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Encyclopedia > Dry ice
Dry ice pellet sublimating in water
Dry ice pellet sublimating in water
Dry ice block sublimating in air.
Dry ice block sublimating in air.
Small pellets of dry ice sublimating in air.
Small pellets of dry ice sublimating in air.
Carbon dioxide phase diagram
Carbon dioxide phase diagram

Dry ice is the genericized trademark[1] for solid carbon dioxide. It is commonly used as a versatile cooling agent. Dry ice subliminates, changing directly to a gas at atmospheric pressure, Dry ice also makes up about .04% of the earth's atmosphere. Its sublimation and deposition point is -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F). Its enthalpy of sublimation (ΔHsub) at -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F) is 199.0 kJ/kg (245.5 BTU/lb). The low temperature and direct sublimation to a gas makes dry ice a very effective coolant, since it is colder than ice and leaves no moisture as it changes state.[2] (Although it can carbonate food it is near.) Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1932x2580, 1744 KB)Dry ice being used to cool beverages in Central Park (New York City, New York, USA). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1932x2580, 1744 KB)Dry ice being used to cool beverages in Central Park (New York City, New York, USA). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 195 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)By Richard Wheeler (Zephyris) 2007. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 195 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)By Richard Wheeler (Zephyris) 2007. ... Image File history File links Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram. ... Image File history File links Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram. ... A genericized trademark (also known as a generic trade mark or proprietary eponym) is a trademark or brand name that has become the colloquial or generic description for (or synonymous with) a particular class of product or service. ... Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ... Molar heat content of zinc above 298. ... A coolant, or heat transfer fluid, is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it. ... This article is about water ice. ... Effervescence from soda. ...

Contents

History

In 1835 the French chemist Charles Thilorier published the first account of dry ice.[3][4] Upon opening the lid of a large cylinder containing liquid carbon dioxide he noted much of the carbon dioxide rapidly evaporated leaving solid dry ice in the container. Throughout the next 60 years, dry ice was observed and tested by scientists. See also: Other events of 1835 List of years in science . ... A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ... Charles Thilorier was a scientist who gave the earliest description of solid carbon dioxide. ...


Manufacture

Dry ice is readily manufactured: [5][6]

  1. Gases containing a high concentration of carbon dioxide are produced. Such gases can be a byproduct of some other process, such as producing ammonia and nitrogen from natural gas, or large-scale fermentation.[6]
  2. Carbon dioxide-rich gas is pressurized and refrigerated until it changes into its liquid form.
  3. The pressure is reduced. When this occurs some liquid carbon dioxide vaporizes, and this causes a rapid lowering of temperature of the remaining liquid carbon dioxide. The extreme cold makes the liquid solidify into a snow-like consistency.
  4. The snow-like solid carbon dioxide is compressed into either small pellets or larger blocks of dry ice.

Dry ice is typically produced in two standard forms: blocks and cylindrical pellets. A standard block weighing approximately 30 kg is most common. These are commonly used in shipping, because they sublimate slowly due to a relatively small surface area. Pellets are around 1 cm in diameter and can be bagged easily. This form is suited to small scale use, for example at grocery stores and laboratories. Dry ice is also inexpensive; it costs less than US$2 per kilogram.[7] For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... For a large scale grocery store, see supermarket. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... USD redirects here. ... Kg redirects here. ...


Applications

Dry ice is commonly used to package more items that need to remain cold or frozen, such as ice cream, without the use of mechanical cooling. In medicine it is used to freeze warts to make removal easier[8]. In the construction industry it is used to loosen floor tiles by shrinking and cracking them, as well as to freeze water in valveless pipes to allow repair. In laboratories, a slurry of dry ice in an organic solvent is a useful freezing mixture for cold chemical reactions. Wart is also the name of a Nintendo character, see Wart (Nintendo character). ... This article is in need of attention. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... A typical experimental setup for an aldol reaction. ... Chemical reactions are also known as chemical changes. ...


Dry ice can also be used for making ice cream.[9]


Dry ice is also used as a source of carbon dioxide. It can be used to carbonate water and other liquids such as beer.[citation needed] It can be used as bait to trap mosquitoes and other insects[10] For other uses, see Mosquito (disambiguation). ...


When dry ice is placed in water sublimation is accelerated, and low-sinking dense clouds of fog (smoke alike) are created. This is used in fog machines, at theaters, discoteques, Halloween, and nightclubs for dramatic effects. Dry Ice is also used in cloud seeding: the process of altering cloud precipitation. Sublimation has three separate meanings: Sublimation (physics), the change from solid to gas without passing the liquid state Sublimation (psychology), the transformation of emotions Dye sublimation, the transference of printed images to a synthetic substrate by the application of heat Category: ... A heavy duty smoke machine feeding smoke into a blower to generate fog effects for open air location filming. ... For other usages see Theatre (disambiguation) Theater (American English) or Theatre (British English and widespread usage among theatre professionals in the US) is that branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed... A discothèque is an entertainment venue or club with recorded music, played by Discaires (Disk jockeys), rather than an on-stage band. ... This article is about the holiday. ... Laser lights illuminate the dance floor at a Gatecrasher dance music event in Sheffield, England A nightclub (or night club or club) is a drinking, dancing, and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark. ...


Dry ice blasting

Dry ice pellets dropped in hot water
Dry ice pellets dropped in hot water
Main article: Dry ice blasting

One of the largest alternative uses of dry ice is blast cleaning. Dry ice pellets are shot out of a nozzle with compressed air. This can remove residues from industrial equipment. Examples of materials being removed include ink, glue, oil, paint, mold and rubber. Dry ice blasting can replace sandblasting, steam blasting, water blasting or solvent blasting. The primary environmental residue of dry ice blasting is the sublimed CO2, thus making it a useful technique where residues from other blasting techniques are undesirable. [11]


See also

A dry ice bomb is a simple bomb-like device typically made from a plastic bottle, water and dry ice. ...

References

  1. ^ dry ice. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin (2000). Retrieved on 2007-08-21.
  2. ^ Solar Navigator on Carbon Dioxide, retrieved 05 July 2007
  3. ^ Duane H. D. Roller; M. Thilorier (1952). "Thilyorier and the First Solidification of a "Permanent" Gas (1835)". Isis 43 (2): 109-113. 
  4. ^ Charles Thilorier (1835). "Solidification de l'Acide carbonique" (in French). Comptes rendus 1: 194. 
  5. ^ What is Dry Ice?.
  6. ^ a b Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Properties, Uses, Applications: CO2 Gas and Liquid Carbon Dioxide. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc..
  7. ^ ABC Ice House, retrieved 11 March 2008
  8. ^ Lyell A. (1966). "Management of warts.". British medical journal 2 (5529): 1576-9. PMID 5926267. 
  9. ^ Blumenthal, Heston. "How to make the best treacle tart and ice cream in the world", The Sunday Times, 2006-10-29. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. 
  10. ^ Reisen WK, Boyce K, Cummings RC, Delgado O, Gutierrez A, Meyer RP, Scott TW. (1999). "Comparative effectiveness of three adult mosquito sampling methods in habitats representative of four different biomes of California.". J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 15 (1): 24-31. PMID 10342265. 
  11. ^ Wolcott, John. "[http://www.heraldbusinessjournal.com/archive/jan08/iceblasting-jan08.htm Ice-blasting firm offers a cool way to clean up]", The Daily Herald Co., Everett, WA, 2008-01. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
dry ice: Definition and Much More from Answers.com (1981 words)
Dry ice is manufactured primarily in two forms, either as a block of dry ice which weighs over 50 lb (22.7 kg) or in small pieces that vary in size from the size of a grain of rice to a larger pellet.
Dry ice does not melt, instead it sublimates, meaning the solid turns directly into a gas (bypassing the liquid state) as the temperature rises and the solid begins to dissipate.
Dry ice was not invented, rather the properties of solid carbon dioxide were discovered in the early twentieth century.
The Food Storage Faq - Specific Specifications (3232 words)
Using dry ice to displace oxygen from food storage containers is a very straightforward affair.
Ideally, the dry ice should slowly evaporate and the cool CO should fill the bottom of the bucket, displacing the warmer, lighter atmosphere and pushing it out the top of the container.
Dry ice may be found at ice houses, welding supply shops, some ice cream stores, meat packers or you could look in your local phone book under the headings "dry ice" or "gasses".
  More results at FactBites »


 
 

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