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Encyclopedia > Doctor of medicine
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Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine,") is an academic degree for medical doctors. It varies between countries, from being a first professional degree, to being a relatively rare higher doctoral academic research degree.[citation needed] Holders of the M.D. are generally referred to as allopathic physicians.[1] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... A B.A. issused as a certificate A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ... A first professional degree is a graduate-level (postgraduate) degree that is required for professional licensure or entrance to a specific profession. ... The term allopathic medicine is used by adherents of alternative medicine to refer to any form of mainstream medicine. ...

Contents

United States and Canada

In the United States, the M.D. degree is the most common degree held by physicians and surgeons. Medical doctors are trained in accredited schools of medicine which are overseen by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, both independent boards of the American Medical Association, the AMA. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) is a non_profit organization established in 1876 involved in the accreditation of medical schools and teaching hospitals in Canada and the United States. ... The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) is the nationally recognized accrediting authority for medical education programs leading to the M.D. degree in U.S. and Canadian medical schools. ... The American Medical Association (AMA) is the largest association of medical doctors in the United States. ...


Admissions to medical schools in the United States is competitive, with about one third of the approximately 35,000 applicants matriculating to a medical school.[citation needed] Before graduating from a medical school and achieving the degree of Medical Doctor, students have to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and both the Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills parts of Step 2. The M.D. degree is typically earned in four years. Following the awarding of the M.D., physicians who wish to practice in the United States are required to complete at least one internship year (PGY-1) and pass the USMLE Step 3. Most, in order to receive Board Eligible or Board Accredited status in a specialty of medicine such as general surgery or internal medicine, then undergo additional specialized training in the form of a residency. Those who wish to further specialize in areas such as cardiology or interventional radiology then complete a fellowship. Depending upon the physician's chosen field, residencies and fellowships involve an additional three to eight years of training after obtaining the M.D. This can be lengthened with additional research years, which can last one, two, or more years. The United States Medical Licensing Examination is a multi-part professional exam sponsored by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). ... A surgeon operating General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on surgical treatment of abdominal organs, e. ... Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ... Residency is a stage of postgraduate medical training in North America and leads to eligibility for board certification in a primary care or referral specialty. ... A diagram of a heart with an ECG indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology. ... Interventional Radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes IVR) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. ...


In Canada, the M.D. is the basic medical degree required to practice medicine; as well, in most provinces, the provincial college of physicians and surgeons grants practice rights to American-trained osteopathic physicians. At McGill University in Montreal, M.D.C.M. (Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum) degrees are awarded. Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countriesAtlas  Politics Portal      Canada is a federation which consists of ten provinces that, with three territories, make up the worlds second largest country in total area. ... This article is about osteopathy outside the United States. ... McGill University is a publicly funded, co-educational research university located in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ...


Though the M.D. degree is a professional doctorate, and not a research doctorate, many holders of the M.D. degree conduct clinical and basic scientific research and publish in peer-reviewed journals during training and after graduation. Some M.D.s choose a research career and receive funding from the NIH as well as other sources such as the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. A few even go on to become Nobel Laureates.[2] Aquatint of a Doctor in Divinity at the University of Oxford, in the scarlet and black academic robes corresponding to his position. ... Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. ... A peer-reviewed journal is an academic periodical that has some sort of peer review process to ensure its accuracy. ... NIH can refer to: National Institutes of Health Norwegian School of Sports Sciences: (Norges idrettshøgskole - NIH) Not Invented Here This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is a United States non-profit medical research institute based in Chevy Chase, Maryland and originally founded by the aviator and engineer Howard Hughes in 1953. ... The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ...


The abbreviation "M.D." is frequently used post-nominally in the US, being put after the name as a title; however, it is also used on its own in informal writing, as an abbreviation for "medical doctor." It is one of the most recognized degrees in the general public and the media, and sometimes incorporated into the titles of television shows such as House MD, or Doogie Howser, M.D.. House, M.D. (commonly promoted as just House) is an American television series produced by the Fox Broadcasting Company. ... Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989–1993), was a television dramedy starring Neil Patrick Harris as a brilliant teenaged doctor who was also faced with the problems of being a normal teenager, despite having graduated from Princeton University at age 10[1]. The show was set in Los Angeles, California and...


Equivalent Degrees

Between 1901 and 1973, the 50 States enacted laws granting recipients of the DO degree the same medical practice rights as granted to recipients of the MD degree.[2] Look up do in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... MD or md may stand for: Air Madagascar IATA code make dir (Microsoft DOS) or meta device (UNIX) in computing Managing Director, or CEO Maryland state code McDonnell Douglas aircraft McDonalds, a fast food restaurant Medicinæ Doctor, Doctor of Medicine (academic degree) Mendelevium (Md), symbol for the chemical element...

Further information: Comparison of M.D. and D.O. and Official Policies

This article discusses similarities and differences between allopathic and osteopathic medicine. ... According to the Cecil Textbook of Medicine, allopathic organizations have a history of using strong efforts to discredit osteopathic medicine. ...

United Kingdom, Ireland and Commonwealth countries (excluding Canada)

In the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth countries, the M.D. is a higher doctoral degree reserved for those who have contributed significantly to the academic study of medicine or surgery.[citation needed] An M.D. typically involves either a number of publications or a thesis. They follow the same research learning pathway as the first two years of a Ph.D., allowing clinical fellows to pursue combinations of laboratory and clinical-based research under the supervision of senior clinical and research members of the School. Given good progress, and by adding a further year, students can convert to a Ph.D. programme. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. ... A thesis (from Greek position) is an intellectual proposition. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ...


The entry-level professional degree in these countries for the practice of medicine is that of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (M.B., B.S. or M.B., Ch.B.), earned with typically four to six years of studies and training at university. The four-year courses are "graduate-entry" and can only be entered with a previously completed degree in a relevant subject (usually biology or biochemistry). In these countries the MBChB, MBBS is equal that of the American MD degree. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinæ Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiæ (abbreviated MB BChir, MB BCh, MB ChB, BM BS, MB BS etc. ...


There is also a similar advanced professional degree, the Master of Surgery (usually Ch.M. or M.S., but M.Ch. in Ireland, Wales and Oxford and M.Chir. at Cambridge), which is obtained after an M.B., Ch.B. or M.B., B.S. This article, image, template or category belongs in one or more categories. ... The Master of Surgery is an advanced medical degree. ...


References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ American Osteopathic Association. Years States Passed Unlimited Practice Laws. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.

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