In sports, doping refers to the use of performance-enhancing drugs, particularly those that are forbidden by the organizations that regulate competitions. Another form of doping is blood doping, either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). Also considered "doping" by many is the use of substances that mask other forms of doping.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation). ... Blood doping is the practice of illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulation in order to enhance athletic performance. ... Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. ... Erythropoietin (IPA pronunciation: , alternative pronunciations: ) or EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ...

Doping is considered to be unethical by most international sports organizations and especially the International Olympic Committee. The reasons are mainly the health threat of performance-enhancing drugs, the equality of opportunity of the athletes and the exemplary effect of "clean" (doping-free) sports in the public. Stamp The International Olympic Committee (French: Comité International Olympique) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23, 1894. ...

Currently, tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) and modafinil are causing controversy throughout the sporting world, with many high profile cases attracting major press coverage as prominent United States athletes have tested positive for these doping substances. Some athletes who were found to have used modafinil protested as the drug was not on the prohibited list at the time of their offence; however, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) maintains it is a substance related to those already banned, so the decisions stand. Modafinil was added to the list of prohibited substances on August 3, 2004, ten days before the start of the 2004 Summer Olympics. Tetrahydrogestrinone (often referred to as THG or the clear) is an anabolic steroid. ... Modafinil is a eugeroic drug generally prescribed to treat narcolepsy, made by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. ... The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ... Modafinil is a eugeroic drug generally prescribed to treat narcolepsy, made by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The ceremony for the lighting of the flame is arranged as a pagan pageant, with priestesses dancing. ...

The word doping comes undoubtedly from the Dutch word "DOOP" (meaning a thick soup or heavy drink). First associated with their landing in the 17 century in America, the Dutch colonists were given a "saus" or "doop" from their American Indian neighbors as they sat up Fort Nassau in 1614, in what later became "Nieuw Amsterdam" and later New York. The doop was soon discovered by their British counterparts and recognized as having stimulating qualities. Eventually this lead to the "doping" translation as we know it today. Incidentally it was in the 1860' and 1870' that in Amsterdam, Netherlands the first rules against the use of Caffeine were recorded. It seems the Dutch took claim for the early rounds of stimulants and its original wording.

In recent years, gene doping has been reported as being an emerging form of doping. Gene doping would be very difficult to detect as well as permanent and irreversible. Gene doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as the non-therapeutic use of cells, // genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance. [1] A complex ethical and philosophical issue develops on what exactly defines gene doping, especially in...

Sports lawyer Michelle Gallen has said that the pursuit of doping athletes has turned into a modern day witch hunt. ^[1] 1533 account of the execution of a witch charged with burning the town of Schiltach in 1531. ...

Reaction from sports organizations

The International Amateur Athletic Federation, now the International Association of Athletics Federations, were the first international governing body of sport to take the situation seriously. In 1928 they banned participants from doping, but with little in the way of testing available they had to rely on the word of the athlete that they were clean. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) is the international governing body for the sport of athletics (known in the US as track and field). It was founded in 1912 at its first Congress in Stockholm, Sweden by representatives from 17 national athletics federations as the International Amateur Athletics Federation. ... A sportsperson (British and American English) or athlete (principally American English) is any person who participates regularly in a sport. ...

It was not until 1966 that FIFA (soccer) and Union Cycliste Internationale (cycling) joined the IAAF in the fight against drugs, closely followed by the International Olympic Committee the following year. This article is about an international football organization. ... Entrance of UCI headquarter at Aigle (Switzerland) Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is a professional cycling union that oversees cycling events in the international community. ... Police officer on a bicycle Cycling is a means of transport, a form of recreation, and a sport. ... Stamp The International Olympic Committee (French: Comité International Olympique) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23, 1894. ...

Progression in pharmacology has always outstripped the ability of sports federations to implement rigorous testing procedures but since the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999 more and more athletes are being caught. Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ...

The first tests for athletes were at the 1966 European Championships and two years later the IOC implemented their first drug tests at both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Anabolic steroids became prevalent during the 1970s and after a method of detection was found they were added to the IOC's prohibited substances list in 1976. The 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were held in Mexico City in 1968. ... The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1968 Grenoble, France and opened on February 6. ... Crystal structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin, transporting 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. ...

A handful of commentators maintain that, as outright prevention of doping is an impossibility, all doping should be legalised. However, most disagree with this assertion, pointing out the harmful long-term effects of many doping agents. With doping legal, all competitive athletes would be compelled to use drugs, the net effect would be a level playing field but with widespread health consequences.

Another point of view is that doping could be legalized to some extent using a drug whitelist and medical counseling, such that medical safety is ensured, with all usage published. However, under such a system, it is likely that athletes would cheat by exceeding official limits to try to gain an advantage. Thus, to police such a system could be as difficult as policing a total ban on performance enhancing drugs.:) Look up whitelist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Safety (disambiguation). ...

Notable drug scandals and use in professional sport

• As early as the late 19th century professional cyclists were using substances like caffeine, cocaine and ether-coated sugar cubes to improve performance, reduce pain and delay fatigue.
• In the 1904 Olympics, Thomas Hicks (USA) won the marathon at St. Louis and collapsed. It took hours to revive him; he had taken brandy mixed with strychnine to help him win his gold medal.
• The World Weightlifting Championships of 1954 featured the first unconfirmed attempt at doping. Testosterone injections by Soviet Athletes resulted in the Soviets winning the gold medal in most weight classes and breaking several world records.
• In early 1960s Dr. John Ziegler (who was the US Team Coach in the 1954 Soviet-dominated World Weightlifting Championships) administered his weightlifters Dianabol tablets and the US dominated the 1962 World Championships.
• During the 1967 Tour de France, Tom Simpson collapsed during the ascent of the Mont Ventoux. Despite mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and the administration of oxygen, plus a helicopter airlift to a nearby hospital, Simpson died. Two tubes of amphetamines and a further empty tube were found in the rear pocket of his racing jersey.
• A famous case of illicit drug use in a competition was Canadian Ben Johnson's victory in the 100 m at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He subsequently failed the drug test when stanozolol was found in his urine. He later admitted to using the steroid as well as Dianabol, Cypionate, Furazabol, and human growth hormone amongst other things. Johnson was stripped of his gold medal as well as recognition of what had been a world-record performance. Carl Lewis was then promoted one place to take the Olympic gold title. Lewis had also run under the current world record time and was therefore recognized as the new record holder.
• In the 1970s and 1980s, many athletes from a variety of sports (including swimming, track & field, & weightlifting) in Eastern bloc nations were suspected to be augmenting their ability with some kind of pharmacological help. After the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the reunification of Germany, documents surfaced proving that the East German sport establishment had conducted systematic doping of virtually all of its world-class athletes, under a program known as State Plan 14.25.^[2]
• In 1998 the entire Festina team were excluded from the Tour de France following the discovery of a team car containing large amounts of various performance-enhancing drugs. The team director later admitted that some of the cyclists were routinely given banned substances. Six other teams pulled out in protest including Dutch team TVM who left the tour still being questioned by the police. The Festina scandal overshadowed cyclist Marco Pantani's tour win, but he himself later failed a test. More recently David Millar, the 2003 World-Time Trial Champion, admitted using EPO, and was stripped of his title and suspended for two years. Still later, Roberto Heras was stripped of his victory in the 2005 Vuelta a España and suspended for two years after testing positive for EPO.
• Six members of the Finnish cross country skiing team (four men and two women) were disqualifed for taking hemohes, a blood plasma expander, at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2001 in Lahti, Finland. These six skiers became known as the Lahti six.
• At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, the SoHo trio (named for the Nordic skiing venue where they competed, Soldier Hollow) consisting of Johann Mühlegg of Spain, Olga Danilova, and Larisa Lazutina (both of Russia) were caught during routine doping tests. All forfeited Olympic medals.
• 2003 saw U.S. sprinter Kelli White stripped of her two gold medals from the World Track & Field Championships for testing positive for Modafinil, four-time U.S. 400 hurdles champ Sandra Glover, 2000 Olympian Eric Thomas, Olympic 4x400 meter Gold Medalist Calvin Harrison, hurdler Chris Phillips, and Olympic and World Champ 4x100 meter relay Gold medalist Chryste Gaines all tested positive for Modafinil, while 25-time U.S. middle distance national champion and two-time 1,500 meter World Champ silver medalist Regina Jacobs, 2003 U.S. national shot put champion Kevin Toth, hammer thrower John McEwan, and four members of the 2003 Super Bowl Oakland Raiders football team (Bill Romanowski, Dana Stubblefield, Chris Cooper, and Barret Robbins) all test positive for designer steroid THG.
• In July 2005, founders of California's Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative pleaded guilty to steroid distribution and money laundering. Those implicated or accused in the ensuing scandal include sprinters Dwain Chambers, Marion Jones, Tim Montgomery, and shotputter C.J. Hunter, baseball players Barry Bonds, Jason Giambi and Gary Sheffield, and several members of the Oakland Raiders.
• At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Walter Mayer fled from the police when, acting on a tip, the Italian authorities conducted a surprise raid to search for evidence of doping.
• The 2006 book Game of Shadows alleges extensive use of several types of steroids and growth hormone by baseball superstar Barry Bonds, and also names several other athletes as drug cheats.
• In 2006, Spanish police arrested five people, including the sporting director of the Liberty Seguros cycling team, on charges of running a massive doping scheme involving most of the team and many other top cyclists. Several potential contenders in the 2006 Tour de France were forced to withdraw when they were linked to the scheme. Operación Puerto was mainly linked to doping in football, tennis and athletics, but the press concentrated on a small number of cyclists as Le Tour de France was about to start. For more details, see Operación Puerto doping case.
• Less than a week after the 2006 Tour de France it was revealed that winner Floyd Landis had tested positive for an elevated testosterone/epitestosterone ratio (with normal levels of testosterone and deficient levels of epitestosterone) after his stunning stage 17 victory. Secondary tests have also confirmed the preliminary findings of deficient levels of epitestosterone resulting in a skewed T/E ratio, and a decision to strip him of the title is currently pending.
• On April 22, 2006, American Olympic and world 100-meter champion Justin Gatlin failed a drug test when steroids were found in his system. Special testing done both before and after this positive result came back negative, suggesting the results came from application of a steroid cream rather than steroid ingestion.
• In September 2006, some former teammates of cyclist Lance Armstrong admitted to taking EPO during the 1999 Tour de France. While they did not state that Armstrong had done the same, the article printed did attack Armstrong, who throughout his career has been a target of doping allegations.
• On May 25, 2007, 1996 Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis of Denmark admitted to having used EPO from 1993 through 1998, including his winning Tour, and also admitted to having used cortisone and growth hormone. The day before, two of his teammates on Team Telekom during that time, Rolf Aldag and six-time Tour de France green jersey winner Erik Zabel, had admitted to EPO use during the 1996 Tour. Riis has offered to give back his Tour de France victory.^[3]
• For a full discussion on the collective bargaining clauses in the four major North American sports relating to steroids testing and detection, see "Illegal Muscle- A Comparative Analysis of Proposed Steroid Legislation and the Policies in Professional Sports' CBA's That Led to the Steroid Controversy. Paul A. Fortenberry and Brian E. Hoffman. 5 Va. Sports & Ent. L.J. 121 (2006)
• The 2007 Tour de France was rocked by a series of doping scandals:
  • German rider Patrik Sinkewitz, who had pulled out of the Tour after a crash on Stage 8, was later revealed to have tested positive for elevated testosterone levels before the Tour. He asked for his B sample to be tested. His T-Mobile Team immediately suspended him, and German prosecutors opened a criminal investigation.
  • Pre-race favorite Alexander Vinokourov (Kazakhstan) tested positive for an illegal blood transfusion after winning the Stage 13 time trial. The incident led his Astana Team to quit the Tour after Stage 15.
  • Italian Cristian Moreni tested positive for testosterone after Stage 11. When his positive test was announced after Stage 16, his entire Cofidis team pulled out of the Tour. Moreni acknowledged his offense, choosing not to have his B sample tested. He was detained by French police, who searched the hotel rooms where the Cofidis team was to spend the evening after Stage 16.
  • The race leader, Michael Rasmussen of Denmark, won Stage 16. However, shortly after the stage, his Rabobank team pulled him from the Tour for violation of team rules. According to reports, he had lied about his whereabouts during pre-Tour training to both the team's directeur sportif and the sport's governing body, the UCI, and had missed two tests during the run-up to the Tour. Denmark's cycling federation had already removed him from the national team over this issue.
  • After the end of the Tour, it was revealed that Spanish rider Iban Mayo tested positive for EPO late in the race.
• On July 19, 2007 the California State Athletic Commission announced that both competitors in the lightweight title fight at UFC 73, Sean Sherk and Hermes Franca, had tested positive for banned substances in post-fight drug tests. Franca tested positive for Drostanolone while Sherk tested positive for Nandrolone. Both fighters were suspended from competing in California until June 2008 but Sherk has filed for an extension to his appeal hearing.

Wikinews has related news:

Tunisian swimmer Oussama Mellouli stripped of championship for doping

• 30 November 2006 to September 11, 2007: the case of testing positive for amphetamine by Tunesian swimmer Oussama Mellouli. A few weeks after the conclusion of the 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne on 28 March 2007, reports began to surface that Oussama Mellouli had tested positive for a banned substance at the US Open in November, 2006. These reports surfaced because FINA, the international governing body of the sport, had discovered that Tunisian authorities had known about the positive test, and had only given him a warning. The rules state, that when an athlete tests positive for a banned substance, he or she must be given a 2 year ban from the sport. FINA had therefore taken the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. On September 11, 2007, Oussama Mellouli lost his case before the Court of Arbitration for Sport, receiving a competition ban for 18 months, retroactive to 30 November 2006. As a result of this sanction, all of his results from the 2007 World Championships in Melbourne have been vacated, including his gold medal in men's 800 m freestyle and his silver medal in men's 400 m freestyle. He will no longer be considered the first Arab world champion swimmer. However, he will have a chance to swim competitively again by the time of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Main article: Oussama Mellouli

• On October 5, 2007 multiple Olympic and World Championship track gold medalist Marion Jones pled guilty to lying to federal agents about her use of steroids prior to the 2000 Olympic games, admitting to using the steroid Tetrahydrogestrinone - known as "The Clear" or "THG" - beginning in 1999.

A cyclist is a person who engages in cycling whether as a sport or rides a bicycle for recreation or transportation. ... Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. ... Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... Pain redirects here. ... The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ... The 1904 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, were held in St. ... Thomas J. Hicks (January 7, 1875 – December 2, 1963) was an American track and field athlete, winner of the Olympic marathon in 1904. ... For other senses of this word, see Marathon (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ... Strychnine (pronounced (British, U.S.), or (U.S.)) is a very toxic (LD50 = 10 mg approx. ... Gold Medal is an album by American band The Donnas, released in 2004. ... This article is about the sport of weightlifting. ... Dianabol is an anabolic steroid. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Tom Simpson, see Tom Simpson (disambiguation). ... Mont Ventoux is a mountain in the Provence region of southern France, located some 20 km north-east of Carpentras, Vaucluse. ... Benjamin Sinclair Ben Johnson CM (born December 30, 1961) is a controversial former Canadian athlete, best known for his disqualification for doping use after winning the 100 m final in the 1988 Summer Olympics. ... Johnson winning the 100 m final The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were held in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. ... Stanozolol, commonly sold under the name Winstrol (oral) and Winstrol Depot (intra-muscular), was developed by Winthrop Laboratories in 1962. ... Dianabol is an anabolic steroid. ... Pharmaceutical Name: Furazabol Chemical structure: 17-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-androsta-2,3-furazan,17b-ol Molecular weight of base: 330. ... Human growth hormone can refer to: For physiology of human growth hormone, see growth hormone. ... Frederick Carlton Carl Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is a retired American track and field athlete who won 10 Olympic medals including 9 golds (He received the gold medal in the 100 meters in 1988 Olympics after Ben Johnson was disqualified for using drugs), and 10 World Championships medals, of... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... This article is about the 1990 German reunification. ... This article is about the state which existed from 1949 to 1990. ... Festina is a Spanish watch manufacturer. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... TVM was a Dutch road bicycle racing team. ... Marco Pantani (January 13, 1970, Cesena – February 14, 2004, Rimini) was an Italian cyclist widely regarded as being one of the best climbers of all times in professional road bicycle racing. ... David Millar (born January 4, 1977 in Malta) is a Scottish road racing cyclist, currently racing for UCI ProTeam Saunier Duval-Prodir as a time-trial specialist. ... Erythropoietin (IPA pronunciation: , alternative pronunciations: ) or EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ... Roberto Heras Hernández (born 1 February 1974 in Béjar, Spain) is a professional cyclist who won the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) a record-tying three times. ... The Vuelta a España bicycle race is one of the three Grand Tours of Europe. ... Cross-country skiing (aka XC skiing) is an adventure and fitness activity as well as a competitive winter sport popular in many countries with large snowfields, primarily in Europe and Canada. ... The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2001 took place February 15-25, 2001 in Lahti, Finland for a record sixth time (1926, 1938, 1958, 1978, 1989). ... Location within Finland Lahti (Lahtis in Swedish) is a Finnish city of 100,049 inhabitants (2006), bordering the Vesijärvi lake. ... The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games, and with the theme slogan Light The Fire Within, were celebrated in 2002 in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. ... Salt Lake City is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Utah. ... Nordic skiing is a winter sport that encompasses all types of skiing where the heel of the boot cannot be fixed to the ski. ... The Soldier Hollow cross-country skiing venue in Wasatch Mountain State Park, Utah, USA, hosted the cross-country skiing and biathlon events, a total of 23 competitions, during the Salt Lake City 2002 Olympic Winter Games. ... Johann Mühlegg (born August 8, 1970) is a German-born top level cross-country skier who has competed in international competitions first representing Germany and then Spain, after becoming a Spanish citizen in 1999. ... Olga Danilova (born June 10, 1970) is an athlete who competes in nordic skiing events for Russia. ... Larisa Lazutina (born) as Larisa Ptistyna on 1 June 1965. ... Regina Jacobs (born August 28, 1963) is a former middle distance runner from the United States, who represented her native country in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. ... The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) is a controversial sports nutrition center in Burlingame, California, USA. The company achieved infamy due to a long investigation in accusations that the lab provided anabolic steroids and other banned performance-enhancing drugs to athletes, many famous. ... Dwain Chambers Dwain Anthony Chambers (born 5 April 1978 in London) is a former English sprinter, turned American football player, currently contracted to NFL Europa with the Hamburg Sea Devils. ... Marion Jones, also known as Marion Jones-Thompson (born October 12, 1975 in Los Angeles, California), is a former American track and field athlete of Belizean descent. ... Timothy Montgomery (born January 25, 1975) is a former American athlete and 100 m record holder. ... Marion Jones, also known as Marion Jones-Thompson (born October 12, 1975 in Los Angeles, California), is a former American track and field athlete of Belizean descent. ... Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964 in Riverside, California) is currently a left fielder for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. ... Jason Gilbert Giambi (born January 8, 1971) is a Major League Baseball player who is the 1st baseman and designated hitter for the New York Yankees. ... For information on other people with the same name, please see: Gary Sheffield Gary Antonian Sheffield (born November 18, 1968 in Tampa, Florida) is a Major League Baseball designated hitter and outfielder for the Detroit Tigers. ... City Oakland, California Other nicknames The Silver and Black Team colors Silver and Black Head Coach Lane Kiffin Owner Al Davis General manager Al Davis League/Conference affiliations American Football League (1960–1969) Western Division (1960–1969) National Football League (1970–present) American Football Conference (1970–present) AFC West (1970... Walter Mayer (* 17 March 1957) is an Austrian Cross-country skier and coach. ... Game of Shadows is a book published on March 23, 2006 and was written by Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams, reporters for the San Francisco Chronicle. ... Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH) is a protein hormone which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... This article is about the sport. ... Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964 in Riverside, California) is currently a left fielder for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. ... A directeur sportif is a person who is responsible for the operation of a cycling team during a road bicycle racing event. ... The Astana-Würth Team logo The Team Astana (UCI Team Code: AWT), formerly named Liberty Seguros-Würth Team, Würth Team and Astana-Würth Team, is a professional cycling team sponsored by the Astana group, a coalition of companies from Kazakhstan, named after its capital. ... The 2006 Tour de France was the 93rd Tour de France, taking place from July 1 to July 23, 2006. ... The Operación Puerto doping case is a scandal in which 200 athletes including a number of bicyclists are accused of using prohibited doping practices to enhance their performance. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... The Operación Puerto doping case (meaning Operation Mountain Pass)[1] is a Spanish doping case against doctor Eufemiano Fuentes and a number of accomplices, started in May 2006. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... Floyd Landis (born October 14, 1975) is an American cyclist. ... Epitestosterone is a natural steroid, an inactive epimer of the hormone testosterone. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Justin Gatlin (born February 10, 1982) is an American sprinter. ... Lance Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is a retired American professional road racing cyclist. ... The 1999 Tour de France was the 86th Tour de France, taking place from July 3 to July 25, 2005. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The 1996 Tour de France was the 83rd Tour de France, starting on June 29 and ending on July 21, featuring 19 regular stages, 2 individual time trials, a prologue and a rest day (July 10th). ... Bjarne LykkegÃ¥rd Riis (born April 3, 1964), nicknamed the Eagle from Herning (Danish: Ørnen fra Herning), is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer who won the 1996 Tour de France, and is now the team owner and manager of Danish UCI ProTour outfit Team CSC. Other career highlights... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Presentation of the 2006 team in Mallorca. ... Rolf Aldag (born 25 August 1968, Beckum, Germany) was a professional road bicycle racer for the UCI ProTour outfit T-Mobile Team since 1993 (then known as Team Telekom). ... The maillot vert (French for green jersey) is the jersey worn by the leader of the Tour de Frances points classification. ... Erik Zabel (born July 7, 1970 in Berlin) is a German professional road bicycle racer for UCI ProTour Team Milram. ... The term major professional sports league is used to describe the most important and well regarded leagues in the biggest professional sports in a country or region. ... Stages in 2007 The 2007 Tour de France is the 94th Tour de France, taking place from July 7 to July 29, 2007. ... The 2007 Tour de France has been affected by a series of scandals and speculations related to doping. ... Patrik Sinkewitz (Fulda, October 20, 1980) is a professional German cyclist currently riding for the T-Mobile Team cycling team. ... Presentation of the 2006 team in Mallorca. ... Alexander Nikolaevich Vinokourov, also written Alexandre Vinokourov, (born 16 September 1973 in Petropavlovsk, Soviet Union, now Petropavl, Kazakhstan) is a Kazakhstani professional road bicycle racer. ... Blood doping is the practice of illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulation in order to enhance athletic performance. ... An Individual Time Trial (ITT) is a road bicycle race in which cyclists race alone against the clock (in French: contre la montre - literally against the watch). There are also track-based time trials where riders compete in velodromes, and team time trials (TTT). ... The Astana Team (UCI Team Code: AST), is a professional road bicycle racing team sponsored by the Astana group, a coalition of state-owned companies from Kazakhstan – including Air Astana – named after its capital. ... Cristian Moreni (born November 21, 1972 in Asola) is a Italian cyclist who rides for Cofidis, le Crédit par Téléphone in the UCI ProTour. ... Cofidis is a French professional road bicycle racing team sponsored by the insurance company Cofidis. ... Commercial version of maillot jaune, 2004 The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune pronounced ) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-stage bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. ... Michael Rasmussen (born June 1, 1974 in Tølløse) is a Danish professional road bicycle racer who rides for Dutch team Rabobank. ... The Rabobank team during the 2005 Rund um den Henninger Turm race. ... A directeur sportif is a person who is responsible for the operation of a cycling team during a road bicycle racing event. ... Entrance of UCI headquarter at Aigle (Switzerland) Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is a professional cycling union that oversees cycling events in the international community. ... Iban Mayo Diez (born August 19, 1977, in Igorre, Basque Country, Spain) is a professional road bicycle racer. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... UFC 73: Stacked was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship. ... The Muscle Shark Sean Keith Sherk (born August 5, 1973) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter. ... Hermes Franca-Barros (born August 26, 1974), known as Hermes Franca, is a Brazilian mixed martial artist currently fighting at Lightweight for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. ... Nandrolone is an anabolic steroid occurring naturally in the human body, albeit in small quantities. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. ... Motto Liberty, Order, Justice Anthem Capital (and largest city) Tunis Official languages Arabic Demonym Tunisian Government Republic  -  President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali  -  Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi Independence  -  from France March 20, 1956  Area  -  Total 163,610 km² (92nd) 63,170 sq mi   -  Water (%) 5. ... Oussama Mellouli Oussama Mellouli (born February 16, 1984 in Tunis) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events. ... The 2007 World Aquatics Championships or the XII FINA World Championships is currently being held in Melbourne, Australia from March 17 to April 1, 2007. ... This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Fédération Internationale de Natation The International Swimming Federation (French Fédération Internationale de Natation, FINA) organizes and regulates international swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, water polo and open water swimming championships. ... The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS; Tribunal Arbitral du Sport or TAS in French) is an arbitration body set up to settle disputes related to sports. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, will be celebrated from August 8, 2008 to August 24, 2008, with the opening ceremony commencing at 08:08:08 pm at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, Peoples Republic of China. ... Peking redirects here. ... Oussama Mellouli Oussama Mellouli (born February 16, 1984 in Tunis) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Marion Jones, also known as Marion Jones-Thompson (born October 12, 1975 in Los Angeles, California), is a former American track and field athlete of Belizean descent. ... Tetrahydrogestrinone (often referred to as THG or the clear) is an anabolic steroid. ...

Anti-doping Convention

The Anti-Doping Convention of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg was opened for signature on 16 December 1989 as the first multilateral legal standard in this field. It has been signed by 48 states including the Council of Europe non-member states Australia, Belarus, Canada and Tunisia. The Convention is open for signature by other non-European states. It does not claim to create a universal model of anti-doping, but sets a certain number of common standards and regulations requiring Parties to adopt legislative, financial, technical, educational and other measures. Anthem Ode to Joy (orchestral)  ten founding members joined subsequently observer at the Parliamentary Assembly observer at the Committee of Ministers  official candidate Seat Strasbourg, France Membership 47 European states 5 observers (Council) 3 observers (Assembly) Leaders  -  Secretary General Terry Davis  -  President of the Parliamentary Assembly Rene van der Linden... For other uses, see Strasburg. ...

The main objective of the Convention is to promote the national and international harmonisation of the measures to be taken against doping. In their constitutional provisions, each contracting party undertakes to:

create a national co-ordinating body; reduce the trafficking of doping substances and the use of banned doping agents; reinforce doping controls and improve detection techniques; support education and awareness-raising programmes; guarantee the efficiency of sanctions taken against offenders; collaborate with sports organisations at all levels, including at international level; and to use accredited anti-doping laboratories. Furthermore the Convention describes the mission of the Monitoring Group set up in order to monitor its implementation and periodically re-examine the List of prohibited substances and methods which can be found in annex to the main text.

An Additional Protocol to the Convention entered into force on 1 April 2004 with the aim of ensuring the mutual recognition of anti-doping controls and of reinforcing the implementation of the Convention using a binding control system.

See also

• List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
• Doping at the Olympic Games
• Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO), a sports nutrition center in California allegedly linked to doping of many high-profile athletes.
• List of sporting scandals
• Blood doping
• Cheating at the Paralympic Games

The following is an incomplete list of sportspeople who have been sanctioned by their sports governing body for doping offences. ... The IOC introduced the first doping controls at the Olympic Games in 1968. ... The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) is a controversial sports nutrition center in Burlingame, California, USA. The company achieved infamy due to a long investigation in accusations that the lab provided anabolic steroids and other banned performance-enhancing drugs to athletes, many famous. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... This is a list of major sporting scandals: Black Sox scandal (1919) Ty Cobb and Tris Speakers game fixing (1926) Pete Rose gambling on baseball - Dowd Report (1989) Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays banned from baseball for being doormen in an Atlantic City Casino (1970s) Drug abuse in sports... Blood doping is the practice of illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulation in order to enhance athletic performance. ... Cheating at the Paralympic Games has caused scandals that have significantly changed the way in which the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) run the events. ...

Notes and references

This article is about the German international broadcaster. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

The external links in this article may not comply with Wikipedia's content policies. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links.

• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Homepage
• WALL-Protect: The anti-doping descriptive of food supplements
• List of Drugs Prohibited by the WADA for years 2005 and 2006 (PDF)
• IAAF Anti-Doping Page.
• Olympic Movement Anti-doping Code (PDF)
• Genetically Modified Athletes, by Dr Andy Miah.
• Bioethics & Sport blog.
• Doping Journal (ISSN 1812-948x), free scholar journal on doping science and anti-doping
• Doping in Cycling - an historical perspective
• Steroids in Sports
• In the Name of Fair Game... - a review from the Science Creative Quarterly
• CBC Digital Archives - Going for Dope: Canada and Drugs in Sport
• Fans against doping
• Poniewozik, James. This is Your Nation on Steroids. Time Magazine.
• http://www.cpld.fr
• The Song "Fans against doping" ”- by K-Gi Scarlett

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... “PDF” redirects here. ... “PDF” redirects here. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ...