| | The neutrality of this article or section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. | Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine,") is an academic degree for medical doctors. It varies between countries, from being a first professional degree, to being a relatively rare higher doctoral academic research degree.[citation needed] Holders of the M.D. are generally referred to as allopathic physicians.[1] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
A B.A. issused as a certificate A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ...
The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ...
A first professional degree is a graduate-level (postgraduate) degree that is required for professional licensure or entrance to a specific profession. ...
The term allopathic medicine is used by adherents of alternative medicine to refer to any form of mainstream medicine. ...
United States and Canada
In the United States, the M.D. degree is the most common degree held by physicians and surgeons. Medical doctors are trained in accredited schools of medicine which are overseen by the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, both independent boards of the American Medical Association, the AMA. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) is a non_profit organization established in 1876 involved in the accreditation of medical schools and teaching hospitals in Canada and the United States. ...
The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) is the nationally recognized accrediting authority for medical education programs leading to the M.D. degree in U.S. and Canadian medical schools. ...
The American Medical Association (AMA) is the largest association of medical doctors in the United States. ...
Admissions to medical schools in the United States is competitive, with about one third of the approximately 35,000 applicants matriculating to a medical school.[citation needed] Before graduating from a medical school and achieving the degree of Medical Doctor, students have to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and both the Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills parts of Step 2. The M.D. degree is typically earned in four years. Following the awarding of the M.D., physicians who wish to practice in the United States are required to complete at least one internship year (PGY-1) and pass the USMLE Step 3. Most, in order to receive Board Eligible or Board Accredited status in a specialty of medicine such as general surgery or internal medicine, then undergo additional specialized training in the form of a residency. Those who wish to further specialize in areas such as cardiology or interventional radiology then complete a fellowship. Depending upon the physician's chosen field, residencies and fellowships involve an additional three to eight years of training after obtaining the M.D. This can be lengthened with additional research years, which can last one, two, or more years. The United States Medical Licensing Examination is a multi-part professional exam sponsored by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). ...
A surgeon operating General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on surgical treatment of abdominal organs, e. ...
Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ...
Residency is a stage of postgraduate medical training in North America and leads to eligibility for board certification in a primary care or referral specialty. ...
A diagram of a heart with an ECG indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology. ...
Interventional Radiology (abbreviated IR or sometimes IVR) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. ...
In Canada, the M.D. is the basic medical degree required to practice medicine; as well, in most provinces, the provincial college of physicians and surgeons grants practice rights to American-trained osteopathic physicians. At McGill University in Montreal, M.D.C.M. (Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum) degrees are awarded. Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countriesAtlas Politics Portal Canada is a federation which consists of ten provinces that, with three territories, make up the worlds second largest country in total area. ...
This article is about osteopathy outside the United States. ...
McGill University is a publicly funded, co-educational research university located in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ...
Though the M.D. degree is a professional doctorate, and not a research doctorate, many holders of the M.D. degree conduct clinical and basic scientific research and publish in peer-reviewed journals during training and after graduation. Some M.D.s choose a research career and receive funding from the NIH as well as other sources such as the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. A few even go on to become Nobel Laureates.[2] Aquatint of a Doctor in Divinity at the University of Oxford, in the scarlet and black academic robes corresponding to his position. ...
Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. ...
A peer-reviewed journal is an academic periodical that has some sort of peer review process to ensure its accuracy. ...
NIH can refer to: National Institutes of Health Norwegian School of Sports Sciences: (Norges idrettshøgskole - NIH) Not Invented Here This is a disambiguation page â a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is a United States non-profit medical research institute based in Chevy Chase, Maryland and originally founded by the aviator and engineer Howard Hughes in 1953. ...
The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ...
The abbreviation "M.D." is frequently used post-nominally in the US, being put after the name as a title; however, it is also used on its own in informal writing, as an abbreviation for "medical doctor." It is one of the most recognized degrees in the general public and the media, and sometimes incorporated into the titles of television shows such as House MD, or Doogie Howser, M.D.. House, M.D. (commonly promoted as just House) is an American television series produced by the Fox Broadcasting Company. ...
Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989â1993), was a television dramedy starring Neil Patrick Harris as a brilliant teenaged doctor who was also faced with the problems of being a normal teenager, despite having graduated from Princeton University at age 10[1]. The show was set in Los Angeles, California and...
Equivalent Degrees Between 1901 and 1973, the 50 States enacted laws granting recipients of the DO degree the same medical practice rights as granted to recipients of the MD degree.[2] Look up do in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
MD or md may stand for: Air Madagascar IATA code make dir (Microsoft DOS) or meta device (UNIX) in computing Managing Director, or CEO Maryland state code McDonnell Douglas aircraft McDonalds, a fast food restaurant Medicinæ Doctor, Doctor of Medicine (academic degree) Mendelevium (Md), symbol for the chemical element...
- Further information: Comparison of M.D. and D.O. and Official Policies
This article discusses similarities and differences between allopathic and osteopathic medicine. ...
According to the Cecil Textbook of Medicine, allopathic organizations have a history of using strong efforts to discredit osteopathic medicine. ...
United Kingdom, Ireland and Commonwealth countries (excluding Canada) In the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth countries, the M.D. is a higher doctoral degree reserved for those who have contributed significantly to the academic study of medicine or surgery.[citation needed] An M.D. typically involves either a number of publications or a thesis. They follow the same research learning pathway as the first two years of a Ph.D., allowing clinical fellows to pursue combinations of laboratory and clinical-based research under the supervision of senior clinical and research members of the School. Given good progress, and by adding a further year, students can convert to a Ph.D. programme. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Academia is a collective term for the scientific and cultural community engaged in higher education and research, taken as a whole. ...
A thesis (from Greek position) is an intellectual proposition. ...
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ...
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ...
The entry-level professional degree in these countries for the practice of medicine is that of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (M.B., B.S. or M.B., Ch.B.), earned with typically four to six years of studies and training at university. The four-year courses are "graduate-entry" and can only be entered with a previously completed degree in a relevant subject (usually biology or biochemistry). In these countries the MBChB, MBBS is equal that of the American MD degree. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinæ Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiæ (abbreviated MB BChir, MB BCh, MB ChB, BM BS, MB BS etc. ...
There is also a similar advanced professional degree, the Master of Surgery (usually Ch.M. or M.S., but M.Ch. in Ireland, Wales and Oxford and M.Chir. at Cambridge), which is obtained after an M.B., Ch.B. or M.B., B.S. This article, image, template or category belongs in one or more categories. ...
The Master of Surgery is an advanced medical degree. ...
References | Health science > medicine | | General | Advance practice nursing • Chiropractic medicine • Audiology • Dentistry • Dietetics • Emergency medical services • Epidemiology • Medical technology • Midwifery • Nursing • Occupational therapy • Optometry • Pharmacy • Physical therapy (Physiotherapy) • Physician (M.D. and D.O.) • Physician assistant • Podiatry • Psychology • Public health • Respiratory therapy • Speech and language pathology Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
A B.A. issused as a certificate A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ...
An associate degree is an academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, business colleges and some bachelors degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years. ...
Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...
The Foundation Degree is a vocational qualification introduced by the UK government in September 2001. ...
Motto 2(French) God and my right Anthem God Save the Queen 3 United Kingdom() â on the European continent() â in the European Union() Capital London Largest conurbation (population) Greater London Urban Area Official languages English (de facto)4 Government - Monarch Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Gordon Brown Formation - Acts of...
A bachelors degree (Artium Baccalaureus, A.B. or B.A.) is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ...
âM.S.â redirects here. ...
licentiate- noun Someone who holds a certificate of competence to practise a profession. ...
The Specialist degree in the English-speaking world The Specialist degree is found in some programs of education or psychology and is awarded for study beyond the Masters degree but below the doctorate. ...
The term engineers degree may be used to represent a graduate academic degree intermediate in rank between a masters degree and a doctorate (U.S.), or it may also represent a higher (in total, 6-year) degree equivalent to or slightly more extensive than a masters degree...
A professional degree is an academic degree designed to prepare the holder for a particular career or profession, fields where scholarly research and academic activity are not the work, but rather a profession such as law, medicine, architecture, accounting, engineering, religious ministry, or education. ...
Aquatint of a Doctor of Divinity at the University of Oxford, in the scarlet and black academic robes corresponding to his position. ...
Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ...
medicines, see medication and pharmacology. ...
Advanced practice nurses (APNs) are Registered Nurses with advanced education, knowledge, skills, and scope of practice. ...
Chiropractic, also known as chiropractic care, is a world-wide health discipline that seeks to prevent and treat health problems utilizing spinal adjustments in order to correct subluxations. ...
Audiology is the branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and their disorders. ...
A Dentist and Dental Assistant perform surgery on a patient. ...
Dietitians are experts in food and nutrition. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ...
Medical technology refers to the diagnostic or therapeutic application of science and technology to improve the management of health conditions. ...
// Midwifery is the term traditionally used to describe the art of assisting a woman through childbirth. ...
Nursing is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families, and communities in attaining, re-attaining, and maintaining optimal health and functioning. ...
Occupational therapy refers to the use of meaningful occupations to assist people who have difficulty in achieving occupationally balanced lives. ...
Optometry (Greek: optos meaning seen or visible and metria meaning measurement) is a health care profession concerned with examination, diagnosis, and treatment of the eyes and related structures and with determination and correction of vision problems using lenses and other optical aids [1]. An optical refractor (also called a foropter...
For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ...
Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ...
The Doctor by Luke Fildes This article is about the term physician, one type of doctor; for other uses of the word doctor see Doctor. ...
The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ...
In the United States, Physician Assistants (PAs) are non-physician clinicians licensed to practice medicine with a physicians supervision. ...
Podiatry is a field of healthcare devoted to the study and treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and sometimes knee, leg and hip (collectively known as the lower extremity). ...
Psychology (from Greek: ÏÏ
Ïή, psukhÄ, spirit, soul; and λÏγοÏ, logos, knowledge) is an academic / applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior of humans and animals. ...
Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...
Respiratory therapy is categorized as an allied health profession in the United States and Canada. ...
// The practice of speech-language pathology includes prevention, diagnosis, habilitation, and rehabilitation of communication, swallowing, or other upper aerodigestive disorders; elective modification of communication behaviors; and enhancement of communication. ...
| | Physician specialties | Anesthesiology • Dermatology • Emergency medicine • General practice (Family medicine) • Internal medicine • Neurology • Nuclear medicine • Obstetrics and gynecology • Occupational medicine • Ophthalmology • Pathology • Pediatrics • Physical medicine and rehabilitation (Physiatry) • Preventive medicine • Psychiatry • Radiation oncology • Radiology • Surgery Anesthesia (AE), also anaesthesia (BE), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations. ...
Dermatology (from Greek derma, skin) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands etc). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Doctors of internal medicine (internists) are medical specialists who focus on adult medicine and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of adult diseases. ...
Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. ...
Shown above is the bone scintigraphy of a young woman. ...
Obstetrics and gynaecology (often abbreviated Ob-Gyn in the US and O&G elsewhere) form a single medical specialty and have a combined postgraduate training program. ...
// What is occupational medicine Occupational medicine is the branch of clinical medicine most active in the field of occupational health. ...
This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ...
Clinical Examination Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 16-21, depending on the country). ...
Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) or physiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with functional restoration of a person affected by physical disability. ...
A 1930 Soviet poster propagating breast care. ...
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of the mind and mental illness. ...
Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...
Image A: A normal chest X-ray. ...
A cardiothoracic surgeon performs a mitral valve replacement at the Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. ...
| | Medical subspecialties | Allergy and immunology • Cardiology • Endocrinology • Gastroenterology • Hematology • Infectious disease • Intensive care medicine (Critical care medicine) • Medical genetics • Nephrology • Oncology • Pulmonology • Rheumatology This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ...
A diagram of a heart with an ECG indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology. ...
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. ...
Gastroenterology or gastrology is the medical specialty concerned with digestive diseases. ...
Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood and its disorders. ...
This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ...
âIntensive Careâ redirects here. ...
Medical Genetics is the application of genetics to medicine. ...
Nephrology is the branch of internal medicine dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney. ...
Oncology is the branch of medicine that studies tumors (cancer) and seeks to understand their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. ...
In medicine, pulmonology (aka pneumology) is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ...
Rheumatology, a subspecialty of internal medicine, is devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. ...
| | Surgical subspecialties | Cardiac surgery • General surgery • Hand surgery • Neurosurgery • Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Orthopaedic surgery • Otolaryngology (ENT) • Pediatric surgery • Plastic surgery • Surgical oncology • Thoracic surgery • Transplant surgery • Trauma surgery • Urology • Vascular surgery Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart, typically to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (e. ...
A surgeon operating General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on surgical treatment of abdominal organs, e. ...
The field of hand surgery deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder). ...
Insertion of an electrode during neurosurgery for Parkinsons disease. ...
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. ...
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (BE: orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with acute, chronic, traumatic and recurrent injuries and other disorders of the locomotor system, its musclular and bone parts. ...
Otolaryngology is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head & neck disorders. ...
Pediatric surgery (sometimes spelled paediatric surgery) is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. ...
âFacial reconstructionâ redirects here. ...
Surgical Oncology is the branch of surgery which focuses on the surgical managment of malignant neoplasms (cancer). ...
In medicine, the field of (cardio)thoracic surgery is involved in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting the heart (cardiovascular disease) and lungs (lung disease). ...
An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ...
It has been suggested that Traumatology be merged into this article or section. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Vascular surgery is the branch of surgery that occupies itself with surgical interventions of arteries and veins, as well as conservative therapies for disease of the peripheral vascular system. ...
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