Douglas Alexander Spalding (?1840-1877) was an English biologist. He was born in London about 1840, and began life as a manual labourer. Subsequently he lived in Scotland, near Aberdeen; the philosopher Alexander Bain persuaded the University of Aberdeen to allow him to attend courses without charge. He studied philosophy and literature, but after a year left for London. He trained as a lawyer, but also contracted tuberculosis. He travelled in Europe in hopes of finding a cure, and in Avignon met John Stuart Mill and through him Viscount Amberley (son of the former British Prime Minister Lord John Russell, by then 1st Earl Russell). He became tutor to Viscount Amberley's oldest child, the young Bertrand Russell, and also carried on an intermittent affair with Viscountess Amberley. After the viscount's death in 1876, Spalding returned to the continent and remained there until his death the following year.

Spalding carried out some remarkable experiments on animal behaviour, and discovered the phenomenon now known as imprinting, subsequently popularised by Konrad Lorenz. He was greatly ahead of his time in his recognition of the importance of the interaction between learning and instinct in determining behaviour, and in his use of the experimental method in studying behaviour. Although his work is little known nowadays, its importance is recognised by historians of psychology. The mid-twentieth century biologist J. B. S. Haldane reprinted some of his work, apparently in order to demonstrate that the designation of Lorenz as the founder of ethology was inaccurate.

External link

• Experimental and Comparative Roots of Early Behaviorism: An Introduction (http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Psych/rwozniak/roots.html#10) by Robert H. Wozniak

References

• Boakes, R. A. (1984). From Darwin to behaviorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gray, P. H. (1967). Spalding and his influence on research in developmental behavior. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 3, 168-179.
• Gray, P. H. (1968). Prerequisite to an analysis of behaviorism: The conscious automaton theory from Spalding to William James. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 4, 365-376.
• Griffiths, P. E. (2004). Instinct in the ‘50s: The British reception of Konrad Lorenz’s theory of instinctive behavior. Biology and Philosophy, 19 (also available online (http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001676/01/Instinct_in_the_50s.pdf)).
• Haldane, J. B. S. (1954). Introducing Douglas Spalding. British Journal for Animal Behaviour, 2, 1.
• Spalding, D. A. (1873). Instinct. With original observations on young animals. Macmillan's Magazine, 27, 282-293.
• Spalding, D. A. (1872). On instinct. Nature, 6, 485-486.