needed]}

Legal status by country

• Australia: Banned in all states and territories as of June, 2004. Restricted to veterinarians, for welfare, not cosmetic.
• Österreich: Banned since 1 January 2005 according to the "Bundestierschutzgesetz" §7.1
• Belgium: Banned since 1 January 2006
• Brazil: Unrestricted
• Cyprus: Banned as of 1991
• Czechland: Banned
• Danemark: Banned as of 1 June 1996, with exceptions for five gun dog breeds
• Estland: Banned as of 2001
• Finland: Banned as of 1 January 2001
• France: Banned as of 4 August 2003
• Deutschland: Banned as of 1 June 1998, with exceptions for working gun dogs
• Greece: Unrestricted
• Hungary: Banned
• Iceland: Banned as of 2001
• India : Unrestricted
• Ireland: Unrestricted for dogs, banned for horses unless deemed medically necessary by a veterinarian
• Israel: Banned for cosmetic purposes.
• Luxembourg: Banned as of 1991
• Mexico: Unrestricted
• Netherlands: Banned as of 1 September 2001
• New Zealand: As of March 2004, restricted to veterinarians, for welfare, not cosmetic, purposes. [1]
• Norway: Banned as of 1 January 2000
• Portugal: Unrestricted
• Slovakia: Banned as of 1 January 2003
• South Africa : Unrestricted currently but due to be outlawed in 2007
• Spain: Unrestricted
• Sweden: Banned as of 1 January 1989
• Switzerland: Banned as of 1 July 1981 for the ears and 1 July 1997 for the tail
• Turin and Rome, Italia: Banned
• United Kingdom: Restricted to certified veterinarians, subject to a restrictive code of practice. Due to become illegal in near future.
• United States: Unrestricted (some states, including New York^{[citation needed]}, are passing bills to make the practice illegal)
• Virgin Islands: Banned as of 2005

In Europe, the cropping of ears is prohibited in all countries that have ratified the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with a length of 30 days. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up veterinarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Many see natural beauty in the folded petals of a rose Beauty is a quality of a person, object, place, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, affirmation, meaning, or goodness. ... Motto: none Anthem(s): (German for Land of Mountains, Land on the River) Capital Vienna Largest city Vienna Official language(s) German (official) Slovenian (reg. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: (Czech: Truth prevails) Anthem: Capital (and largest city) Prague Czech Government Republic  - President Václav Klaus  - Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek Formation Ninth century   - Independence from Austria-Hungary October 28, 1918   - Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1, 1993  Accession to EU May 1, 2004 Area  - Total 78,866 km² (117th... The Kingdom of Denmark is the geographically smallest Nordic country. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Gundogs, also called bird dogs, are a category of dog breeds developed to assist hunters to find and retrieve game, usually birds. ... National motto: None Official language Estonian Capital Tallinn President Arnold Rüütel Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 129th 45,226 km² 4. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... This article is about the year 2001. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Gundogs, also called bird dogs, are a category of dog breeds developed to assist hunters to find and retrieve game, usually birds. ... This article is about the year 2001. ... Look up veterinarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 2001. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Turin (Italian: ; Piedmontese: Turin) is a major industrial city as well as a business and cultural center in northwest Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the west bank of the Po River. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,500 km²  (580 sq mi... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals is a treaty of the Council of Europe to promote the welfare of pet animals and ensure minimum standards for their treatment and protection. ...

Legality in the UK

In the UK ear cropping is illegal and no dog with cropped ears can take part in any Kennel Club event (including agility and other nonconformation events). Tail docking is legal, but only when carried out by a registered veterinary surgeon, although an amendment to the Animal Welfare Bill going through Parliament at the present would make it illegal, except for working dogs. See below for more information. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), the regulatory body for veterinary surgeons in the UK, has said that they consider tail docking to be "an unjustified mutilation and unethical unless done for therapeutic or acceptable prophylactic reasons". In 1995 a veterinary surgeon was brought before the RCVS disciplinary council for "disgraceful professional conduct" for carrying out cosmetic docking. The vet claimed that the docking was performed to prevent future injuries and the case was dismissed for lack of evidence otherwise. Although cosmetic docking is still considered unacceptable by the RCVS, no further disciplinary action has been taken against vets performing docking.

In March 2006, an amendment was made to the Animal Welfare Bill, mentioned above, which makes the docking of dogs' tails illegal, except for working dogs (such as those used by the police force, the military, rescue services, pest control and those used in connection with lawful animal shooting). Three options were presented to Parliament with Parliament opting for the second:

• An outright ban on docking dogs' tails (opposed by a majority of 278 to 267)
• A ban on docking dogs' tails with an exception for working dogs (supported by a majority of 476 to 63)
• Retention of the status quo.

Those found guilty of unlawful docking would face a fine of up to £20,000, up to 51 weeks' imprisonment or both.

Arguments against docking dogs' tails

Robert Wansborough argues in a 1996 paper [2] that docking dogs' tails puts them at a disadvantage in several ways. Firstly, Wansborough argues that dogs use their tails actively in communicating with other dogs (and with people); a dog without a tail might be significantly handicapped in conveying fear, caution, aggression, playfulness, and so on. In addition, certain dog breeds use their tails as rudders when swimming, and possibly for balance when running, so active dogs with docked tails might be at a disadvantage compared to their tailed peers.

Wansborough also investigates seven years of records from an urban veterinary practice to demonstrate that undocked tails result in fewer harms than docked tails.

Each of these criticisms has its counterarguments [3], as shown by the Council for Docked Breeds.

There is controversy over whether evidence shows that docking does or does not cause significant pain, does or does not lead to behavioural problems, whether it prevents chronic injuries that cause more pain and risk of infection than the docking procedure done a few days after the puppy is born.

Recent studies suggest, however, that the pain felt by the puppy is not immediate but is as great as the pain in an adult dog^{[citation needed]}. This invalidates the long-held belief that puppies are incapable of feeling the docking. Docking proponents argue that the pain felt by the puppy is insignificant compared to the pain felt by an adult dog with a tail injury, so that docking should be allowed as a preventative measure in traditionally docked breeds.

Surveys carried out in Sweden since the docking ban^{[citation needed]} with the attempt to prove the necessity of docking have failed to provide sufficient evidence that this is the case and so doing have strengthened the argument to the contrary - that docking does more harm than good.

Docking in agriculture

Tail docking may be performed on livestock for a variety of reasons. In some cases where commercially raised animals are kept in close quarters, tail docking is performed to prevent injury or to prevent animals from chewing or biting each others' tails. In sheep, tails may be docked for sanitary reasons. If the tail is not docked, this can lead to flystrike, an infestation of maggots in the rectal area. On the other hand, if the tail is docked too short, this may contribute to other problems such as rectal prolapse. [4] Species See text. ... Myiasis is an animal or human disease caused by parasitic dipterous fly larvae feeding on the hosts necrotic or living tissue. ... Suborders Nematocera Brachycera Dance fly male Empis tesselata The flesh fly, Sarcophaga carnaria Close-up of the head of a blow-fly. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

Sources and External links

• AKC statement that cropping and docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health".
• The Anti-Docking Alliance an antidocking organisation based in the UK.
• The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons' code of ethics and guide to professional conduct regarding docking. From the Anti-Docking Alliance.
• The Council of Docked Breeds A prodocking organisation based in the UK.
• Vets4Docking A prodocking site.

See also

• Maiming for the punitive use of docking on humans