The Holy Crown of Hungary

The doctrine of the Holy Crown (in Hungarian: a Szentkorona-tan) is a tradition that underlies Hungary's historical, unwritten constitution, upon which the idea of the state of Hungary was based, that determined Hungary's peculiar constitutional development from the Middle Ages to the World War II, and which wields influence in the public cogitation over the constitution up to the present. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1765x2544, 716 KB) Summary The Holy Crown of Hungary, also known as the Crown of St. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1765x2544, 716 KB) Summary The Holy Crown of Hungary, also known as the Crown of St. ... The Holy Crown of Hungary, also known as the Crown of St. ... The word tradition comes from the Latin word traditio which means to hand down or to hand over. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000,000 Civilian dead: 4,000,000 Total dead 12,000,000 World War II (abbreviated WWII), or the Second World War, was a worldwide conflict...

History

In the first part of the 11th century, the disintegrating tribal structure of society and the estabilishment of counties necessitated that King Stephen give the free peoples of the Carpathian Basin a guarantee for keeping their privileges and rights and for having a possibility to replace the king. In the spirit of this thought he lifted the Holy Crown above regality. As written in King Stephen's Admonitions to Prince Imre, the Holy Crown symbolizes the country as a territory, the citizens of the country, the administrative system, the apostolic Christian religion, the person of the sovereign, the sovereign's properties and abilities, the judicial institutions, the righteous judicial act, the tolerance of foreigners, the defence of the country as well as the received alien peoples living in the country. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Stephen the Great raising the double cross: equestrian sculpture by Alajos Stróbl, 1906, crowns the Fishermens Bastion, Budapest. ... The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south-eastern Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea (see below) dried out. ... Crown of St. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ...

On 15 August 1038 (on Virgin Mary's Day) in Székesfehérvár, King Stephen I offered his country to the Virgin in the likeness of the Holy Crown. His aim was to estabilish a treaty between Heaven and Earth which made the Carpathian Basin Virgin Mary's country in such a way that no earthly power be able to render it undone. The doctrine of the Holy Crown is King Stephen's conscious constitutional composition. August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... Events Independent declaration of Western Xia. ... Mary, Virgin of the Passion. ... Székesfehérvár (German: Stuhlweißenburg, Latin: Alba Regia, colloquial Hungarian: Fehérvár, Croatian: Stolni Biograd) is a city in central Hungary, located around 65 km southwest of Budapest. ...

In course of time the doctrine grew refined, became detailed. In the 15th century the Hungarian nobility quarrelled with King Sigismund, captured him and governed the country in the name of the Holy Crown, independently of the king somewhile. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... This article deals with some titles of the nobility and royalty in the Kingdom of Hungary. ... Sigismund, aged approximately 50, depicted by unknown artist in the 1420s - the only contemporary portrait. ...

The doctrine was first committed to writing by István Werbőczy in his corpus of rights called the Tripartitum (published in Vienna, 1517). It declares that the body of the Holy Crown is the territory of the country, its members are the citizens of the country. The source of all the power and rights is the Holy Crown, the sovereign acts only in the Crown's name. Besides, in the case of forfeiture of property the estate escheats to the Crown and the king may bestow it again only because the rights of the Holy Crown were assigned to him when he was crowned. István WerbÅ‘czy or Stephen Werbocz (also spelled Verboczy; ca. ... Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... January 22 - Battle of Ridanieh: The Turkish forces of Selim I defeat the main Mamluk army in Egypt under Touman Bey. ...

The joined countries: Transylvania, Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia are the lands of the Holy Crown. Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Coat of arms Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ...

Péter Révay, a keeper of the Crown expounds the doctrine in his works Commentarius De Sacra Regni Hungariae Corona (Explanation of the Holy Crown of the Kingdom of Hungary, published in Augsburg, 1613) and De monarchia et Sacra Corona Regni Hungariae (About the Monarchy and the Holy Crown of Hungary, Frankfurt, 1659), and calls it the law of laws. Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ... Events January - Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery. ... Main Station Frankfurt Frankfurt International Airport For other uses, see Frankfurt (disambiguation). ... // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ...

In 1848, by the emancipation of serfs each people of the country became member of the Holy Crown. Year 1848 (MDCCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

After the defeat suffered in World War I, despite having no king, Hungary kept its constitutional form, the Kingdom. The power was held by Regent Miklós Horthy in the name of the Holy Crown. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz... In politics, a country (or in some cases, a group of countries) over which a king or queen reigns, is a kingdom, see: monarchy. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya, Duke of Szeged and Otranto (Hungarian: Vitéz* nagybányai Horthy Miklós, Szeged és Otranto hercege; Kenderes, June 18, 1868 – Estoril, February 9, 1957) was a Hungarian Admiral and statesman and served as the Regent of Hungary from March 1, 1920 until October...

After the communists assumed power, in 1949 the doctrine was completely eliminated from the constitution and was not restored even after the democratic transformation in the early 1990s. But still, the doctrine of the Holy Crown has become a reviving tradition in certain circles. Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization, based upon common ownershipmovement]]. Early forms of human social organization have been described as primitive communism by Marxists. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ...

Although Hungary is not a kingdom any more, the Holy Crown was restored to the coat of arms by a parliamentary vote in 1990. On 1 January 2000, within the frame of the Millennium celebrations, the Holy Crown was taken to the House of Parliament from the National Museum (together with the sceptre and the orb), expressing that it was no museum piece but a symbol of the state. Coat of Arms of Hungary The Coat of Arms of Hungary was adopted in July 1990, after the end of the Socialist regime, although it has been used before, both with and without the crown, sometimes as part of a larger, more complex coat of arms, and many of its... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Conference Hall The Hungarian Parliament Building (hu: Országház) is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, one of the worlds greatest legislative buildings, a notable landmark of Hungary and a popular tourist destination of Budapest. ... // The Hungarian National Museum is said to have been founded in 1802 when Count Ferenc Széchényi set up the National Széchényi Library. ...

Summary and explanation

1. His Majesty the Holy Crown is a person. The Holy Crown embodies the state of Hungary. The Holy Crown of Hungary, also known as the Crown of St. ...

As a legal entity, the Holy Crown is identical to the state of Hungary in a legal sense, the physical incarnation of the state which is an abstact, incomprehensible idea. Saint Stephen offered his country to Virgin Mary in the likeness of the Holy Crown.

2. The body of the Holy Crown is the body of the country, that is, the land of the country. Stephen the Great raising the double cross: equestrian sculpture by Alajos Stróbl, 1906, crowns the Fishermens Bastion, Budapest. ... Mary, Virgin of the Passion. ...

Assigning the land or generally the natural resources to the Holy Crown is the guarantee that the communal resources are owned by the whole of the community. No estate could be abalienated, if a noble family died out without a heir, the estate escheated to the Crown.

The body of the Holy Crown is the whole Carpathian Basin, namely Hungary and the joined countries: Transylvania, Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia.

3. The members of the Holy Crown are the citizens of the Crown's lands. The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south-eastern Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea (see below) dried out. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... Coat of arms Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. ...

It concerns the Hungarian people and also the other peoples living in the country who are particularly defended by the doctrine. Thus, the Holy Crown is the politically organized people, namely the nation. And because the Holy Crown is the principal supremacy, it corresponds to the principle of sovereignty of the people, conceived by Rousseau in the 18th century.

4. The Holy Crown is the source of all the power and rights, the highest majesty Hungarians (Hungarian: ) or Magyars[5] are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. ... Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Whereas the Holy Crown is the principal supremacy, the doctrine doesn't acknowledge any person superior to the Crown. Hereby the members of the Holy Crown, the citizens are equal, none of them can dominate the others, so the doctrine excludes every form of dictatorship in advance. The right of resistance makes it possible that the members of the Holy Crown take steps against absolutism exceeding constitutionality.

5. The Holy Crown is superior to the sovereign, the sovereign rules in the name of the Crown.

Whereas the Holy Crown is the principal supremacy, the sovereign can not be superior to it, his power arises from the Crown. So the doctrine of the Holy Crown is an ancient idea based upon a democratic ground, which – ahead of his age – assured the equality of the people, obliged the supremacy to keep the constitution, made the supremacy electable and replaceable, assured the protection of minorities, the respect for aliens, defended the independence of the country and gave the state a legal personality.

External links

• The Holy Crown of Hungary (images)