Dongyi (東夷) was a collective term for people in Eastern China and in the east of China. People referred to as Dongyi vary across the ages. Eastern region of the Peoples Republic of China East China (Simplified Chinese: 华东, Traditional Chinese: 華東; pinyin: Huádōng) is a region of the Peoples Republic of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes the municipality of Shanghai and the provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian. ...

The character 夷

The Chinese character 夷 consists of "大" meaning "big", and "弓" meaning "bow".

Chinese dictionaries give various meanings of yi. Besides "Dongyi", it also means "foreign" (外夷), "flat and safe" (化险为夷), "calm (and composed)" (夷然自若), "to level" (夷为平地), "same kind" (夷等:同辈), "kill" (族夷), "name" (伯夷), "joyful" (通“怡” as in 我心则夷), "hoe" (锄), etc. ^[1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Chinese dictionaries date back over two millennia to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is a significantly longer lexicographical history than any other language. ... Agricultural square bladed hoe. ...

The first Chinese dictionary, Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen interpretated "夷" as "big bow". The character itself consists of two Chinese characters: "大", meaning "big" and depicting a frontal view of a person with arms outstretched, and "弓", meaning "bow". Dongyi people are usually referred to as the eastern bowmen, who also first invented the bow in China.^{[2] [3]} Houyi, one of the legendary leaders of Dongyi, is the Chinese God of Archery.^[4] a version of Shuowen Jiezi Shuōwén JiÄ›zì (說文解字, Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters) was the first Chinese character dictionary, compiled by XÇ” Shèn between 100 CE and 121 CE in Han Dynasty China. ... XÇ” Shèn XÇ” Shèn (許慎) was the author of Shuōwén JiÄ›zì, which was the first Chinese character dictionary. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ...

Historical usages

Pre-Qin usages

It is not easy to determine the times of people that a Classical Chinese document reflects. Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of very old forms of Chinese , making it very different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. ...

Literature describing a pre-Xia Dynasty period does not use the character yi. As for the Xia Dynasty, some groups of people are referred to as the Yi. For example, "Yu Gong" (禹貢) of the Classic of History calls people in Qingzhou and Xuzhou as Laiyi (萊夷), Yuyi (嵎夷) and Huaiyi (淮夷). Another yi-related term is Jiu-yi (九夷), literally Nine Yi, which could have also had the connotation The Numerous Yi or The Many Different Kinds of Yi, and which appears in the famous passage in The Analects that reads, "The Master (i.e., Confucius) desired to live among the Nine Yi." The term "Dongyi" is not used for this period. For the Sixteen Kingdoms Period state, see Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms). ... The Classic of History (書經/书经 Shū Jīng) is a collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. ... Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu), lit. ...

Oracle scripts for Chinese character "人" and "夷" look alike.

The Shang Dynasty has contemporary sources, in other words, oracle bone inscriptions. These records state that King Wu Ding (reign c. 1250 BC-1192 BC) made military expeditions to the Yi. The enclave of the Yi people is considered to have been located to the southeast of the Shang Dynasty. King Di Xin, the last king, made a massive military campaign against the Yifang (夷方). The word "yifang" is often interpreted as "renfang" (人方) because the pictures of "夷" and "人" (meaning: person, humans) look alike in oracle script. Some history books use "Dongyi" for Shang-related episodes, but judging from oracle bone inscriptions, the Shang people themselves did not use this term. Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ... Wǔ Dīng 武丁, ruled around 1200 BC, 22nd ruler of the Shang Dynasty. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

It appears that the Yifang were the same people as Huaiyi (Huai River Yi), Nanhuaiyi (Southern Huai Yi), Nanyi (Southern Yi) and Dongyi in bronzeware inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty attempted to keep the Yi under its control. The most notable is the successful campaign against the Huaiyi and the Dongyi by the Duke of Zhou. Huai He The Huai River (Chinese: 淮河; pinyin: ) is about mid-way between the Yellow River (Huang He) and the Yangtze River. ... This article is about the ancient Chinese dynasty. ... The Duke of Zhou (Chinese: 周公旦, pinyin: Zhōu Gōng Dàn) was the brother of King Wu of Zhou. ...

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin, Zheng, Qi and Song tried to seize control of the Huai River basin, which was occupied by the Huaiyi. But the region finally fell under the influence of Chu in the south. At the same time, people in the east and south ceased to be called Dongyi as they founded their own states. The Spring and Autumn Period (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was a period in Chinese history, which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC to the first half of the 5th century). ... Categories: Ancient Chinese states | China-related stubs ... Zheng (鄭) was a Zhou city-state in the middle of ancient China, modern Henan Province. ... Qin or Chin (Wade-Giles) (秦), pronounced something like Shin, (778 BC-207 BC) was a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China. ... Sòng (宋國) was a state during the Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476 BC). ... State of Chu (small seal script, 220 BC) Chu (楚) was a kingdom in what is now southern China during the Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BCE) and Warring States Period (481-212 BCE). ...

References to Dongyi became ideological during the Warring States period probably because selves and others had subtle cultural differences among Chinese. The Classic of Rites (early 4th BC) made the first reference to the combination of "Dongyi" (east), "Xirong" (west), "Nanman" (south) and "Beidi" (north) in fixed four directions. At the same time "Dongyi" acquired a clearly pejorative nuance. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Classic of Rites The Classic of Rites (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was one of the Five Classics of the Confucian canon. ...

Post-Qin usages

"Barbarians" according to Chinese cosmology. Those in the east were called Dongyi (東夷); west, Xirong (西戎); south, Nanman (南蠻); and north, Beidi (北狄). The outward area of the Sinocentric influence were called Huawaizhidi (化外之地).

The more "China" expanded, the further east the term "Dongyi" was applied to. The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian uses the term "Manyi" (蠻夷), but not "Dongyi". It puts the section of "Xinanyi (southwestern Yi) liezhuan (biographies)", but not "Dongyi liezhuan". The Book of Han does not put this section either but calls a Dongye (濊) chief in the Korean Peninsula as Dongyi. The Book of Later Han puts the section of "Dongyi liezhuan" and covers Buyeo, Yilou, Goguryeo, Dongwozu, Hui, Samhan and Wa, in other words, eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and some other islands. The Book of Jin positioned Dongyi inside the section of "Siyi" (barbarians in four directions) along with "Xirong", "Nanman" and "Beidi". The Book of Sui, the Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang adopt the section of "Dongyi" and covers eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and optionally Sakhalin and Taiwan. During the Song Dynasty, the official history books replaced Dongyi with Waiguo (外國) and Waiyi (外夷). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Chionites (OIONO/Xiyon/西戎/Hiun/Hion) became noted around 320 CE when they began to encroach upon Khorasan and the frontiers of the Kushan state. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Beidi (北狄) is a term which originally denoted an ancient ethnic group (Di) but is now used to refer to all non-Han ethnic groups in todays Northern China, Mongolia, and Siberia, especially those who lived beyond the Great Wall. ... The Records of the Grand Historian or the Records of the Grand Historian of China (Chinese: 史記; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shih-chi; literally Historical Records), written from 109 BCE to 91 BCE, was the magnum opus of Sima Qian, in which he recounted Chinese history from the time of the mythical... Sima Qian Si Ma Qian (司馬遷) (c. ... The Book of Han (Chinese: 漢書/汉书) is a classic Chinese historical writing covering the history of Western Han from 206 BC to 25. ... Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE. It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan to the south, and Chinas Lelang Commandery to the west. ... The Book of Later Han (Chinese:后汉书) is one of the official Chinese historical works which was compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century, using a number of earlier histories and documents as sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Sushen (Chinese: 肅愼 su4 shen4) was an ancient ethnic group or something outside China. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... During the Samhan period, the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan dominated the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wÄ›i or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... The Book of Jin (Chinese:晋书) is one of the official Chinese historical works. ...

The Usage of Dongyi in Chinese history books

1) Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han The Records of the Grand Historian or the Records of the Grand Historian of China (Chinese: 史記; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shih-chi; literally Historical Records), written from 109 BCE to 91 BCE, was the magnum opus of Sima Qian, in which he recounted Chinese history from the time of the mythical... The Book of Han (Chinese: 漢書/汉书) is a classic Chinese historical writing covering the history of Western Han from 206 BC to 25. ...

These two history books do not assign many chapters to describe the history of Dongyi. However, it includes the simple description Wiman Joseon. Wiman fled from Han dynasty to Kojoseon, and he diguised as if he was Kojoseon people. As decribing the disguise of Wiman, Sima Qian says that that Kojoseon people are Manyi(蠻夷) instead of Dongyi. Book of Han uses the same term as Records of the Grand Historian. Wiman Joseon (194 BC - 108 BC) was the continuation of Go-Joseon, founded by Wiman. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24  - Abdication to Cao Wei 220... The Book of Han (Chinese: 漢書/汉书) is a classic Chinese historical writing covering the history of Western Han from 206 BC to 25. ...

2) Book of the Later Han

This book was written by Fan Ye (historian). This book contains the chapter of 'Dongyi', which describes the history of Korea and Japan such as Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Dongye, Samhan, Wa (Japan).^[5] Fan Ye (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: Fàn Yè; Wade-Giles: Fan Yeh, 398–445), courtesy name Weizong (蔚宗), was a Chinese historian and the complier of Book of Later Han of Liu Song. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Buyeo can mean: An ancient kingdom in Manchuria, also called Puyŏ or Fuyu. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BC to 5th century AD. Dong-okjeo (East Okjeo) occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyŏng provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo (North Okjeo) occupied the Duman River region. ... Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE. It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan to the south, and Chinas Lelang Commandery to the west. ... During the Samhan period, the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan dominated the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wÄ›i or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ...

3) Records of Three Kingdoms The Records of Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, that was composed by Chen Shou in the 3rd century. ...

This book was written by Chen Shou, and also contains the chapter about 'Dongyi'. The chapter of "Wuwan Xianbei Dongyi" describes the Wuwan tribes, Xianbei tribes, and Dongyi tribes respectively. In the section of Dongyi, this book explains the Korean and Japanese ancient kingdoms such as Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Dongye, Samhan, and Wa (Japan). ^[6] Buyeo can mean: An ancient kingdom in Manchuria, also called Puyŏ or Fuyu. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BC to 5th century AD. Dong-okjeo (East Okjeo) occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyŏng provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo (North Okjeo) occupied the Duman River region. ... Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE. It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan to the south, and Chinas Lelang Commandery to the west. ... During the Samhan period, the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan dominated the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wÄ›i or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ...

4) Book of Jin The Book of Jin (Chinese:晋书) is one of the official Chinese historical works. ...

This book was written by Fang Xuanling at Tang dynasty. It has the chapter of 'Four Yi', and describes the Korean, Manchurian, and Japanese history such as Buyeo, Mahan confederacy, Jinhan confederacy, Sushen, and Wa (Japan) ^[7] Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: Dōngběi; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... Buyeo can mean: An ancient kingdom in Manchuria, also called Puyŏ or Fuyu. ... Mahan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 3rd century CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Province. ... Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province. ... Sushen (Chinese: 肅愼 su4 shen4) was an ancient ethnic group or something outside China. ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wÄ›i or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ...

5) Book of Song The Book of Song (Chinese: 宋書/宋书; Wade-Giles: Sungshu), is a the historical writing for the Chinese Song of Southern Dynasties covering the history from 420 to 479, and is one of the traditional Twenty-Four Histories. ...

This history book describes the history of Liu Song Dynasty, but also contains the simple explanation the neighbor states. The Chapter of Dongyi of this book describes the ancient history of Korea and Japan such as Goguryeo, Baekje and Wa (Japan).^[8] The Song Dynasty (宋朝, previous spelling Sung) (420-479) was first of the four Southern Dynasties in China, followed by the Qi Dynasty. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Baekje (October 18 BCE–August 660 BCE), originally Sipje, was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wÄ›i or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ...

6) Book of Qi The Book of Qi or Book of Southern Qi (Chinese: ; pinyin: Qí Shū/Nánqí Shū) is a history of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi covering the period from 479 to 502, and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories of Chinese history. ...

The Book of Qi is the history book of Southern Qi. In the 58th volume, the history of Dongyi's history is described, which includes the ancient Korea and Japan history such as Goguryeo, Baekje, Gaya and Wa (Japan).^[9] The Southern Qi Dynasty 齊朝 (479-502) was the second of the Southern dynasties in China, followed by the Liang Dynasty. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Baekje (October 18 BCE–August 660 BCE), originally Sipje, was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... Gaya was a confederacy of chiefdoms that existed in the Nakdong River valley of Korea during the Three Kingdoms era. ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wěi or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ...

7) History of Southern Dynasties The History of Southern Dynasties (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is one of the official Chinese historical works in the Twenty-Four Histories canon. ...

This book is about the history of Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang Dynasty, and Chen Dynasty, but also includes the history of Dongyi. In the chapter of Dongyi, this book describes the Korean and Japanese history such as Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Wa (Japan), and so on. ^[10]. Interestingly, this book says that Dongyi's state was Gojoseon while Sima Qian says that Gojoseon people is Manyi. ^[11]. Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Baekje (October 18 BCE–August 660 BCE), originally Sipje, was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... For other uses, see Silla (disambiguation). ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wěi or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ... Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom. ...

8) Book of Sui The Sui Dynasty (隋朝 Hanyu Pinyin: suí cháo, 581-618) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ...

The Book of Sui describes the history about the Sui Dynasty, and was compiled at Tang dynasty. The chapter of Dongyi's history describes the history of Korean, Manchurian and Japanese such as Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Mohe, Liuqiu, and Wa (Japan). ^[12] The Sui Dynasty (隋朝 Hanyu Pinyin: suí cháo, 581-618) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: Dōngběi; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... Chinese name Russian name Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient kingdom located in southern Manchuria, southern Russian Maritime province, and the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula. ... Baekje (October 18 BCE–August 660 BCE), originally Sipje, was a kingdom in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. ... For other uses, see Silla (disambiguation). ... The Mohe (靺鞨, Korean: Malgal, 말갈), were a Tungusic tribe in ancient Manchuria. ... Liuqiu (流求, 琉求, or 琉球; pinyin Liúqiú) was the name given by the Chinese to some island(s) in the East China Sea and nearby waters, usually in mythical or legendary contexts. ... Chinese character for Wō or Wa, formed by the person radical 亻and a wÄ›i or wa 委 phonetic element Japanese Wa Japan, Japanese, from Chinese Wō 倭), is the oldest recorded name of Japan. ...

Modern usages

China

Some Chinese scholars extend the historical use of Dongyi to prehistoric times. They consider Dongyi as one of the origins of Chinese people, based on the hypothesis of the pluralistic origins of Chinese culture that became popular in 1980s. Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ... The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following: A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the Peoples Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau) or the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ...

People called Dongyi in this sense lived in Haidai (海岱) region, the lower reaches of the Yellow and Huai Rivers, from the Neolithic period. For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ...

The cultural evolution in Haidai region is considered as follows:

• Houli culture (6400 BC - 5700 BC)
• Beixin culture (5300 BC - 4100 BC)
• Dawenkou culture (4100 BC - 2600 BC)
• Longshan culture (3200 BC - 1900 BC)
• Yueshi culture (2000 BC - 1600 BC)

The ages differ among scholars The Houli culture (chin. ... The Beixin culture (北辛文化) (5300-4100 BC[1]) was a Neolithic culture in Shandong, China. ... Gui (鬹) from Dawenkou Culture The Dawenkou culture (大汶口文化) is a name given by archaeologists to a group of Neolithic communities who lived primarily in Shandong, but also appeared in Anhui, Henan and Jiangsu, China. ... Longshan culture (龍山文化) was a late Neolithic culture centered around the central and lower Yellow River in China. ...

The Shandong Longshan culture was characterized by large-scale hierarchical groups of walled settlements. The Yueshi culture which replaced the Longshan culture around 2000 B.C. saw a decline of civilization. Groups of settlements were dissolved and the highly-developed pottery technology of the Shandong Longshan culture was lost.

(Note: The Longshan Culture was not just Dongyi and did not just exist in Shandong and other eastern coastal areas of China. Areas further west, including much of the middle and lower Yellow River Valley region, was also a part of the Longshan Culture area. Historians such as Jacques Gernet think that the Longshan Culture was also culturally ancestral to the Erlitou Culture and the later Shang dynasty in the middle Yellow River Valley region. There are some good evidence for this claim, for both the Longshan and Shang cultures shared the following basic elements:

1. A similar technical of divination based on heating animal bones and shells until they crack.
2. Similar construction techniques for city-walls, fortifications and building platforms using rammed earth.
3. Similar artistic styles.

Furthermore, the Shang dynasty technology of bronze metallurgy seems to be the descendant of high temperature ceramic-making techniques used by the late Neolithic Longshan Culture.

The Longshan Culture might have been replaced by the Yueshi Culture in Shandong but further to the west it continued and developed into the Erlitou Culture around 1900 - 1800 BC.)

During the Yueshi culture in Shandong, the Erlitou culture and the subsequent Erligang culture gradually stretched from the Yellow River valley in the west. Since sites of the Yueshi culture distributed complementarily with those of the Erligang culture, the traditional theory that the Shang Dynasty originated in the east was shattered. Shang civilization extended to central Shandong at the end of the Shang Dynasty and it was during the middle Western Zhou Dynasty that the central civilization covered the entire Haidai region. The Erlitou culture (二里頭文化) (1900 BC to 1500 BC) is a name given by archaeologists to an Early Bronze Age society that existed in China. ... The Erligang culture (二里岡文化) (1600 - 1400 BC) is the term used by archaeologists to refer to a Bronze Age archaeological culture in China. ...

Eleven characters found at Dinggong in Shandong, China on a pottery sherd, Longshan culture

It is notable that Longshan people seemingly had their own writing system. A pottery inscription of the Longshan culture discovered in Dinggong Village, Zouping County, Shandong Province contains eleven characters and they do not look like the direct ancestor of Chinese characters. Chinese scholar Feng Shi (馮時) argued in 1994 that this inscription can be interpreted as written by the Longshan people. ^[13] Other scholars, like Ming Ru, are doubtful about attributing a Neolithic date to the inscription. Some other scholars also claim a connection between ancient Dongyi and the modern Yi people in southwestern China.^[14] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 371 pixel Image in higher resolution (1484 × 689 pixel, file size: 122 KB, MIME type: image/png) Eleven characters found on a pottery sherd from Dinggong (Shandong), China, probably from Longshan culture. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 371 pixel Image in higher resolution (1484 × 689 pixel, file size: 122 KB, MIME type: image/png) Eleven characters found on a pottery sherd from Dinggong (Shandong), China, probably from Longshan culture. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... The Yi people (own name in the Liangshan dialect: ꆈꌠ, official transcription: Nuosu, IPA: ; Chinese: ; pinyin: ; the older name Lolo is now considered derogatory in China, though used officially in Vietnam as Lô Lô and in Thailand as Lolo) are a modern ethnic group in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. ...

South Korea

In South Korea, the Chinese characters for Dongyi is pronounced dong-i (동이). It is considered by Koreans as the name that the Chinese used to call the people to its east. It is thought to refer to the various peoples of this geographic region, rather that a specific ethnicity, although the term later expanded to include specific ethnic groups. ^[15]

Silhak scholars of later Joseon period studied mentions of Dongyi in Chinese texts, to connect it with ancient Korean history, such as with Han Chi-yun's Haedong Yeoksa. Some modern Korean scholars continue to examine the ethnic characteristics, geography, and cultural development of the Dongyi as they may relate to Korean history. ^[16] Neo-Confucianism (理學 Pinyin: Lǐxué) is a term for a form of Confucianism that was primarily developed during the Song dynasty, but which can be traced back to Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang dynasty. ... Joseon or Chosun (Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮; Revised: Joseon; McCune-Reischauer: Chosŏn; Chinese: Cháoxiǎn; Japanese: Chōsen) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon...

Some have attempted to explain Gija Joseon with a theory of Dongyi migration, but many reject this as unsupported by archeology. ^[17] Gija Joseon (around 1126 BC - 194 BC) describes the period after the alleged arrival of Gija in northern Korean peninsula. ...

See also

• Houyi (后羿)
• Shùn (舜)
• Sinocentrism
• Huawaizhidi

This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... Shun (Traditional Chinese: ) was a legendary leader of ancient China, among the Three August Ones and the Five Emperors. ... The Sinocentric World: The area of usage of Chinese characters at its maximum extent (to a considerable extent following the borders of the Qing dynasty). ...

Footnotes

1. ^ [http://www.uname.cn/html/dic/5/62_19415.shtml Online Chinese dictionary.
2. ^ [http://www.infobase.gov.cn/history/preqin/200707/article_108.html Dongyi Culture
3. ^ [http://www.qi86.com/display.asp?id=3139 Legendary leaders of Dongyi.
4. ^ [http://www.qi86.com/display.asp?id=3139 Legendary leaders of Dongyi.
5. ^ Book of the Later Han (後漢書); 欽定四庫全書, 後漢書卷一百十五, 東夷傳, 第七十五
6. ^ Records of Three Kingdoms (欽定四庫全書, 魏志卷三十, 烏丸鮮卑東夷 (夫餘 髙句麗 東沃沮 挹婁 濊 馬韓 辰韓 弁辰 倭人)
7. ^ 欽定四庫全書, 晉書卷九十七, 列傳第六十七, 四夷
8. ^ 欽定四庫全書, 宋書卷九十七, 列傳第五十七, 東夷
9. ^ 欽定四庫全書, 南齊書卷五十八, 蠻, 東南夷, 東夷
10. ^ 欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷
11. ^ 欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷. "東夷之國朝鮮". This sentence is interpreted into "The state of Dongyi is Gojoseon"
12. ^ 欽定四庫全書, 隋書卷八十一, 列傳第四十六, 東夷
13. ^ Feng Shi, "Shandong Dinggong Longshan shidai wenzi jiedu" in Kaogu 1:37-54
14. ^ [Cai 2003]
15. ^ http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%B5%BF%C0%CC&pk=12741200&subtype=&type=enc&field=id Yahoo Korea Encyclopedia article
16. ^ http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b05d1611a Korea Britannica article
17. ^ http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=50396 EnCyber Doosan Encyclopedia article

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom. ...

References

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