Dracunculiasis, more commonly known as Guinea worm disease (GWD), is an infection caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis (also known as "Guinea worm"). Dracunculus comes from the Latin "little dragon". The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // A00-A79 - Bacterial infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases, and STDs (A00-A09) Intestinal infectious diseases (A00) Cholera (A01) Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (A010) Typhoid fever (A02) Other Salmonella infections (A03) Shigellosis (A04) Other bacterial intestinal infections (A040) Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection (A045) Campylobacter enteritis (A046) Enteritis due to Yersinia... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... A genus of spiruroid nematode parasites in the family Dracunculidae. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

Life cycle

The life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis.

The female Dracunculus worm emerges through the skin of its human host one to two years after infection. Often, persons with emergent worms enter sources of drinking water and unwittingly allow the worm to release larvae into the water. These larvae are ingested by microscopic fresh-water copepods ("water fleas", especially of the genus Cyclops). Inside the copepods, the larvae develop into the infective stage in 10-14 days. In turn, humans may then become infected by drinking water containing infected copepods. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A worm is an elongated, slender, soft-bodied invertebrate animal. ... Beyond overall skin structure, refer below to: See-also. ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Orders Calanoida Cyclopoida Gelyelloida Harpacticoida Misophrioida Monstrilloida Mormonilloida Platycopioida Poecilostomatoida Siphonostomatoida Copepods are small, aquatic animals living in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat, a form of plankton, specifically zooplankton, some copepods are parasitic. ... Water flea is a generic term for a number of small aquatic crustacea characterised by their jumping or jerky mode of swimming. ... Cyclops is a genus of copepods with a singe eye spot. ...

Once inside the body, the stomach acid digests the water flea, but not the guinea worm larvae sheltered inside. These larvae find their way to the small intestine, and then pass into the body cavity. During the next 10-14 months, the female copulates with a male guinea worm. The small male (1.2-2.9 centimeters long) dies and is absorbed into the larger female. The female develops into its full length of 60-100 centimeters (2-3 feet) long and a narrow width similar to that of a cooked spaghetti noodle. Having mated, the adult female is packed with thousands of tiny larvae. The worm migrates to the area of the body from which it will emerge, which, in more than 90% of all cases, is on one of the lower limbs. Gastric acid is the main secretion of the stomach, characterised by H2O, hydrochloric acid and several enzymes (mainly pepsinogen). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ...

A blister develops on the skin at the site where the worm will emerge. This blister causes a very painful burning sensation, and, within 24 to 72 hours of its appearance, will rupture, exposing one end of the emergent worm. To relieve the burning sensation, infected persons often immerse the affected limb in water. When the blister, which shortly becomes an ulcer or open sore, is submerged in water, the adult female releases a milky white liquid, containing hundreds of thousands of guinea worm larvae, into the water. Over the next several days, the female worm is capable of releasing more larvae whenever it comes in contact with water. These larvae contaminate the water supply and are eaten by copepods, thereby repeating the lifecycle of the disease, as described above. For the packaging type, see Blister pack. ... Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer. ... Orders Calanoida Cyclopoida Gelyelloida Harpacticoida Misophrioida Monstrilloida Mormonilloida Platycopioida Poecilostomatoida Siphonostomatoida Copepods are small, aquatic animals living in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat, a form of plankton, specifically zooplankton, some copepods are parasitic. ...

Treatment

The most common practice to treat dracunculiasis still involves wrapping the worm around a stick. The adult worm is extracted from the patient using a stick at the skin surface and wrapping or winding the worm a few centimeters per day. This slow process can take many days and, in some cases, up to a few weeks, but it is required to avoid breakage and leaving behind a portion of the worm. Breaking the worm will not cause the death of the individual; however, having a portion of the dead worm remain within the host's body increases the risk of infection, and can trigger immune responses resulting in pain and swelling. This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...

Metronidazole or thiabendazole (in adults) is usually adjunctive to stick therapy and somewhat facilitates the extraction process. However, one study found that antihelminthic therapy was associated with aberrant migration of worms, resulting in infection in areas other than the lower extremity. Therefore, such medications should be used with caution. Metronidazole (INN) (IPA: ) is a nitroimidazole anti-infective drug used mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms, particularly anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. ... Thiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide used primarily to control mold, blight, and other fungally caused diseases in fruits and vegetables. ... Anthelmintics (in the U.S., antihelminthics) are drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminthes) from the body or kill them. ...

The worm also can be excised surgically where such facilities are available. “Surgeon” redirects here. ...

If history or examination findings lead to suspicion of dranunculiasis, consultation is warranted with an infectious disease specialist for involvement in management and follow-up care. This also allows for initiation of epidemiologic protocol if the patient presents in a nonendemic country. The medical history of a patient (sometimes called anamnesis [1][2] ) is information gained by a physician by asking specific questions, either of the patient or of other people who know the person and can give suitable information (in this case, it is sometimes called heteroanamnesis). ... In medicine, the physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which the physician investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease. ... This false-colored electron micrograph shows a malaria sporozoite migrating through the midgut epithelia. ... Medical case management is a collaborative process that facilitates recommended treatment plans to assure the appropriate medical care is provided to disabled, ill or injured individuals. ... Virus outbreaks occur when a virus bypasses infection control measures and a relatively high number of infections are observed where no cases or sporadic cases occurred in the past. ...

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Eradication efforts

The Dracunculiasis Eradication Program (DEP), an effort to eradicate the disease from the world, has been funded by charities such as the Carter Center and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. As a result of its efforts, as of 2005 Asia has been completely free of dracunculiasis, and in 9 of the 20 countries where dracunculiasis eradication began transmission has been interrupted. Five of the countries where the disease is still endemic saw fewer than 50 cases each in 2004. DEP has set a goal of global eradication by 2009.^[1] The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library The Carter Center is a human rights organization, founded in 1982 and chaired by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. ... The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (B&MGF) is the largest transparently operated[2] charitable foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates in 2000 and doubled in size by Warren Buffett in 2006. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Worldwide, there were about 3.5 million cases reported in 1986^[2], over 30,000 cases in 2003^[3], and only about 16,000 cases in 2004.^[1]

Dracunculiasis now occurs only in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Transmission of the disease is most common in very remote rural villages and in areas visited by nomadic groups. In the 2nd century BC, the Greek writer Agatharchides described this affliction as being endemic amongst certain nomads in what is now Sudan and along the Red Sea (fragments preserved in Photius, Bibliotheca Cod. 250.59, 453b; and Plutarch, Quaestiones Convivales 8.9.16). A political map showing national divisions in relation to deonte Shepard Club Of America Free burgers for new members the ecological break (Sub-Saharan Africa in green) A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Sub-Saharan Africa is the term used to... In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 2nd century BC started on January 1, 200 BC and ended on December 31, 101 BC. // Coin of Antiochus IV. Reverse shows Apollo seated on an omphalos. ... Agatharchides of Cnidus, was a Greek historian and geographer (flourished 2nd century BC); Strabo (14. ... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... Location of the Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. ... Photius (b. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...

In 2004 the three most endemic countries—i.e. Ghana, Sudan, and Nigeria—reported 7,275; 7,266; and 495 cases of GWD respectively. Other endemic countries reporting cases of GWD in 2004 were: Benin (3 cases), Burkina Faso (60 cases), Côte d'Ivoire (21 cases), Ethiopia (17 cases), Mali (357 cases), Mauritania (13 cases), Niger (293 cases), and Togo (278 cases). Kenya (7 cases) and Uganda (4 cases) reported incidences imported from Sudan.

Transmission of GWD no longer occurs in several African countries, including Kenya, Senegal, Cameroon, Chad, and Central African Republic. No locally acquired cases of disease have been reported in these countries in the last year or more. The World Health Organization has certified 180 countries free of transmission of Dracunculiasis, including five formerly endemic countries: Pakistan (in 1996), India (in 2000), Senegal (in 2004), Yemen (in 2004), Cameroon (in 2007), and the Central African Republic (in 2007).^[4][5] The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. ...

In 2006, 25,217 cases were reported. 20,582 were from southern Sudan; this increase in the number of reported cases from 2005 (5,569) reflects better reporting from southern Sudan's eradication program. Ghana reported a total of 4,136 cases. The 8 other endemic countries reported a total of 499 cases: Burkina Faso, 5; Côte d'Ivoire, 5; Ethiopia, 3; Mali, 329; Niger, 110; Nigeria, 16; Togo, 29; Uganda, 2 (imported). Benin, Chad, Kenya, Mauritania, and Uganda are in the precertification stage, and Cameroon and the Central African Republic were certified Dracunculiasis free.^[6]

Practical concerns

Sudanese boys using pipe filters to prevent ingestion of copepods hosting Dracunculus. Filtering drinking water is an effective way to prevent contracting dracunculiasis.

The significance of an infection reported in a country considered free of dracunculiasis depends on the species of the parasite. Occasionally, a species which normally infects animals such as D. insignis may infect a human. Such zoonotic cases are considered atypical, and are not a cause for concern. Infection by D. medinensis in a location considered GWD-free is of great concern to the eradication effort. Therefore, the ability to distinguish between the human parasite, D. medinensis, and other Dracunculus species is important. This may be done by examination of the victim's travel history and by DNA fingerprinting of the worm itself.^[7] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification. ... Zoonosis is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals, both wild and domestic, to humans. ... Genetic fingerprinting or DNA testing is a technique to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ...

Prevention

Because GWD can only be transmitted via drinking contaminated water, educating people to follow these simple control measures can completely prevent illness and eliminate transmission of the disease: This article needs more context around or a better explanation of technical details to make it more accessible to general readers and technical readers outside the specialty, without removing technical details. ... In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group. ...

• Drink only water from underground sources free from contamination, such as a borehole or hand-dug wells.
• Prevent persons with an open Guinea Worm ulcer from entering ponds and wells used for drinking water.
• Always filter drinking water, using a cloth filter or better yet a nylon mesh filter, to remove the water fleas.
• Additionally, unsafe sources of drinking water can be treated with an approved larvicide such as Abate, that kills water fleas, and communities can be provided with new safe sources of drinking water, or have existing dysfunctional ones repaired.

Water borehole in northern Uganda A borehole is a deep and narrow shaft in the ground used for abstraction of fluid or gas reserves below the earths surface. ... Ponds Cream is a brand of beauty and healthcare products that is produced by Unilever of England. ... Wells is a small cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, nestling in the Mendip Hills. ... An industrial water filter with geared motor A water filter is a device which removes impurities from water by means of a fine physical barrier, chemical processes and/or biological process. ... Developed for use in Bangladesh, the cloth filter is a simple and cost-effective appropriate technology method for reducing the contamination of drinking water. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... ABATE is a loose network of motorcycle enthusiasts in the United States best known for their opposition to mandatory motorcycle helmet laws. ...

See also

• Infectious disease in the 20th century
• List of infectious diseases
• Parasites
• Tropical disease

stop sucking cock Many infectious diseases that killed by the millions were greatly reduced in the 20th century, with one notable achievement being the eradication of smallpox, and considerable progress being made toward the eradication of polio (polio eradication being expected to be completed within the first decade of the 21st century) and... Human infectious diseases grouped by causative agent and alphabetically arranged. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Tropical diseases are infectious diseases that either occur uniquely in tropical and subtropical regions (which is rare) or, more commonly, are either more widespread in the tropics or more difficult to prevent or control. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Hopkins, Donald R.. "Dracunculiasis Eradication: The Final Inch". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73 (4): pp. 669-675coauthors = et al.. Retrieved on 2007-02-28. 
2. ^ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Carter Center (28 October). Retrieved on 2007-02-28.
3. ^ Dracunculiasis Fact Sheet. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (September 30). Retrieved on 2007-02-28.
4. ^ World moves closer to eradicating ancient worm disease. World Health Organization (2007-03-27). Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
5. ^ Weekly epidemiological record, No. 19, 2007, 82, 161–168 (pdf). World Health Organization (2007-05-11). Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
6. ^ Weekly epidemiological record, No. 16, 2007, 82, 133–140 (pdf). World Health Organization (2007-04-20). Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
7. ^ Bimi, L.; et al. (2005). "Differentiating Dracunculus medinensis from D. insignis, by the sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene" (PDF). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 99 (5): 511-517. Retrieved on 2007-02-27. 

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Center for Disease Control information on Dracunculiasis
• The Carter Center Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program
• Article in International Herald dracmed.html Dracunculus medinensis: The Guinea Worm