"The Knight's Dream" by Antonio de Pereda.

Dreams are the images, thoughts and feelings experienced while asleep, particularly strongly associated with rapid eye movement sleep. The contents and purpose of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. Look up dream in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Sleep (disambiguation). ... Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is the normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eyes. ...

Neurology of dreams

There is no universally agreed biological definition of dreaming. General observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness. Participant-remembered dreams during non-REM sleep are normally more mundane in comparison.^[1] During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming^[2] (which is about 2 hours each night^[3]). It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is the normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eyes. ... EEG redirects here. ...

Stages of sleep

Main article: Sleep

When the body decides that it is time to sleep, neurons near the eyes start to send signals throughout the body. According to Michael Smith, these neurons are located in such close proximity to neurons that control eyelid big muscles that the eyelids begin to grow heavy.^[4] Glands begin to secrete a hormone that helps induce sleep and neurons send signals to the spinal cord which make the body relax. For other uses, see Sleep (disambiguation). ... Michael Smith, CC, OBC (April 26, 1932 – October 4, 2000) was a British-born Canadian biochemist who was the 1993 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry. ...

Discovery of REM

EEG showing brainwaves during REM sleep

In 1953 Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep while working in the surgery of his PhD advisor. Aserinsky noticed that the sleepers' eyes fluttered beneath their closed eyelids, later using a polygraph machine to record their brain waves during these periods. In one session he awakened a subject who was crying out during REM and confirmed his suspicion that dreaming was occurring.^[5] In 1953 Aserinsky and his advisor published the ground-breaking study in Science.^[6] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (821x601, 999 KB) Summary This is a screenshot of a polysomnographic record representing Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (821x601, 999 KB) Summary This is a screenshot of a polysomnographic record representing Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. ... EEG redirects here. ... Eugene Aserinsky (1921 – 1998) was a graduate student at University of Chicago in 1953 when he discovered REM sleep. ... Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is the normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eyes. ... Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ... This article is about the forensic instrument. ... EEG redirects here. ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ...

In 1976, J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley proposed a new theory that changed dream research, challenging the previously held Freudian view of dreams as subconscious wishes to be interpreted. The activation synthesis theory asserts that the sensory experiences are fabricated by the cortex as a means of interpreting chaotic signals from the pons. They propose that in REM sleep, the ascending cholinergic PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) waves stimulate higher midbrain and forebrain cortical structures, producing rapid eye movements. The activated forebrain then synthesizes the dream out of this internally generated information. They assume that the same structures that induce REM sleep also generate sensory information. Sigmund Freud His famous couch Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. ... Activation Synthesis Theory is a neurobiological theory of dreams, put forward by Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1973, which states that dreams are a random event caused by firing of neurons in the brain. ... For other uses, see Chaos Theory (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Pons (disambiguation). ... A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. ... In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon (or midbrain) is the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube that forms the brain of developing animals. ... In the anatomy of vertebrates, the prosencephalon is a part of encephalon, or brain. ...

Hobson and McCarly's 1976 research suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams originated in the brain stem during REM sleep. However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly related.^[7] While working in the neurosurgery department at hospitals in Johannesburg and London, Solms had access to patients with various brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and confirmed that patients with damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's 1977 theory. However, Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having brain stem damage. This observation forced him to question Hobson's prevailing theory which marked the brain stem as the source of the signals interpreted as dreams. Solms viewed the idea of dreaming as a function of many complex brain structures as validating Freudian dream theory, an idea that drew criticism from Hobson.^[8] In the anatomy of vertebrates, the prosencephalon is a part of encephalon, or brain. ... This article is about the city in South Africa. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The parietal lobe is a lobe in the brain. ...

Continual-activation

Combining Hobson's activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms's findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by Jie Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes that the function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer the data from the temporary memory to the long-term memory, though there is not much evidence backing up this so-called "consolidation." Non-REM sleep processes the conscious-related memory (declarative memory), and REM sleep processes the unconscious related memory (procedural memory). It has been suggested that Explicit_memory be merged into this article or section. ... Procedural memory, also known as implicit memory, is the long-term memory of skills and procedures, or how to knowledge. ...

Zhang assumes that during REM sleep, the unconscious part of a brain is busy processing the procedural memory; meanwhile, the level of activation in the conscious part of the brain will descend to a very low level as the inputs from the sensory are basically disconnected. This will trigger the "continual-activation" mechanism to generate a data stream from the memory stores to flow through the conscious part of the brain. Zhang suggests that this pulse-like brain activation is the inducer of each dream. He proposes that, with the involvement of the brain associative thinking system, dreaming is, thereafter, self-maintained with the dreamer's own thinking until the next pulse of memory insertion. This explains why dreams have both characteristics of continuity (within a dream) and sudden changes (between two dreams).^[9][10]

Dreams and memory

Eugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory, even during waking life. The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield & Rasmussen’s findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams. During waking life an executive function interprets long term memory consistent with reality checking. Tarnow's theory is a reworking of Freud's theory of dreams in which Freud's unconscious is replaced with the long-term memory system and Freud's “Dream Work” describes the structure of long-term memory.^[11] Long-term memory (LTM) is memory, stored as meaning, that can last as little as 30 seconds or as long as decades. ... Dr Wilder Graves Penfield, CC, OM, CMG, MD, FRS (January 25/26, 1891 – April 5, 1976) was a American-born Canadian neurosurgeon. ... For other uses, see Cortex. ...

Location of hippocampus

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Hippocampus and memory

A 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the hippocampus and neocortex is reduced.^[12] Increasing levels of the stress hormone Cortisol late in sleep (often during REM sleep) cause this decreased communication. One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Payne and Nadel hypothesize that these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress.^[13] Semantic memory refers to the memory of meanings, understandings, and other factual knowledge; in contrast to episodic memory. ... For other uses, see Hippocampus (disambiguation). ... The neocortex (Latin for new bark or new rind) is a part of the brain of mammals. ... In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... The broad definition of memory consolidation is the process by which recent memories are crystallised into long-term memory. ...

Functions of dreams

There are many hypotheses about the function of dreams.^[14] During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses, but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep.^[15] The mind will, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying. Dreams may also allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock.^[16] Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences.^[14] Dreams also let the mind express things that would normally be suppressed in the waking world, thus keeping itself in harmony. Dreams may also offer a view at how future events might proceed; this is similar to running future events through the mind, for instance: a work presentation, a job interview, or a first date.

Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness.^[17] Ferenczi^[18] proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright. There have also been analogies made with the cleaning-up operations of computers when they are off-line. Dreams may remove parasitic nodes and other "junk" from the mind during sleep.^[19][20] Dreams may also create new ideas through the generation of random thought mutations. Some of these may be rejected by the mind as useless, while others may be seen as valuable and retained. Blechner^[21] calls this the theory of "Oneiric Darwinism." Dreams may also regulate mood.^[22] Hartmann^[23] says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life. More recent research by Griffin has led to the formulation of the 'expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming', which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation and lowers stress levels.^[24][25] Look up jung in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Cultural history

Jacob's dream of a ladder of angels

Dreams have a long history both as a subject of conjecture and as a source of inspiration. Throughout their history, people have sought meaning in dreams or divination through dreams. They have been described physiologically as a response to neural processes during sleep, psychologically as reflections of the subconscious, and spiritually as messages from God or predictions of the future. Many cultures practiced dream incubation, with the intention of cultivating dreams that were prophetic or contained messages from the divine. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2024x1762, 333 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Vayetze Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/Genesis 28 Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/July 17, 2006 Portal:Bible/Featured chapter... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2024x1762, 333 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Vayetze Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/Genesis 28 Portal:Bible/Featured chapter/July 17, 2006 Portal:Bible/Featured chapter... Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams. ... Oneiromancy is a form of divination by the analysis and interpretation of dreams. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Psychological science redirects here. ... See also: Unconscious mind. ... Spirituality, in a narrow sense, concerns itself with matters of the spirit. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Incubation is the religious practice of sleeping in a sacred area with the intention of experiencing a divinely inspired dream or cure. ... Prophecy, in a broad sense, is the prediction of future events. ... For other uses, see Divinity (disambiguation) and Divine (disambiguation). ...

Dream content

From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966 Hall and Van De Castle published The Content Analysis of Dreams in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.^[26] It was found that people all over the world dream of mostly the same things. Hall's complete dream reports became publicly available in the mid-1990s by Hall's protégé William Domhoff, allowing further different analysis. Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland, Ohio. ... G. William (Bill) Domhoff (born August 6, 1936) is a Research Professor in psychology and sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. ...

Emotions

The most common emotion experienced in dreams is anxiety. Negative emotions are more common than positive feelings.^[26] The U.S. ranks the highest amongst industrialized nations for aggression in dreams with 50 percent of U.S. males reporting aggression in dreams, compared to 32 percent for Dutch men.^[26]. The specific emotions in a dream can play a large part in linking a dream with related waking events since such events will often contain the same emotion, and this phenomenon can be very helpful in gaining insight into the dream's meaning.^[27] Anxiety is a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). ...

Sexual content

The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams occur no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens.^[26] Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content.^[28] In some cases, sexual dreams may result in orgasm or nocturnal emission. These are commonly known as wet dreams.^[29] // An orgasm (sexual climax) is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle, and is experienced by both males and females. ... A nocturnal emission is an ejaculation of semen experienced by a male during sleep. ...

Recurring dreams

While the content of most dreams is dreamt only once, many people experience recurring dreams—that is, the same dream narrative is experienced over different occasions of sleep. Up to 70% of females and 65% of males report recurrent dreams.^[30]

Common themes

Content-analysis studies have identified common reported themes in dreams. These include: situations relating to school, being chased, running slowly in place, sexual experiences, falling, arriving too late, a person now alive being dead, teeth falling out, flying, embarrassing moments, failing an examination, or a car accident. Twelve percent of people dream only in black and white.^[31]

Disease-associated differences

There is evidence that certain diseases (normally only neurological diseases) can impact dreams. For instance, people with synesthesia have never reported black-and-white dreaming, and often have a difficult time imagining the idea of dreaming in black and white only.^[32] For other uses, see Synesthesia (disambiguation). ...

Dream interpretation

Main article: Dream interpretation

Both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung identified dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the conscious. They also assert together that the unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive faculty. While Freud felt that there was an active censorship against the unconscious even during sleep, Jung argued that the dream's bizarre quality is an efficient language, comparable to poetry and uniquely capable of revealing the underlying meaning. Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams. ... Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Jung redirects here. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ...

Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic nature of Gestalt therapy. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that have been ignored, rejected, or suppressed.^[33] Jung argued that one could consider every person in the dream to represent an aspect of the dreamer, which he called the subjective approach to dreams. Perls expanded this point of view to say that even inanimate objects in the dream may represent aspects of the dreamer. The dreamer may therefore be asked to imagine being an object in the dream and to describe it, in order to bring into awareness the characteristics of the object that correspond with the dreamer's personality. Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8 1893, Berlin - March 14, 1970, Chicago), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Jewish descent. ... Gestalt Therapy is an existential and experiential psychotherapy that focuses on the individuals experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts in which these things take place, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of the overall situation. ... Thought suppression is the process of deliberately trying to stop thinking about certain thoughts (Wegner, 1989). ... Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8 1893, Berlin - March 14, 1970, Chicago), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Jewish descent. ...

Other associated phenomena

Lucid dreaming

Main article: Lucid dreaming

Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one's state while dreaming. In this state a person usually has control over characters and the environment of the dream as well as the dreamer's own actions within the dream.^[34] The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been scientifically verified.^[35] Lucid dreams occur during REM sleep after the person becomes conscious and aware of dreaming within the dream. ...

Oneironauts

"Oneironaut" is a term sometimes used for those who explore the world of dreams. For example, dream researcher Stephen LaBerge uses the term.^[36] It is often associated with Lucid dreaming in particular.

Dreams of absent-minded transgression

Dreams of absent-minded transgression (DAMT) are dreams wherein the dreamer absentmindedly performs an action that he or she has been trying to stop (one classic example is of a quitting smoker having dreams of lighting a cigarette). Subjects who have had DAMT have reported waking with intense feelings of guilt. One study found a positive association between having these dreams and successfully stopping the behavior.^[37] “Guilty” redirects here. ...

Dreaming as a skeptical argument

Main article: Dream argument

Dreams can link to actual sensations, such as the incorporation of environmental sounds into dreams such as hearing a phone ringing in a dream while it is ringing in reality, or dreaming of urination while wetting the bed. Some philosophers have extended this idea to a skeptical hypothesis about ontology. The first recorded mention of the idea was by Zhuangzi, and was also discussed in Hinduism; Buddhism makes extensive use of the argument in its writings.^[38] It was formally introduced to western philosophy by Descartes in the 17th century in his Meditations on First Philosophy. While people dream, they usually do not realize they are dreaming (in non-lucid dreams). ... Manneken Pis of Brussels. ... Bedwetting (or nocturnal enuresis or sleepwetting) is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control would normally be anticipated. ... A skeptical hypothesis is a hypothetical situation that raises doubts about knowledge. ... This article is about ontology in philosophy. ... Zhuangzi (Traditional: 莊子; Simplified: 庄子, Pinyin: Zhuāng Zǐ, Wade-Giles: Chuang TzÅ­, lit. ... Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... A statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha in Tawang Gompa, India. ... René Descartes René Descartes (IPA: , March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, worked as a philosopher and mathematician. ... The title page of the Meditations Meditations on First Philosophy (subtitled In which the existence of God and the real distinction of mind and body, are demonstrated) is a philosophical treatise written by René Descartes first published in Latin in 1641 . ...

Recalling dreams

Main article: Dream journal

The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained. Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively little affect, and factors such as salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream recall. A dream journal can be used to assist dream recall, for psychotherapy or entertainment purposes. A dream journal is a journal in which one writes down his or her dream experiences. ... In psychology, affect is the scientific term used to describe a subjects externally displayed mood. ... The salience (also called saliency) of an item is its state or quality of standing out relative to other items. ... Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake. ... A dream journal is a journal in which one writes down his or her dream experiences. ... Psychotherapy is an interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living. ...

Déjà vu

Main article: Déjà vu

The theory of déjà vu dealing with dreams indicates that the feeling of having previously seen or experienced something could be attributed to having dreamt about a similar situation or place, and forgetting about it until one seems to be mysteriously reminded of the situation or place while awake.^[39] For other uses, see Déjà vu (disambiguation). ...

Dream incorporation

In one use of the term, "dream incorporation" is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by Salvador Dalí that depicts this concept, titled "Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening" (1944). Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), was a Spanish surrealist painter of Catalan descent born in Figueres, Catalonia (Spain). ... Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (1944) is a surrealist painting by Salvador Dalí. According to Dalí, The noise of the bee here causes the sting of the dart that will wake Gala. ...

The term "dream incorporation" is also used in research examining the degree to which preceding daytime events become elements of dreams. Recent studies suggest that events in the day immediately preceding, and those about a week before, have the most influence .^[40]

Dream Incubation

As far back as recorded history and probably further, dreams have been intentionally induced for guidance, healing and problem solving, a process now loosely referred to "dream incubation". The Askleplian dream temples of ancient Greece (ca. 1300 B.C. - 600 A.D.) are a classic example of a very sacred intentional dreaming ritual where the ill would make a pilgrimage to the temple and sleep in specialized healing temples called "asklepieia". There are 320 documented asklepieia ranging from as far north as Spain and Italy to as far east as Asia Minor, and from as far north as Bulgaria to Northern Africa. The main temple is at Epidauros in Greece and is currently under reconstruction (as of fall 2007)^[41]. The Greek god Asklepius would often appear in a visionary dream, perform a symbolic operation or bring a message, and the seeker would awaken healed or having received guidance. Closer to home, many native American tribes such as the Ojibwa of the Great Lakes have expanded their use of incubation beyond healing. Young adults would embark upon a dream or vision quest into the wilderness as a rite of passage into adulthood and would fast and pray until the anticipated dream was received. Blessed by the dream with guidance or revelations about latent personal talents, the youths would return to the tribe with the responsibility to apply and share their gifts for the benefit of the community.^[42] Asclepius (Greek , transliterated Asklēpiós; Latin Aesculapius) is the demigod of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Dream

• Daydream
• Dream argument
• Dream art
• Dream dictionary
• Dreamwork
• Dream world (plot device)
• Dream yoga in Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen tradition
• Hypnagogia
• List of dream diaries
• Oneirology

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Daydreaming redirects here. ... While people dream, they usually do not realize they are dreaming (in non-lucid dreams). ... Pierre-Cécile Puvis de Chavannes: The Dream, 1883 Dream art is any form of art directly based on material from dreams, or which employs dream-like imagery. ... A dream dictionary is a tool made for interpreting images in a dream. ... Dreamwork differs from classical dream interpretation in that the aim of dreamwork is to explore the various images and emotions that the dream presents - and evokes - while not attempting to come up with a single, unique dream meaning. ... Dream worlds are a commonly used plot device in fictional works, most notably in science fiction and fantasy fiction. ... Dzogchen is a state. ... Hypnagogia (also spelled hypnogogia) describes vivid dream-like auditory, visual, or tactile sensations, which are often accompanied by sleep paralysis and experienced when falling asleep or waking up. ... This is a list of published diaries devoted specifically to dreams. ... Oneirology is the scientific study of dreams. ...

Footnotes

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke is a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Springer-Verlag (pronounced SHPRING er FAIR lahk) was a worldwide publishing company base in Germany. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1952. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Lucidity Institute is an organization founded in 1987 by Stephen LaBerge that supports lucid dreaming research and development of techniques that help people to have lucid dreams. ... ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is the unique eight-digit number applied to a periodical publication including electronic serials. ...

Further reading

• Freud, Sigmund (1994). The interpretation of dreams. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 067960121X. 
• Jung, Carl (1934). The Practice of Psychotherapy. "The Practical Use of Dream-analysis", 139-. ISBN 071001645X. 
• Jung, Carl. Dreams (Routledge Classics). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415267404. 
• Scaruffi, Piero. The Nature of Consciousness. Omniware. ISBN 0-9765531-1-2. 

Sigmund Freud (IPA: ), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Jung redirects here. ... Jung redirects here. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Dream

• Dreams at the Open Directory Project.
• The International Association for the Study of Dreams
• Designer dreams through yoga
• More information on the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming