Dolly (July 5, 1996 – February 14, 2003), a ewe, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, and lived there until her death at age six.^[1] Her birth was announced in February 1997. is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Lamb” redirects here. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and the presence of hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the... Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell. Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green). ... The Roslin Institute is a government research institute near Edinburgh that is sponsored by the UKs Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Cha togar mfhearg gun dioladh (Scottish Gaelic) Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic and Scots1 Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Monarch Queen Elizabeth II...

History

The female sheep was originally code-named 6LL3. Since the sheep was cloned from a mammary cell, one of the stockmen who helped with her birth suggested the name "Dolly", after Dolly Parton, a popular country singer.^[2] The technique that was made famous by her birth is somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which the nucleus of a donor cell is placed in a de-nucleated ovum. The donor nucleus is then reprogrammed by the ovum, and ovum develops into an embryo. When Dolly was cloned in 1996 from a cell taken from a six-year-old Finnish Dorset ewe, she became the centre of much controversy that still exists today. Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young. ... Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is a Grammy-winning and Academy Award-nominated American country singer, songwriter, composer, author, actress and philanthropist. ... In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory technique for creating an ovum with a donor nucleus (see process below) . It can be used in embryonic stem cell research, or in regenerative medicine where it is sometimes referred to as therapeutic cloning. ... A human ovum Sperm cells attempting to fertilize an ovum An ovum (plural ova) is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete. ... For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

On April 9, 2003, her mounted remains were placed at Edinburgh's Royal Museum, part of the National Museums of Scotland. April 9 is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A taxidermied snow leopard. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The main hall of the Royal Museum of Scotland The Royal Museum is a museum on Chambers Street, in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... The National Museums of Scotland are: The Royal Museum of Scotland - a general museum encompassing geology, archaeology, natural history, science, technology and art. ...

Dolly was created by a research team managed by Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. The goal of the research was the reliable reproduction of mammals genetically modified to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk. Wilmut's team had already created two sheep clones from embryonic cells grown in culture called Megan and Morag; the work was published in Nature in 1996.^[3] Dolly was a Finn Dorset lamb, created from fully differentiated adult mammary cells using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer; her creation was described in a Nature publication in 1997.^[4] Dolly was the first mammalian clone produced from an adult somatic cell. Ian Wilmut (born July 7, 1944) is an English embryologist and currently leading the Research Institute for Medical Cell Biology at the University of Edinburgh. ... A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology. ... Nature is one of the most prominent scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ... In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory technique for creating an ovum with a donor nucleus (see process below) . It can be used in embryonic stem cell research, or in regenerative medicine where it is sometimes referred to as therapeutic cloning. ... Nature is one of the most prominent scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ...

Dolly was the product of 277 tries at cloning[1].

Premature aging

In 1999 research was published in the journal Nature suggesting that Dolly may have been susceptible to premature aging, due to shortened telomeres in her cells.^[5] It was speculated that these were passed on from her donor sibling, who was six years old when the genetic material was taken from her, so that Dolly may have been genetically six years old at birth. This is because telomere length is reduced after each cell division, which requires DNA replication before mitosis occurs. The polymerase, part of the replication machinery, cannot reach the end of the chromosome being replicated and clips a little of the telomere at the end off every time replication occurs. Possible signs of her condition were reported in January 2002, when Dolly was five years old. She had developed a potentially debilitating form of arthritis at an unusually early age. This supported the theory of premature senescence, although Dr. Dai Grove-White of the Faculty of Veterinary Science at Liverpool University was reported as saying, "Conceivably arthritis could be due to the cloning but equally it could not be. For all we know, she may have damaged her leg jumping over a gate and developed arthritis." In biology, senescence is the state or process of aging. ... A telomere is a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome that functions as a disposable buffer. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that DNA replicate, Replisome, Replication fork, Lagging strand, Leading strand be merged into this article or section. ... Mitosis is the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes to generate two identical cells. ... ITaq DNA polymerase A polymerase (EC 2. ... Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division. ... Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ... It has been suggested that Longevity genes be merged into this article or section. ... The University of Liverpool is a university in the city of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. ...

Others speculate that Dolly's arthritis resulted from her lifestyle as a scientific curiosity and protected specimen due to a lack of normal outdoor exercise and unnatural stress on her joints.

Supporters of this method of cloning counter that the technique used to clone Dolly simply needs to be refined. However, others contend that with very limited understanding of the nascent field of applied genetics, scientists can not and should not attempt to control the action of so many genes at once. Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ... For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to Genetics. ...

Death

Dolly's remains as exhibited in the Royal Museum of Scotland

On February 15, 2003, it was announced that Dolly had died from a progressive lung disease. A necropsy confirmed she had Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte), a fairly common disease of sheep caused by the retrovirus JSRV. Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep on the farm had similar ailments. Such lung diseases are especially a danger for sheep kept indoors, as Dolly had to be for security reasons. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 994 KB) I took the photo myself. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 994 KB) I took the photo myself. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Post-mortem, postmortem and post mortem redirect here. ... ... The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ... Adenocarcinoma is a form of carcinoma that originates in glandular tissue. ... Jaagsiekte (jaag·siek·te) is a chronic and contagious disease of the lungs in sheep and goats. ... Genera Alpharetrovirus Betaretrovirus Gammaretrovirus Deltaretrovirus Epsilonretrovirus Lentivirus Spumavirus A retrovirus is any virus belonging to the viral family Retroviridae. ... Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus which is the causative agent of a contagious lung cancer in sheep called Jaagsiekte, or Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (OPA). ...

Legacy

After the cloning was successfully demonstrated by Dolly's creators, many other large mammals have been cloned, including horses and bulls.^[6] Cloning is now considered a promising tool for preserving endangered species, usually by those who do not work in species conservation.^[7] Most animal conservation professionals point out that cloning does not alleviate the problems of loss of genetic diversity (see inbreeding) and habitat, and so must be considered an experimental technology for the time being, and all in all would only rarely be worth the cost, which on a per-individual basis far exceeds conventional techniques such as captive breeding or embryo transfer. The attempt to clone argali sheep did not produce viable embryos.^{[citation needed]} The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clone mouflon, both resulting in viable offspring. The banteng example is a case illustrating the circumstances under which the uncertainties of cloning attempts are outweighed by the benefits. The cloned dog Snuppy was unfortunately associated with the Korean stem cell scandal involving Hwang Woo-Suk. Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... The Siberian Tiger, a subspecies of tiger. ... It has been suggested that inbreeding depression be merged into this article or section. ... Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species live and grow. ... Captive breeding is the process of breeding endangered animals by capturing them from their natural environment, breeding them in restricted conditions in zoos and other conservation facilities, and releasing them back to the wild when the population stabilizes and the threat to the animal in the wild is lessened or... Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. ... Binomial name Ovis ammon (Linnaeus, 1758) The mountain sheep (species Ovis ammon) is the globally endangered wild sheep, which roams the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay). ... Binomial name Bos javanicus dAlton, 1823 The Banteng (Bos javanicus) is an ox that is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, and Bali. ... Binomial name Ovis musimon, Ovis ammon musimon, Ovis orientalis Pallas, 1762 European Mouflon The Mouflon is a species of wild sheep and as such is one of the Caprinae or goat antelopes. It is thought to be one of the two ancestors for all modern domestic sheep breeds[1]. It... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk holding Snuppy. Snuppy (born April 24, 2005) is the first cloned dog. ... Mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent marker. ... Hwang Woo-suk (황우석) (born 29 January 1953) is a South Korean biomedical scientist. ...

References

1. ^ "First cloned sheep Dolly dies at 6", CNN.com, 14 February 2003.
2. ^ "Listen to public, says Dolly scientist", BBC News. 2000.
3. ^ Campbell, K.H.S., McWhir, J., Ritchie, W.A. and Wilmut, A. (1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line". Nature 380 (6569): 64-66. PMID 8598906 DOI:10.1038/380064a0. 
4. ^ Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A.E., McWhir, J., Kind, A.J., Campbell, K.H.S. (1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature 385 (6619): 810-813. PMID 9039911 DOI:10.1038/385810a0. 
5. ^ Shiels, P.G. et al. (1999). "Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep". Nature 399 (6734): 316-317. PMID 10360570 DOI:10.1038/20580.  BBC article
6. ^ Lozano, Juan A. (June 27, 2005). A&M Cloning project raises questions still. Bryan-College Station Eagle. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
7. ^ "Texas A&M scientists clone world’s first deer" (HTML), Innovations Report, 2003-12-23. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. 

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External links

• Detailed process of cloning and its success rate
• Dolly the Sheep, 1996-2000 from the Science Museum, London
• Roslin Institute: Update on Dolly and nuclear transfer
• Photos of Dolly and other cloned animals at Roslin