NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Don't Make A Wave Committee

Greenpeace is an international environmental organization founded in Canada in 1971. Brasília from space, November 1990 Niemeyers Cathedral Brasília is the capital city of Brazil and is located in the center of the country in a federal district created out of the state of Goiás. ... The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. ... This is a list of environmental organizations, organizations that preserve or monitor the environment in different ways. ... Canada is a sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ...

Greenpeace is known for its use of nonviolent direct action in campaigns to stop atmospheric nuclear testing and bring an end to high seas whaling. In later years, the focus of the organisation has turned to other environmental issues, including bottom trawling, climate change and genetic engineering. Nonviolence (or non-violence) is a set of assumptions about morality, power and conflict that leads its proponents to reject the use of violence in efforts to attain social or political goals. ... A nuclear test explosion is an experiment involving the detonation of a nuclear weapon. ... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch Whaling is the hunting and killing of whales. ... Bottom trawling is a fishing method consisting in towing trawlnets along the sea floor to scoop up fish. ... The term climate change is used to refer to changes in the Earths climate. ... Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ...

Greenpeace has national and regional offices in 41 countries worldwide, all of which have affiliation with the Amsterdam-based Greenpeace International. The global organisation receives its income through the individual contributions of an estimated 2.8 million financial supporters, as well as from grants from charitable foundations, but does not accept funding from governments or corporations. Municipality of Amsterdam Alternate meanings: See Amsterdam Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands. ...

Greenpeace's official mission statement describes the organisation and its aims thus:

Early history

The origins of Greenpeace lie in the formation of the Don't Make A Wave Committee by an assortment of Canadian and American ex-patriate peace activists in Vancouver in 1970. Taking its name from a slogan used during protests against United States nuclear testing in late 1969, the Committee came together with the objective of stopping a second underground nuclear bomb test codenamed Cannikin by the United States military beneath the island of Amchitka, Alaska. The committee's founders and early members included: Peace is generally defined as a state of quiet or tranquillity, as an absence of disturbance or agitation (Latin derivation Pax = Absentia Belli). ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as involvement in action to bring about change, be it social, political, environmental, or other change. ... {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: By sea, land and air we prosper City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Location. ... The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America, the States, or (archaically) Columbia—is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ... A nuclear test explosion is an experiment involving the detonation of a nuclear weapon. ... Amchitka is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska. ... Amchitka is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska. ... State nickname: The Last Frontier, The Land of the Midnight Sun Other U.S. States Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Governor Frank Murkowski Official languages English Area 1,717,854 km² (1st) - Land 1,481,347 km² - Water 236,507 km² (13. ...

Darnell has received the credit for combining the words ‘green’ and ‘peace’, thereby giving the organisation its future name. This article is about Patrick Moore, the environmentalist. ... Bennett Metcalfe (October 31, 1919 _ October 14, 2003) was a Canadian journalist and first chairman of Greenpeace, founded 1971. ... Greenpeace co-founder Bob Hunter Robert (Bob) Lorne Hunter October 13, 1941 – May 2, 2005) was a Canadian environmentalist, journalist, author and politician. ... Paul Watson (born December 2, 1950) is the founder of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. ...

In September 1971, the group chartered the Phyllis Cormack, a fishing vessel skippered by John Cormack. They named it the Greenpeace, and set sail for the island of Amchitka with the intention of disrupting the scheduled second nuclear test. The US Coast Guard vessel Confidence intercepted the Phyllis Cormack and forced her to return to port, but not before the crew of the Confidence delivered a note (behind their Captain's back) declaring "what you are doing is for the good of all mankind". Amchitka is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska. ... Coast Guard shield The United States Coast Guard is the coast guard of the United States. ...

Upon their return to Alaska, the crew learned that protests had taken place in all major Canadian cities, and that the United States had postponed the second underground test until November. Although attempts to sail into the test zone using a second chartered vessel also failed, no further nuclear tests took place at Amchitka.

On 4 May 1972, following Stowe's departure from the chairmanship of the Don't Make A Wave Committee, the fledgling environmental group officially changed its name to the "Greenpeace Foundation". May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ...

Moruroa Atoll and the Vega

When the newly-formed Foundation put out a call to sympathetic skippers to help them protest against the French Government's atmospheric nuclear tests at the Pacific atoll of Moruroa, a response came from David McTaggart, a Canadian expatriate and former entrepreneur based in New Zealand. McTaggart, a champion badminton player in his youth, had sold his business interests and relocated to the South Pacific following a gas explosion which seriously wounded an employee at one of his ski-lodges. The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... Moruroa (Mururura, Mururoa) (21°50S., 138°55W.) is an atoll in which forms part of the Tuamoto archipelago in French Polynesia in the southern Pacific Ocean. ... David McTaggart (June 24, 1932 - March 23, 2001) was an environmentalist and founding chairman of Greenpeace International. ...

Outraged that any government could exclude him from any part of his beloved Pacific, McTaggart offered his yacht, the Vega, to the cause, and set about assembling a crew.

In 1973, McTaggart sailed the Vega into the exclusion zone around Moruroa, only to have his vessel rammed by the French Navy. When he repeated the protest the following year, French sailors boarded the Vega and brutally beat McTaggart. Later, the Navy released to the media staged photographs of McTaggart dining with senior navy officers, which suggested a degree of civility between the opposing parties. A different picture emerged when photographs of McTaggart's beating, smuggled off the yacht by crew member Anne-Marie Horne, also appeared in the media. 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ...

The campaign against French nuclear testing achieved a victory when the French government announced a halt to atmospheric testing, only to begin testing underground. Greenpeace would continue to campaign against testing in the Pacific until the French ceased their testing program in 1995. 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Saving the Whales

When Paul Spong, a New Zealand neuroscientist hired by the Vancouver Aquarium to study the behaviour of whales in captivity, contacted Robert Hunter, the 'Save the Whales' campaign which resulted took place initially under the banner of Project Ahab, due to Irving Stowe's resistance to broadening Greenpeace's scope beyond opposition to nuclear weapons. Paul Spong was born in New Zealand in 1939. ... The Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre is a public aquarium located in Stanley Park in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ...

Stowe's death in 1974 effectively ended this deadlock, and a re-chartered Phyllis Cormack steamed from Vancouver to meet the Soviet whaling fleet off the Californian coast in the spring of 1975. Thanks to the guidance of a primitive radio direction-finder and some fortuitous navigation by musician Mel Gregory, who steered towards the moon rather than following a compass, the Cormack encountered the whaling fleet on June 26. Soviet Union - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

The crew used fast Zodiac inflatables to position themselves between the harpoon of the catcher ship ‘’Vlastny’’ and a fleeing whale. Television broadcasts around the world showed film footage of the ‘’Vlastny’’ firing a harpoon over the heads of Greenpeace activists, highlighting the plight of the whales to the world's public in the closing days of the International Whaling Commission's 1976 conference in London.

Greenpeace International

By the late 1970s, spurred by the global reach of what Robert Hunter called "mind bombs", in which images of confrontation on the high seas converted diffuse and complex issues into considerably more media-friendly David versus Goliath-style narratives, more than 20 groups across North America, Europe, New Zealand and Australia had adopted the name "Greenpeace".

In 1979, however, the original Vancouver-based Greenpeace Foundation had encountered financial difficulties, and disputes between offices over fundraising and organisational direction split the global movement. David McTaggart lobbied the Canadian Greenpeace Foundation to accept a new structure which would bring the scattered Greenpeace offices under the auspices of a single global organisation, and on October 14, 1979, Greenpeace International came into existence. October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years). ... 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. ...

Under the new structure, the local offices would contribute a percentage of their income to the international organisation, which would take responsibility for setting the overall direction of the movement. Greenpeace's transformation from a loose international network — united by style more than by focus — to a global organisation able to apply the full force of its resources to a small number of environmental issues deemed of global significance, owed much to McTaggart's personal vision.

McTaggart summed up his approach in a 1994 memo: "No campaign should be begun without clear goals; no campaign should be begun unless there is a possibility that it can be won; no campaign should be begun unless you intend to finish it off". MacTaggart's own assessment of what could and couldn't be won, and how, frequently caused controversy.

In re-shaping Greenpeace as a centrally coordinated, hierarchical organisation, McTaggart went against the anti-authoritarian ethos that prevailed in other environmental organisations that came of age in the 1970s. While this pragmatic structure granted Greenpeace the persistence and narrow focus necessary to match forces with government and industry, it would lead to the recurrent criticism that Greenpeace had adopted the same methods of governance as its chief foes — the multinational corporations. A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC) is one that spans multiple nations; these corporations are often very large. ...

The Rainbow Warrior

In 1978, Greenpeace launched the Rainbow Warrior, a 40-metre, former fishing trawler named for the Cree legend that inspired early activist Robert Hunter on the first voyage to Amchitka. Greenpeace purchased the Rainbow Warrior (originally launched as the Sir William Hardy in 1955) at a cost of £40,000, and volunteers restored and refitted her over a period of four months. Rainbow Warrior is a schooner (sailing ship) operated by the Greenpeace organization. ... Categories: Water-transport stubs | Ship types ... Cree camp near Vermilion, Alberta The Cree form an aboriginal nation of North America. ...

First deployed to disrupt the hunt of the Icelandic whaling fleet, the Rainbow Warrior would quickly become a mainstay of Greenpeace campaigns. Between 1978 to 1985, crew members also engaged in non-violent direct action against the ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, the Grey Seal hunt in the Orkneys and nuclear testing in the Pacific. Iceland - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Binomial name Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791) The Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ...

Greenpeace's continued protest against nuclear testing at Moruroa atoll prompted the government of France to order the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior, in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1985. The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... This article is about explosive devices. ... Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest urban area in New Zealand. ... New Zealand is an independent sovereign state in the south-western Pacific Ocean. ...

The Warrior had sailed from the North Pacific, where it assisted the evacuation of the inhabitants of Rongelap in the Marshall Islands, who continued to suffer health effects attributed to the fallout from American nuclear testing during the 1950s and 1960s. Greenpeace plans envisaged the ship leading a flotilla of vessels protesting against imminent nuclear tests at Moruroa. The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, located north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the U.S. island of Wake. ...

On the evening of July 10, frogmen attached two bombs to the hull of the ship. The first bomb detonated at 11:38, closely followed by the second explosion, sinking the ship and killing photographer Fernando Pereira. July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... Early ideas of autonomous under-water systems appear in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Scuba Diving is the use of independent breathing equipment to stay underwater for long periods for recreational diving and professional diving. ... Fernando Cobo Pereira is a major in the military of São Tomé and Príncipe. ...

Acting on tip-offs from a shocked public, the New Zealand police quickly traced the bombing to Major Alain Mafart and Captain Dominique Prieur, members of the French armed forces posing as a Swiss honeymoon couple. The police arrested Mafart and Prieur, but attempts on the part of New Zealand authorities to secure the extradition of their suspected accomplices from Australia, and later from France, failed.

The French Government initially denied any involvement in the bombing, but mounting pressure from the French and international media led to the admission, on September 22, that the French secret service had ordered the bombing. Investigations subsequent to the bombing also revealed that Christine Cabon, a French secret service agent, had infiltrated the Auckland office of Greenpeace New Zealand, posing as a volunteer in order to gather information on the Moruroa campaign and the Rainbow Warrior’s movements. September 22 is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years). ... The United States Secret Service is a United States federal government law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security (prior to the founding of that department in 2002, it was under the United States Department of the Treasury). ...

In 1987 the French Government agreed to pay Greenpeace compensation of NZ$13 million and formally apologised for the bombing. The original Rainbow Warrior, too damaged to repair, was cleaned and scuttled in Matauri Bay, where it serves as an artificial reef and popular dive destination. An artificial reef is a man made reef, usually built for the purpose of promoting marine life. ... Diving has several meanings:- Plunging deliberately, often acrobatically, into water. ...

In 1989 Greenpeace commissioned a replacement vessel, also named the Rainbow Warrior, which remains in service today as the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet.

Sailormongering Charge

On July 18, 2003, the US Government's Justice Department charged Greenpeace under an obscure 1872 law against "sailormongering" for a 2002 protest against the US importation of over $10 million worth of Brazilian mahogany after the Brazilian government had placed a moratorium on mahogany exports. July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. ... The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. ... Sailormongering is the practice of waylaying ships coming into port and luring sailors away from their posts with prostitutes. ... The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. ... Genera and Species Entandophragma - Utile or African Mahogany Guarea - Pink Mahogany Khaya - Ivory Coast Mahogany - Senegal Mahogany Swietenia - Honduras Mahogany - West Indian Mahogany Toona - Indian Mahogany - Chinese Mahogany This article is about the trees in the family Meliaceae. ...

The original action occurred on April 12, 2002. Greenpeace boarded the ship carrying the mahogany, the APL Jade, to hang up a banner reading "President Bush, Stop Illegal Logging". April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ...

The Department rearraigned Greenpeace on a revised indictment at the federal courthouse in Miami on November 14, 2003. The original indictment included the claim that Greenpeace had inaccurately claimed the presence of contraband mahogany on the boarded ship. The Justice Department revised its indictment of Greenpeace, deleting the claim of Greenpeace's inaccurate account of the illegal cargo. November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ...

On May 16, 2004, Judge Adalberto Jordan ruled in favour of Greenpeace and found that "the indictment is a rare – and maybe unprecedented – prosecution of an advocacy group" for free speech-related conduct. May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Activities

The organization currently actively addresses many environmental issues, with primary focus on efforts to stop global warming and to preserve the biodiversity of the world's oceans and ancient forests. In addition to the more conventional environmental organization methods, such as lobbying politicians and attendance at international conferences, Greenpeace has a stated methodology of engaging in nonviolent direct action. This is a list of environmental organizations, organizations that preserve or monitor the environment in different ways. ... Nonviolence (or non-violence) is a set of assumptions about morality, power and conflict that leads its proponents to reject the use of violence in efforts to attain social or political goals. ... Direct action is a method and a theory of stopping objectionable practices or creating more favorable conditions using immediately available means, such as strikes, boycotts, workplace occupations, sit-ins, or sabotage, and less oppositional methods such as establishing radical social centres, although these are often squatted. ...

Greenpeace uses direct action to attract attention to particular environmental causes, whether by placing themselves between the whaler's harpoon and their prey, or by invading nuclear facilities dressed as barrels of radioactive waste.

Some of Greenpeace's most notable successes include the ending of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, a permanent (?) moratorium on international commercial whaling, and the declaration by treaty of Antarctica as a global park, forbidding possession by individual nations or commercial interests. To back up this latter point, World Park Base was established in Antarctica, and ran for five years, from 1987 through 1992. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Place signed New York Date signed September 10, 1996[1] Date entered into force Not yet in force Conditions for entry into force Ratification by all of the following 44 states: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Peoples... World map showing location of Antarctica A satellite composite image of Antarctica For the Kim Stanley Robinson novel see Antarctica (novel) Antarctica (from Greek ἀνταρκτικός, opposite the arctic) is a continent surrounding the Earths South Pole. ... World Park Base was a non-governmental year-round Antarctic base located on Ross Island in Ross Dependency. ...

The conservative group Public Interest Watch claims that coordination of Greenpeace's controversial actions in the USA takes place at the secret action warehouse in suburban Washington, D.C.. In a letter to the editor in the Washington Times, Greenpeace’s operations manager, Bill Richardson, ridiculed PIW’s claim that the warehouse location was secret. “What extraordinary detective skills it must have taken to notice the mailbox with the name "Greenpeace" on the front of the building. Thanks for the giggle,” he wrote. [1] (http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20040524-090325-4132r.htm) Public Interest Watch (PIW) was established in September 2002 by Mike Hardiman, the principal of the public relations and lobbying company Hardiman Consulting. ... Public Interest Watch says that Action Warehouse is Greenpeaces secret warehouse, located at 3133 Pensky Drive in Hyattsville in suburban Washington, D.C. United States, used to coordinate its controversial actions. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...

For smaller actions, and continuous local promotion and activism, Greenpeace has networks of active supporters that coordinate their efforts through national offices. The United Kingdom has some 6,000 Greenpeace activists. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...

Funding

Despite its founding in North America, Greenpeace achieved much more success in Europe, where it has more members and gets most of its money. The vast majority of Greenpeace's donations come from private individual members. It has received donations from some prominent figures, however, such as Ted Turner. Along with other members of the activism industry, in the USA it also uses the services of the Fund for Public Interest Research. Greenpeace spends approximately $360M USD per year. World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is the third largest continent in area and in population after Eurasia and Africa. ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Robert Edward Ted Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. ... The activism industry is composed of organizations and individuals who make a living from activism, involvement in action to bring about change. ...

In order to ensure its independence and impartiality, Greenpeace does not accept money from corporations or from governments: it screens donations to ensure compliance. A corporation (usually known in the United Kingdom and Ireland as a company) is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a Civil law systems may refer to corporations as moral persons; they may also go by the name...

Criticism

During its history, Greenpeace has weathered criticism from government and industry, and on occasion, from other environmental groups. While critics have often focused on undermining the scientific or factual basis of particular campaigns, the organisation's system of governance and its use of nonviolent direct action have also been sources of controversy.

Two of Greenpeace's most vocal critics are Icelandic filmmaker Magnus Gudmundsson, director of the pro-whaling documentary Survival in the High North, and former Greenpeace International Director Patrick Moore. Gudmundsson's criticisms have focused largely on the social impacts of anti-whaling and anti-sealing campaigns, while Moore's main criticisms have been levelled at the campaign to protect the forests of British Columbia. The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch Whaling is the hunting and killing of whales. ... This article is about Patrick Moore, the environmentalist. ...

Supporters of Greenpeace counter that, like many of the organisation's most outspoken critics, Gudmunsson and Moore receive considerable funding from the very industries that have been subject to Greenpeace campaigns.

Following the Brent Spar affair, Greenpeace was criticised for its lack of attention to the accuracy of the claims it was making, and its attempts to downplay the importance of these claims in its arguments after it was agreed to dispose of Brent Spar on shore. The Brent oilfield is one of the most productive parts of the United Kingdoms offshore oil assets, although now in steady decline (at the time of writing, the Brent A platform is being down_manned in preparation for decommissioning and removal). ...

Criticism has also come from those who feel the organization is too mainstream. Paul Watson, leader of Sea Shepherd, once called Greenpeace "The Avon ladies of the environmental movement," on account of their door-to-door fundraising which relies on the media exposure of deliberately orchestrated and highly publicised actions to keep the name of Greenpeace on the front pages. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is a non-profit, non-governmental maritime organization founded by Paul Watson in 1977. ...

Current Protests

Greenpeace is currently campaigning against Kleenex who they say is cutting down boreal forests. Also they are campaigning against the promotion of Genetically modified seeds that cannot reproduce. Another on-going campaign is one for cleaner air. For more details visit the main Greenpeace website found in external links. This article is about the Kleenex brand. ... Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ...

External links

Categories: Activists | Environmental organizations File links The following pages link to this file: Abu Dhabi Abraham Lincoln Australia Adolf Hitler Animation Andorra Alaska Anatomy Asia Albert Einstein Asterales Automobile Aircraft Alexander Graham Bell Apple Computer American Civil War Ancient Egypt Asteraceae Alps Arches National Park Aarhus Almond Caesar Augustus Acacia Acropolis Acupuncture Amaranth Alexander... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

Early history GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Moruroa Atoll and the Vega