Doctrinaires was the name given during the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830) to the little group of French Royalists who hoped to reconcile the Monarchy with the Revolution, and power with liberty. Headed by Royer-Collard, these liberal royalists were in favor of a constitutional monarchy but with a heavily restricted census suffrage — Louis XVIII, who had been restored to the throne, had granted a Charter to the French with a Chamber of Peers and a Chamber of deputies elected under tight electoral laws (only around 100,000 Frenchmen had at the time the right to vote). Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Monarchy King  - 1814-1824 Louis XVIII  - 1824-1830 Charles X Legislature Parliament History  - Bourbon Restoration 1814  - July Revolution 21 January, 1830 Currency French Franc Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. ... The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A monarchy, from the Greek μονος, one, and αρχειν, to rule, is a form of government that has a monarch as head of state(KING)In most monarchies the monarch usually reigns as head of state for life; this is... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Political power (imperium in Latin) is a type of power held by a person or group in a society. ... Liberty is generally considered a concept of political philosophy and identifies the condition in which an individual has immunity from the arbitrary exercise of authority. ... Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (June 21, 1763 - September 2, 1845), was a French statesman and philosopher. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Suffrage is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. ... Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. ... The Peerage of France (French: ) was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. ...

The Doctrinaires first obtained in 1816 the co-operation of Louis XVIII, who had been frightened by the violence of the Ultra-royalists in the Chambre introuvable of 1815. The Ultras, however, quickly came back to government, headed by the comte de Villèle. The Doctrinaires were then in the opposition, although they remained quite close to the government, especially to Decazes whom assumed some governmental offices. Closer to a reflexion circle than to a political party, the Doctrinaires were opposed on their left by the Republicans and the "Utopian Socialists" (as they were later called by Marx) and on their right by the Ultras. Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. ... The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration. ... La Chambre introuvable is the name given by king Louis XVIII of France to the 1815-1816 Chamber of Deputies dominated by Ultra-royalists who completely refused the inheritance of the French Revolution. ... Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph Marie Anne Séraphin, comte de Villèle (April 14, 1773 - March 13, 1854), was a French statesman. ... Élie, duc Decazes, French statesman Elie, Comte (later Duc) Decazes (1788 - October 24, 1860), was a French statesman. ... Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ...

Finally, the Doctrinaires were destroyed by Charles X, the reactionary successor of his brother Louis XVIII, Charles took the ultra prince de Polignac as his minister. This nomination in part caused the 1830 July Revolution, during which the Doctrinaires became absorbed in the Orléanists, from whom they had never been separated on any ground of principle. According to René Rémond's famous classification of the various right-wing families in France, the Orleanists became the second right-wing tradition to emerge after the Legitimists, a term used to refer to the supporters of the Bourbon dynasty after the July Revolution. Charles X (October 9, 1757 – November 6, 1836) ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated rather than become a constitutional monarch. ... Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet, generally used as a pejorative, originally applied in the context of the French Revolution to counter-revolutionaries who wished to restore the real or imagined conditions of the monarchical Ancien Régime. ... Jules Auguste Armand Marie, prince de Polignac (Versailles, 1780 – March 29, 1847(dubious; discuss) ), was a French statesman. ... Orleanists comprised a French political faction or party which arose out of the Revolution, and ceased to have a separate existence shortly after the establishment of the Third Republic in 1872. ... René Rémond (born in 1918) is a French historian and political economist. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ...

Doctrinaires, a pejorative word quickly reappropriated

The name, as has often been the case with party designations, was at first given in derision and by an enemy. In 1816 the Nain jaune réfugié, a French paper, published at Brussels by Bonapartist and Liberal exiles, began to speak of Royer-Collard as the doctrinaire and also as le Pierre Royer-Collard de la doctrine chrétienne, a name which came from Royer-Collard's studies under the Prêtres de la doctrine chrétienne, a French religious order founded in 1592 by César de Bus and popularly known as the doctrinaires. Nickname: The Capital Of Europe, Comic City City of a 100 Museums[] Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Coordinates: Country Belgium Region Brussels-Capital Region Founded 979 Founded (Region) June 18, 1989  - Mayor (Municipality) Freddy Thielemans Area    - City 162 (Region) km²  (62. ... In French political history, Bonapartists were monarchists who desired a French Empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I of France) and his nephew Louis (Napoleon III of France). ... Pierre Paul Royer-Collard Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (June 21, 1763 - September 2, 1845), was a French statesman and philosopher. ... Events January 30 - The death of Pope Innocent IX during the previous year had left the Papal throne vacant. ...

The choice of a nickname for M. Royer-Collard does credit to the journalistic insight of the contributors to the Nain jaune réfugié, for he was emphatically a man who made it his business to preach a doctrine and an orthodoxy. The term quickly became popular and was extended to Royer-Collard's colleagues, whom came from different horizons. The duc de Richelieu and de Serre had been Royalist émigrés during the revolutionary and imperial epoch. Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. ... The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho (right, correct) and doxa (thought, teaching, glorification), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. ... Richelieu can refer to: People Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal and Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), French Cardinal, Duke, and politician, who served as Louis XIIIs chief minister Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (1696-1788), marshal of France, grandnephew of the cardinal Emmanuel-Armand de... Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has migrated out, but often carries a connotation of politico-social self-exile. ...

"Nationalize the monarchy and royalize France"

Royer-Collard himself, Lam, and Maine de Biran had sat in the revolutionary Assemblies. Pasquier, the comte de Beugnot, the baron de Barante, Georges Cuvier, Mounier, Guizot and Decazes had been imperial officials. But they were closely united by political principle, and also by a certain similarity of method. Some of them, notably Guizot and Maine de Biran, were theorists and commentators on the principles of government. The baron de Barante was an eminent man of letters. All were noted for the doctrinal coherence of their principles and the dialectical rigidity of their arguments. The object of the party as defined by the future duc Decazes was to "nationalize the monarchy and to royalize France". The king, whom had been "king of France" during the Ancien Régime, became "king of the Frenchmen" under the Restoration. This illustrated the change from the divine right of kings to national sovereignty: sovereignty wasn't derived from God anymore, but from the people. Lam and its various forms has several meanings. ... Maine de Biran. ... Étienne Pasquier (June 7, 1529 - September 1, 1615), French lawyer and man of letters, was born at Paris, on the 7th of June 1529 by his own account, according to others a year earlier. ... Jacques Claude, comte de Beugnot (1761-June 24, 1835) was a French politician before, during, and after the French Revolution. ... Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante (June 10, 1782 - November 22, 1866), French statesman and historian, the son of an advocate, was born at Riom. ... Georges Cuvier Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (August 23, 1769–May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist. ... Jean Joseph Mounier (November 12, 1758 - 28 January 1806), was a French politician. ... François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (October 4, 1787 -September 12, 1874) was a French historian, orator and statesman. ... Élie, duc Decazes, French statesman Elie, Comte (later Duc) Decazes (1788 - October 24, 1860), was a French statesman. ... In classical philosophy, dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue. ... Ancien Régime, a French term meaning Former Regime, but rendered in English as Old Rule, Old Order, or simply Old Regime, refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. ... The Divine Right of Kings is a European political and religious doctrine of political absolutism. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe. ...

The means by which they hoped to attain this end were a loyal application of the charter granted by Louis XVIII, and the steady co-operation of the king with themselves to defeat the Ultra-royalists, a group of counterrevolutionaries who aimed at the complete undoing of the political and social work of the Revolution. The Doctrinaires were ready to allow the king a large discretion in the choice of his ministers and the direction of national policy. They refused the principle of parliamentary responsibility, that is to allow that ministers should be removed in obedience to a hostile vote in the chamber. Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. ... The term Ultra-Royalists or simply Ultras refers to a reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration. ... A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Responsible government is a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. ...

Their ideal in fact was a combination of a king who frankly accepted the results of the Revolution, and who governed in a liberal spirit, with the advice of a chamber elected by a very limited constituency, in which men of property and education formed, if not the wholes at least the very great majority of the voters. This king was not to be found until Louis-Philippe's reign during the July Monarchy. Guizot set forth the Doctrinaires' ideology in his 1816 treatise Du gouvernement représentatif et de l'état actuel de la France. The chief organs of the party in the press were the Indépendent, renamed the Constitutionnel in 1817, and the Journal des Débats. The Doctrinaires were chiefly supported by ex-officials of the empire, who believed in the necessity for monarchical government but had a lively memory of Napoleon's authoritative rule and a no less lively hatred of the Ancien Régime merchants, manufacturers and members of the liberal professions, particularly the lawyers. The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Louis Philippe (real name: Philippe Auclair) is a London-based French singer, songwriter, arranger and producer who has been active from the mid-80s onwards. ... The July Monarchy was established in France with the reign of Louis Philippe of France. ... Journal des Débats - Portrait of Monsieur Bertin, director, by Ingres The Journal des Débats is a French newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times. ... Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...

English terminology

The word doctrinaire has become naturalized in English terminology, as applied, in a slightly contemptuous sense, to a theorist, as distinguished from a practical man of affairs.

Members

• Royer-Collard (leader)
• Camille Jordan
• de Serre
• François Guizot
• Victor de Broglie
• Tanneguy Duchâtel
• Charles de Rémusat
• Jaubert
• Duvergier de Hauranne
• Victor Cousin
• Prosper Brugière, Baron de Barante
• Pierre Jouffroy
• Abel-François Villemain

Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan (January 5, 1838 – January 22, 1922) was a French mathematician, known both for his foundational work in group theory and for his influential Cours danalyse. ... François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (October 4, 1787 -September 12, 1874) was a French historian, orator and statesman. ... Victor, duc de Broglie, French statesman Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles, 3rd duc de Broglie (November 28, 1785–January 26, 1870), was a French statesman and diplomat. ... Charles François Marie, Comte de Rémusat (March 13, 1797 - January 6, 1875), was a French politician and writer. ... Jaubert may refer to: Pierre Amédée Jaubert (1779 - 1847), French Orientalist and traveller. ... Victor Cousin. ... Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante (June 10, 1782 - November 22, 1866), French statesman and historian, the son of an advocate, was born at Riom. ... Abel-François Villemain (9 June 1790 - 8 May 1867) was a French politician and writer. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.