In mathematics, duality has numerous meanings. They are inter-connected, mostly, without there being a single master duality. Generally speaking, dualities translate concepts, theorems or mathematical structures into other concepts, theorems or structures, in a one-to-one fashion. Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Mathematics Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mathematics Look up Mathematics on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mathematics Bogomolny, Alexander: Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles. ...
In one group of dualities, the concepts and theorems of a certain mathematical theory are mechanically translated into other concepts and theorems of the same theory. The prototypical example here is the duality in projective geometry: given any theorem in plane projective geometry, exchanging the terms "point" and "line" everywhere results in a new, equally valid theorem. Other examples include:
In another group of dualities, the objects of one theory are translated into objects of another theory and the morphisms between objects in the first theory are translated into morphisms in the second theory, but with direction reversed. Using a duality of this type, every statement in the first theory can be translated into a "dual" statement in the second theory, where the direction of all arrows has to be reversed. For the general notion in category theory that underlies these dualities, see opposite category. Examples include:
Theorems showing that certain objects of interest are the dual spaces (in the sense of linear algebra) of other objects of interest are also often called dualities. Examples:
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In another group of dualities, the objects of one theory are translated into objects of another theory and the morphisms between objects in the first theory are translated into morphisms in the second theory, but with direction reversed.
Using a duality of this type, every statement in the first theory can be translated into a "dual" statement in the second theory, where the direction of all arrows has to be reversed.
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