The Dresden Frauenkirche in October 2005, only two weeks prior to its reconsecration and opening to the public.

The Dresdner Frauenkirche ("Church of Our Lady") is a Lutheran church in Dresden, Germany, located on the Dresden Neumarkt. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1015 KB) Beschreibung A picture from the Dresden Frauenkirche (engl. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1015 KB) Beschreibung A picture from the Dresden Frauenkirche (engl. ... Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity that follows the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther. ... For the architectural structure, see Church (building). ... Dresden (Sorbian: Drježdźany; etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Czech: ) is the capital city of the German Federal Free State of Saxony. ... The Dresden Neumarkt in 2005. ...

The Dresden Frauenkirche was destroyed in the firebombing of Dresden during World War II and has been reconstructed as a landmark symbol of reconciliation between former warring enemies. The reconstruction of its exterior was completed in 2004, its interior in 2005 and after 13 years of rebuilding, the church was reconsecrated on 30 October 2005 with festive services lasting through the Protestant observance of Reformation Day on 31 October. The pastors are Holger Treutmann and Sebastian Feydt. The bombing of Dresden, led by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and followed by the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) between February 13 and February 15, 1945, remains one of the more controversial Allied actions of World War II. The exact number of casualties is uncertain, but most historians... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Reformation Day is a minor festival celebrated in remembrance of the Reformation, particularly by Lutheran and Reformed church communities. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      A pastor is an...

Once a month, an Anglican Eucharist with reverend Irene Ahrens in English is held in the Frauenkirche, with clergy sent from St. George's Anglican Chaplaincy in Berlin. Anglicanism commonly refers to the beliefs and practices of the Anglican Communion, the churches that are in full communion with the see of Canterbury. ... For other uses, see Eucharist (disambiguation). ... The Reverend is an honorary prefix added to the names of Christian clergy and ministers. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

History

Painting of Dresden Market with the Frauenkirche by Bernardo Bellotto.

The Frauenkirche was built as a Lutheran (Protestant) cathedral, even though Saxony's Prince-elector, Frederick August I (1670–1733), was Catholic. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2449, 463 KB) Description: Title: de: Ansicht von Dresden, Der Neumarkt in Dresden vom Jüdischen Friedhof aus, mit Frauenkirche und Altstädter Wache, Detail Technique: de: Öl auf Leinwand Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien und Deutschland Current location (city... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2024x2449, 463 KB) Description: Title: de: Ansicht von Dresden, Der Neumarkt in Dresden vom Jüdischen Friedhof aus, mit Frauenkirche und Altstädter Wache, Detail Technique: de: Öl auf Leinwand Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Italien und Deutschland Current location (city... Bellottos urban scenes have the same carefully drawn realism as his uncles Venetian views but are marked by heavy shadows and are darker and colder in tone and colour. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 231 /km... The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire — German: Kurfürst (singular) Kurfürsten (plural) — were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Emperors of Germany. ... Reign 1697 – 1706, and 1709 – 1 February 1733 Elected 1697 in Wola, now a district of Warsaw, Poland Coronation 15 September 1697, Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Wettin Parents John George III Wettin, Anne Sophie Consorts Christiane Eberhardine, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth Children August III the Saxon, Maurice... 1670 was a common year beginning on a Saturday in countries using the Julian calendar and a Wednesday in countries using the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 12 - British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia. ...

The original baroque church was built between 1726 and 1743 and was designed by Dresden's city architect George Bähr (1666–1738), one of the greatest masters of German Baroque style, who did not live to see the completion of his greatest work. Bähr's distinctive design for the church captured the new spirit of the Protestant liturgy by placing the altar, chancel, and baptismal font directly centered in view of the entire congregation. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ... // Events February 14 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister February 21 - - The premiere in London of George Frideric Handels oratorio, Samson. ... George Bähr (b. ... A liturgy is the customary public worship of a religious group, according to their particular traditions. ... Look up Altar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about an architectural feature; for the astronomical term see apsis. ... Baptismal font in Magdeburg Cathedral, Germany A baptismal font is an article of church furniture used for the baptism of children and adults. ...

In 1736, famed organ maker Gottfried Silbermann (1683–1753) built a three-manual, 43-stop instrument for the church. The organ was dedicated on 25 November and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) gave a recital on the instrument on 1 December. Gottfried Silbermann (January 14, 1683-August 4, 1753) was an influential German constructor of keyboard instruments. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... 1753 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... “Bach” redirects here. ... Events February 6 - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. ... Events March 2 - Small earthquake in London, England April 4 - Small earthquake in Warrington, England August 23 - Small earthquake in Spalding, England September 30 - Small earthquake in Northampton, England November 16 – Westminster Bridge officially opened Jonas Hanway is the first Englishman to use an umbrella James Gray reveals her sex...

Dresden Frauenkirche in 1880

The church's most distinctive feature was its unconventional 314-foot-high dome, called die Steinerne Glocke or "Stone Bell". An engineering triumph comparable to Michelangelo's dome for St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the Frauenkirche's 12,000-ton sandstone dome soared skyward with no internal supports. Despite initial doubts, the dome proved to be extremely stable. Witnesses in 1760 said that the dome had been hit by more than 100 cannonballs fired by the Prussian army led by Friedrich II during the Seven Years' War. The projectiles simply bounced off and the church survived. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2668x3412, 1137 KB) Dresden, Germany, Frauenkirche, between 1860 and 1890 source: http://hdl. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2668x3412, 1137 KB) Dresden, Germany, Frauenkirche, between 1860 and 1890 source: http://hdl. ... For other uses, see Michelangelo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the famous building in Rome. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ... For other uses, see Prussia (disambiguation). ... Frederick II (German: ; January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740–1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty. ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain and its American Colonies Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and...

The completed church gave the city of Dresden a distinctive silhouette, captured in famous paintings (see above) by Bernado Bellotto, a nephew to the artist Canaletto and also known by the same name. Capriccio of the Capital Bernado Bellotto (1720/21 - 1780) was a painter. ... The Stonemasons Yard, painted 1726-30. ...

In 1849 the church was at the heart of the revolutionary disturbances known as the May Uprising. The Frauenkirche was surrounded by barricades, and fierce fighting raged for days before those rebels who had not already fled were rounded up in the church and arrested. 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Dresden revolutionaries Kingdom of Saxony Commanders Samuel Tzschirner Karl Gotthelf Todt Otto Heubner Alexander Heinze Strength 3,000 5,000 Casualties 200 killed ~1,200 captured 31 killed The May Uprising took place in Dresden, Germany in 1849; it was one of the last of the series of events...

For more than 200 years, the magnificent bell-shaped dome stood monumentally and gracefully over the skyline of old Dresden, dominating the city.

Destruction

Ruins of the Frauenkirche in 1991

On 13 February 1945, Anglo-American allied forces began the bombing of Dresden. The church impressively survived two days and nights of the attacks and the eight interior sandstone pillars supporting the colossal dome held up long enough for the evacuation of 300 people who had sought shelter in the church crypt, before succumbing to the heat generated by some 650,000 incendiary bombs that were dropped on the city. The temperature surrounding and inside the church eventually reached 1,000 degrees Celsius.^[1] The dome finally collapsed at 10 a.m. on 15 February. The pillars glowed bright red and exploded; the outer walls shattered and nearly 6,000 tons of stone plunged to earth, penetrating the massive floor as it fell. Image File history File links Frauenkirche_Dresden_1991. ... Image File history File links Frauenkirche_Dresden_1991. ... The bombing of Dresden, led by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and followed by the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) between February 13 and February 15, 1945, remains one of the more controversial Allied actions of World War II. The exact number of casualties is uncertain, but most historians... Incendiary bombs are bombs designed to start fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as napalm, thermite, or white phosphorus. ... The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) is an SI derived unit of temperature. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The altar, a relief depiction of Jesus’ agony in the Garden of Gethsemane on the Mount of Olives by Johann Christian Feige, was only partially damaged during the bombing raid and fire that destroyed the church. The altar and the structure behind it, the chancel, were among the remnants left standing. Features of most of the figures were lopped off by falling debris and the fragments lay under the rubble. Look up Altar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In the art of sculpture, a relief is an artwork where a modelled form projects out of a flat background. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... The Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives, overlooking the Old City The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, Hebrew: ‎, Har HaZeitim; Arabic: ‎, Jebel ez-Zeitun, Jebel et-Tur, Mount of the Summit) is a mountain ridge to the east of Jerusalem. ... This article is about an architectural feature; for the astronomical term see apsis. ...

The building vanished from Dresden's skyline, and the blackened stones would lie in wait in a pile in the center of the city for the next 45 years as Communist rule enveloped what was now East Germany. Shortly after the end of World War II, residents of Dresden had already begun salvaging unique stone fragments from the Frauenkirche and numbering them for future use in reconstruction. Popular sentiment discouraged the authorities from clearing the ruins away to make a car park. Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... Anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Capital East Berlin Language(s) German Government Socialist republic Head of State  - 1949 – 1960 Wilhelm Pieck  - 1960 – 1973 Walter Ulbricht  - 1973 – 1976 Willi Stoph  - 1976 – 1989 Erich Honecker  - 1989 Egon Krenz  - 1989 - 1990 Manfred Gerlach Head of Government  - 1949 – 1964 Otto Grotewohl  - 1964 – 1973 Willi Stoph...

In 1982, the ruins began to be the site of a peace movement combined with popular peaceful protests against the East German regime. On the anniversary of the bombing, 400 Dresdeners came to the ruins in silence with flowers and candles, part of a growing East German civil rights movement. By 1989, the number of protesters in Dresden, Leipzig and other parts of East Germany had increased to tens of thousands, and the wall dividing East and West Germany toppled. This opened the way to the reunification of Germany. Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, November 20, 1961. ... German reunification (German: ) took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, in English commonly called East Germany) were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, in English commonly called West Germany). The start of this reunification process is commonly referred to...

Promoting reconstruction and funding

Catalogued fragments of the Frauenkirche ruins, September 1999.

There had already been intentions to rebuild the church during the last months of World War II. However, due to political circumstances in the GDR, the reconstruction later came to a halt. The heap of ruins was conserved as a war memorial within the inner city of Dresden, as a direct counterpart to the ruins of Coventry Cathedral, which was destroyed by German bombing in 1940 and also serves as a war memorial in England. Because of the continuing decay of the ruins Dresden decided in 1985 (after the Semperoper was finally finished) to rebuild the Frauenkirche after the completion of the reconstruction of the Dresden castle. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2196x3426, 1903 KB) Summary Rows of catalogued stone fragments from the ruins of the Frauenkirche, Dresden, Germany. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2196x3426, 1903 KB) Summary Rows of catalogued stone fragments from the ruins of the Frauenkirche, Dresden, Germany. ... This article is about the year. ... “East Germany” redirects here. ... The roofless ruins of the old cathedral. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... This article is about the year. ... Semper Oper in Dresden The Semper Oper (German: Semperoper) or Saxon State Opera Dresden (Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden) is an opera house in Dresden, Germany, and is one of the most famous in the world. ...

After the reunification of Germany, efforts were revived. In 1989, a 14-member group of enthusiasts headed by Ludwig Güttler, a noted Dresden musician, formed a Citizens' Initiative. From that group emerged a year later "The Society to Promote the Reconstruction of the Frauenkirche", which began an aggressive private fundraising campaign. The organization grew to over 5,000 members in Germany and 20 other countries. A string of German auxiliary groups were formed, and three promotional organisations were created abroad. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) refers to the reunification of Germany from its constituent parts of East Germany and West Germany under a single government on October 3, 1990. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ...

The project gathered momentum. As hundreds of architects, art historians and engineers sorted the thousands of stones, identifying and labeling each for reuse in the new structure, others worked to raise money.

Günter Blobel, a German-born American, saw the original Frauenkirche as a boy when his refugee family took shelter in a town just outside of Dresden days before the city was bombed. In 1994, he became the founder and president of the nonprofit "Friends of Dresden, Inc.", a United States organization dedicated to supporting the reconstruction, restoration and preservation of Dresden's artistic and architectural legacy. In 1999, Blobel won the Nobel Prize for medicine and donated the entire amount of his award money (nearly US$1 million) to the organization for the restoration of Dresden, to the rebuilding of the Frauenkirche and the building of a new synagogue. It was the single largest individual donation to the project. Günter Blobel (born May 21, 1936) is a German biologist. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... A synagogue (from ancient Greek: , transliterated synagogÄ“, assembly; ‎ beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: or Template:Lanh-he beit tefila, house of prayer, shul; Ladino: , esnoga) is a Jewish house of worship. ...

In Britain, the Dresden Trust has the Duke of Kent as its royal patron and the Bishop of Coventry among its curators. Dr. Paul Oestreicher, a canon emeritus of Coventry Cathedral and a founder of the Dresden Trust, wrote [1] "The church is to Dresden what St. Paul's [Cathedral] is to London". Additional organizations include France's Association Frauenkirche Paris, Switzerland's Verein Schweizer Freunde der Frauenkirch, among others. Field Marshal Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (Edward George Nicholas Patrick Paul; born 9 October 1935) is a member of the British Royal Family, a grandchild of George V. He has held the title of Duke of Kent since 1942. ... Arms of the Bishop of Coventry The Bishop of Coventry heads the England diocese of Coventry, in the Province of Canterbury, in England. ... Canons, Bruges A Canon of the Seminary, Sint Niklaas, Flanders. ... The roofless ruins of the old cathedral. ... St Pauls Cathedral is a cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London in London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ...

Rebuilding the Frauenkirche cost €180 million (£122 million / US$217 million). Dresdner Bank financed more than half of the reconstruction costs via a "donor certificates campaign", collecting almost €70 million after 1995. The bank itself contributed more than seven million euros, including more than one million donated by its employees. Over the years, thousands of watches containing tiny fragments of Frauenkirche stone were sold, as were specially printed medals. One sponsor raised nearly €2.3 million (US$2.75 million) through symbolic sales of individual church stones. A watch is a timepiece or portable clock that displays the time and sometimes the day, date, month and year. ...

Funds raised were turned over to the "Frauenkirche Foundation Dresden", the actual rebuilder, backed by the State of Saxony, the City of Dresden and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saxony. Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 231 /km...

Reconstruction

View of the south side of the Frauenkirche in 2006, showing the incorporation of the largest remaining fragment of the original structure

Work on the Frauenkirche cupola in 2003

Using original plans used by builder Georg Bähr in the 1720s, reconstruction finally began in January 1993 under the direction of church architect and engineer Eberhard Burger. The foundation stone was laid in 1994, the crypt was completed in 1996 and the inner cupola in 2000. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1704 × 2272 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1704 × 2272 pixel, file size: 1. ... Frauenkirche Dresden (August 2003). ... Frauenkirche Dresden (August 2003). ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ... Crypt is also a commonly used name of water trumpets, aquatic plants. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Cupola of St Peters Basilica, Rome In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ...

As far as possible, the church – except for its dome – was rebuilt using original material and plans, with the help of modern technology. The heap of rubble was documented and carried off stone by stone. The approximate original position of each stone could be determined from its position in the heap. Every usable piece was measured and catalogued. A computer imaging program that could move the stones three-dimensionally around the screen in various configurations was used to help architects find where the original stones sat and how they fit together.

Of the millions of stones used in the rebuilding, more than 8,500 original stones were salvaged from the original church and approximately 3,800 reused in the reconstruction. As the older stones are covered with a darker patina, due to fire damage and weathering, the difference between old and new stones will be clearly visible for a number of years after reconstruction. The Statue of Liberty gets its green color from the patina formed on its copper surface Patinas are chemical compounds formed on the surface of metals. ...

Two thousand pieces of the original altar were cleaned and incorporated into the new structure.

The builders relied on thousands of old photographs, memories of worshippers and church officials and crumbling old purchase orders detailing the quality of the mortar or pigments of the paint (as in the 18th century, copious quantities of eggs were used to make the color that provides the interior its almost luminescent glow).

When it came time to duplicate the oak doors of the entrance, the builders had only vague descriptions of the detailed carving. Because people (especially wedding parties) often posed for photos outside the church doors, they issued an appeal for old photographs and the response--which included entire wedding albums--allowed artisans to recreate the original doors.

The new gilded orb and cross on top of the dome was forged by Grant Macdonald Silversmiths in London using the original 18th-century techniques as much as possible. It was constructed by Alan Smith, a British silversmith from London whose father, Frank, was a pilot of one of the first aircrews who took part in the bombing of Dresden.^[2] Before travelling to Dresden, the cross was exhibited for five years in churches across the United Kingdom including Coventry Cathedral, Liverpool Cathedral, St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh and St Paul's Cathedral in London. In February 2000, the cross was ceremonially handed over by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent,^[1] to be placed on the top of the dome a few days after the 60th commemoration of D-Day on 22 June 2004.^[3] The external structure of the Frauenkirche was completed. For the first time since the last war, the completed dome and its gilded cross grace Dresden's skyline as in centuries prior. The cross that once topped the dome, now twisted and charred, stands to the right of the new altar. A reliquary in the form of an ornate Christian Cross Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Coventry (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ... St Giles Cathedral A prominent feature of the Edinburgh skyline, St Giles Cathedral decorates the midpoint of the Royal Mile with its rounded hollow-crown tower. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... This article is about the cathedral church of the diocese of London. ... Field Marshal Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (Edward George Nicholas Patrick Paul; born 9 October 1935) is a member of the British Royal Family, a grandchild of George V. He has held the title of Duke of Kent since 1942. ... Land on Normandy In military parlance, D-Day is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Seven new bells were cast for the church. They rang for the first time for the Pentecost celebration in 2003. The Descent of the Holy Spirit in a 15th century illuminated manuscript. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Frauenkirche, almost finished, dominates the historic skyline of Dresden

Inside Frauenkirche

It was decided not to reproduce a facsimile of the Silbermann organ. The decision resulted in the Dresden organ dispute ("Dresdner Orgelstreit"), that was partially based on the misunderstanding that the new organ would be entirely "modern". A 4,873 pipe organ was built by Daniel Kern of Strasbourg, France and completed in April 2005. The Kern organ contains all the stops which were on the stoplist of the Silbermann organ and tries to reconstruct them. Additional stops also are included, especially a fourth swell manual in the symphonic 19th century style which is apt for the organ literature composed after the baroque period. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 430 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 550 pixel, file size: 154 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 430 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 550 pixel, file size: 154 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 959 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Inside Frauenkirche, November 2006 I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 959 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Inside Frauenkirche, November 2006 I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Insert non-formatted text here For the machine that sends, receives, and produces facsimiles, see fax. ...

A bronze statue of reformer and theologian Martin Luther, which survived the bombings, has been restored and again stands in front of the church. It is the work of sculptor Adolf von Donndorf from 1885. Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ...

The intensive efforts to rebuild this world famous landmark were completed in 2005, one year earlier than originally planned, and in time for the 800-year anniversary of the City of Dresden in 2006. The church was reconsecrated with a festive service one day before Reformation Day. The rebuilt church is a monument reminding people of its history and a symbol of hope and reconciliation. Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Reformation Day is a minor festival celebrated in remembrance of the Reformation, particularly by Lutheran and Reformed church communities. ...

There are two devotional services every day and two liturgies every Sunday. From October 2005 through the year 2010, there is an exhibition on the history and reconstruction of the Frauenkirche at the Stadtmuseum (City Museum) in Dresden's Alten Landhaus.

Since the re-opening

Since re-opening, the Frauenkirche has been a hugely popular tourist destination in Dresden. The project has inspired other revitalization projects throughout Europe. Christian religious services are again available. Though, during modern services, visitors are permitted to stroll the interior, enjoy food and beverages, surf the net via their Wi-Fi enabled laptops, and snap flash-free digital photos. The Frauenkirche's use as a place of religious worship is less a motivation for visitation than its historical and cultural appeal. In 2006, the Frauenkirche received over ten-thousand visitors daily.^{[citation needed]}

Criticisms

This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since September 2007.

The rebuilding of the church was not without criticism. Since the rebuilding was part of a vast campaign to restore many buildings of Dresden (this being one of the largest rebuilding efforts ever in Europe), many have wondered what type of image is being produced/reproduced here. Furthermore, though the original fire-damaged stones of the old building were reused, they were placed, to a large extent, arbitrarily around the building with the help of a computer program. This raised certain interesting philosophical questions about the status of this building and its embedded memory.^[4] And finally, since this building was not rebuilt using period technology, but instead with CATIA, a sophisticated computer modeling tool, questions have been raised about what it means actually to "reconstruct" old buildings. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... CATIA (Computer Aided Three dimensional Interactive Application) is a multi-platform PLM/CAD/CAM/CAE commercial software suite developed by Dassault Systemes and marketed world-wide by IBM. It was used by Frank Gehry in his building of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. ...

References

Mark Jarzombek is a US-born author and architectural historian, and (since 1995) Director of the History Theory Criticism Section of the Department of Architecture at MIT, Cambridge MA, USA. Jarzombek received his architectural training at the ETH Zurich, where he graduated in 1980. ...

See also

• Royal Castle, Warsaw
• Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)

you such ass Royal Castle, Warsaw. ... View of the cathedral and the Great Stone Bridge in 1905. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Frauenkirche, Dresden

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Frauenkirche Dresden

• Official German website Includes historical and current pictures.
• The Frauenkirche - a page from the Library of Congress website, from which part of this article was copied
• Live Webcam showing the Frauenkirche
• Friends of Dresden, Inc.
• Gunther Blobel's autobiography

Coordinates: 51°03′07″N, 13°44′30″E Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...