Part of a series on Anti-War topics Anti war protest in Melbourne, Australia, 2003 Anti_war is a name that is widely adopted by any social movement or person that seeks to end or oppose a future or current war. ...

Opposition to...

American Revolutionary War World War I World War II Second Boer War American Civil War War of 1812 Vietnam War Afghanistan War Iraq War War against Iran War on Terrorism Image File history File links Peace_Sign_2. ... It is widely stated that before American Revolutionary War, 1/3 of the people in the colonies favored independence, 1/3 wanted to be part of Britain, and 1/3 didnt care. ... The First World War was mainly opposed by left-wing groups, there was also opposition by Christain groups baised on pacifism The trade union and socialist movements had declared before the war their determined opposition to a war which they said could only mean workers killing each other in the... Despite lack of reporting on this, some military personnel and civilians staunchly opposed fighting the Nazis and Fascists during World War II. One key objector who would later write a novel on this was the author of Catch-22 who did not want to lose his life even if it... Opposition to the Second Boer War began slowly but grew due in part to organisations like the Stop the War Committee. ... Link titleAnti-war Popular opposition to the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, was widespread. ... Opposition to the War of 1812 was widespread in the United States, especially in New England. ... Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began slowly and in small numbers in 1964 on various college campuses in the United States. ... It has been suggested that Post-September 11 anti-war movement be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Iraq War from outside Iraq. ... Opposition to a perceived risk of a military attack on Iran by the United States is known to have started during 2005-2006. ... Criticism of the war on Terrorism address issues of methods, motives, civilian deaths, civil liberties, and human rights. ...

Agents of opposition

Anti-war organizations Conscientious objectors Draft dodgers Peace movement Peace churches In order to facilitate organized opposition to war, anti-war activists have often founded anti-war organizations. ... A conscientious objector (CO) is an individual following the religious, moral or ethical dictates of his or her conscience that are incompatible with being a combatant in military service, or being part of the armed forces as a combatant organization. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Peace churches are Christian churches, groups or communities advocating pacifism. ...

Related ideologies

Antimilitarism Appeasement • Pacifism Anti-imperialism Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the anarchist and socialist movement, which may be both characterized as internationalist movements. ... Appeasement is a policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Media

Books • Films • Songs An anti-war book is a book that is perceived as having an anti-war theme. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... An anti-war song is a musical composition perceived (by the public or critics) as having an anti-war theme on its lyrics. ...

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A draft dodger, draft evader or draft resister, is a person who avoids ("dodges") or otherwise violates the conscription policies of the nation in which he or she is a citizen or resident, by leaving the country, going into hiding, attempting to fraudulently obtain conscientious objector status, or by open resistance (civil disobedience). Although it originated earlier, the term became popular during the Vietnam War to describe citizens of the United States who dodged the mandatory conscription policy, in order to avoid serving in the war, by leaving the country, originally to Sweden, but later in greater numbers to Canada, or (much less often) Mexico. The term may be applied to individuals who avoid military service by other means. In the broadest sense, a fraud is a deception made for personal gain, although it has a more specific legal meaning, the exact details varying between jurisdictions. ... A conscientious objector (CO) is an individual following the religious, moral or ethical dictates of his or her conscience that are incompatible with being a combatant in military service, or being part of the armed forces as a combatant organization. ... It has been suggested that Civil and social disobedience be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... The United States has employed conscription (mandatory military service, also called the draft) several times, usually during war but also during the nominal peace of the Cold War. ...

The motivations for draft dodgers and resisters are manifold. Some are individuals who merely wish to avoid the dangers of combat (and may otherwise support the war in question). Others have political or moral objections to warfare in general, or to the circumstances of a particular conflict in which their country is fighting.

Avoidance of the draft is considered a criminal offense in most countries where conscription is in effect.

Other uses of the term

The term draft dodger is sometimes used more loosely, and often inappropriately, to describe those who avoid military service by any number of means, when in fact the term draft resister is the only valid term for those who fought the draft and did not flee it. These means of draft dodging include:

• Deserters: those who join the military, but flee from the service (including from the field of battle).
• Becoming a conscientious objector, whether one's anti-war sentiment is genuine, religious or otherwise. Peace churches, such as Mennonites, Amish, and Quakers, oppose any kind of military service for their members, even in non-combatant fields, but are not opposed to alternative non-uniformed civilian service. Note that many people who support conscription will distinguish between "bona fide" conscientious objection and draft dodging, which they view as evasion of military service without a valid excuse.
• Seeking excusal from military service due to health reasons: legitimate, feigned or overstated.
• Claiming to be homosexual, when the military in question excludes gays.
• Seeking and receiving a student deferment.
• Enlisting in a branch of the military, such as the United States National Guard during the Vietnam War, whose members are less likely to be deployed into combat. U.S. politicians who come from well-established political families, such as Dan Quayle and George W. Bush, have been accused of unfairly using family influence to secure Guard assignments that would be unavailable to ordinary citizens.
• Serving with the military in a non-combatant role (such as a medic) in which one is less likely (under traditional rules of warfare) to be exposed to enemy fire. Al Gore was accused of "draft-dodging" for serving as a military war correspondent, rather than as a "front line" combat soldier, during the Vietnam War.
• Simply declining to enlist. During the Vietnam War, not all eligible young men were drafted; many who had a high lottery number simply took no action, knowing that they were unlikely to ever be drafted. Some hold the view that young persons (or young men) of combat age have an affirmative duty to enlist in the military during wartime, even if not drafted.

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A conscientious objector (CO) is an individual following the religious, moral or ethical dictates of his or her conscience that are incompatible with being a combatant in military service, or being part of the armed forces as a combatant organization. ... Peace churches are Christian churches, groups or communities advocating pacifism. ... The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations based on the teachings and tradition of Menno Simons. ... The Amish (IPA: , Pennsylvania Dutch: ) are an Anabaptist Christian denomination in the United States and Ontario, Canada that are known for their plain dress and limited use of modern devices such as automobiles and electricity. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... In law, good faith (in Latin, bona fides) is the mental and moral state of honest, even if objectively unfounded, conviction as to the truth or falsehood of a proposition or body of opinion, or as to the rectitude or depravity of a line of conduct. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... Seal of the National Guard Bureau Seal of the Army National Guard Seal of the Air National Guard Seal of the National Guard Missile Defense The United States National Guard is a component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... James Danforth Dan Quayle (born February 4, 1947) was the 44th Vice President of the United States under George H. W. Bush (1989-1993). ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... This article is about the former United States Vice President. ... A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories first-hand from a war zone. ... The December 1, 1969 draft lottery was held to determine the order of induction into the US Army during the Vietnam War. ...

Draft dodging and the Vietnam War

During the Vietnam War, about 100,000 draft dodgers, in total, went abroad; others hid in the United States. An estimated 50,000 to 90,000 of these moved to Canada, where they were treated as immigrants. Though their presence was initially controversial within Canada, the government eventually chose to welcome them. Draft evasion was not a criminal offence under Canadian law (during the two World Wars when conscription was enacted in Canada those who attempted to evade the draft illegally were pursued by military officials, forced into the Army and then court martialed if they refused to obey an officer). The issue of deserters was more complex, because desertion was a crime in Canada, and the Canadian military was strongly opposed to condoning it. In the end, the government maintained the right to prosecute these deserters, but in practice left them alone and instructed border guards not to ask questions relating to the issue. The number of deserters was relatively small, with only some 1000 making it to Canada. Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... There have been two World Wars, now more commonly known as World War I or First World War (from 1914 to 1918), and World War II or Second World War (from 1939 to 1945). ... Canadian Forces Land Force Command (LF) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Armed Forces. ... A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a military court that determines punishments for members of the military subject to military law. ...

Those that went abroad faced imprisonment or forced military service if they returned home. The U.S. continued to prosecute draft dodgers after the end of the Vietnam War. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter issued an amnesty in the form of a pardon to all remaining draft evaders, as part of a general climate of "cultural reconciliation" after the end of the controversial and unpopular war. James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ...

Some draft dodgers returned home to the United States after the 1977 amnesty, but according to an estimate by sociologist John Hagan, around 50,000 settled in Canada. This young and mostly educated population expanded Canada's arts and academic scenes, and helped push Canadian politics further to the left. Notable Canadians who were draft dodgers include Jay Scott and Michael Hendricks. Jay Scott was the pen name of Jeffrey Scott Beaven (1949 - July 30, 1993), a Canadian film critic. ... Michael Hendricks (right) and René Leboeuf Michael Hendricks and René Leboeuf are Canadian gay rights advocates, known for their advocacy of same-sex marriage in Canada. ...

During the Vietnam War an active movement of draft resistance also occurred, spearheaded by the Resistance organization, headed by David Harris. The insignia of the organization was the Greek letter omega, the symbol for resistance in electrical circuitry. Members of the Resistance movement publicly burned their draft card or refused to register for the draft. They were then drafted, refused to be inducted, and fought their cases in the federal courts. These draft resisters hoped that their public civil disobedience would help to bring the war and the draft to an end. Many young men went to prison as part of this movement. David Harris was a prominent anti-Vietnam War protestor, president of the Associated Students of Stanford University, and later, the leader of many anti-draft groups. ...

Draft dodging was also common in Australia at the time; see conscription in Australia. Conscription in Australia, or mandatory military service also known as National Service, has a controversial history dating back to the first years of nationhood. ...

Present ramifications

Long after the Vietnam War, military service, or its avoidance, remains an issue for politicians in the United States. Some U.S. politicians are labeled as draft dodgers by their opponents, though no prominent political figures in the U.S. were among those who went to Canada or otherwise broke any laws. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Howard Dean, Dan Quayle, and Dick Cheney have all been accused of being draft dodgers on the grounds that they never saw combat in Vietnam, even though none of them received a conscription notice. George W. Bush did serve stateside in the Texas Air National Guard as an F-102 pilot during the Vietnam War, in a unit assigned to the defense of the continental United States and hence unlikely to be deployed overseas; his service in the Guard (and the question of whether his father used undue influence to secure a Guard position for the younger Bush) was an issue in both the 2000 and 2004 U.S. presidential elections. Dan Quayle served in the Indiana Army National Guard during Vietnam, which became an issue during the 1988 election. William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Howard Brush Dean III (born November 17, 1948) is an American politician and physician from the U.S. state of Vermont. ... James Danforth Dan Quayle (born February 4, 1947) was the 44th Vice President of the United States under George H. W. Bush (1989-1993). ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... The Convair F-102 Delta Dagger fighter aircraft was part of the backbone of the United States air defenses in the late 1950s. ... George Herbert Walker Bush GCB (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States of America serving from 1989 to 1993. ... Map The U.S. presidential election of 2000 took place on Election Day, Tuesday, November 7. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

Although there is no longer a draft in the United States, the issues of desertion and conscientious objection remain for soldiers fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan. Some military personnel, both active and reservist, have attempted to find asylum in Canada, though not in the numbers that did so during the Vietnam War.

See also

• Canada and the Vietnam War
• Conscientious objector
• Desertion
• Mark Satin

Canadas official position was as a non-participant in the Vietnam War, but the war had an important impact on the country and Canada and Canadians had an impact on the conflict itself. ... A conscientious objector (CO) is an individual following the religious, moral or ethical dictates of his or her conscience that are incompatible with being a combatant in military service, or being part of the armed forces as a combatant organization. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Mark Satin fielding a question at the Fall for the Book Literary Festival, Fairfax, VA, USA, September 21, 2004 – photo by Richard Mallory Allnutt Mark Satin (born November 16, 1946) is a U.S. lawyer and editor of the online political periodical Radical Middle Newsletter. ...

Further reading

• Halstead, Fred. GIs speak out against the war: The case of the Ft. Jackson 8. 128 pages. New York: Pathfinder Press. 1970.
• Cortright, David. Soldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War (Re-issue). Chicago: Haymarket Books. 2005.
• Foley, Michael S. Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance during the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2003.

External links

• Vietnam War Resisters in Canada - Online Bibliography
• Phil Ochs' song "Draft Dodger Rag"
• CBC Digital Archives - Seeking Sanctuary: Draft Dodgers