Duchy of Athens

A small crusader state which was established after the Sack of Constantinople (1204) by the Crusaders. It survived the restoration of the Byzantine empire and lasted until the Sack of Constantinople (1453) by the Turks and the Ottoman occupation of the Greek territory. This article is about historical Crusades . ... The word sack can refer to: A large bag, typically made of heavy cloth such as hemp or burlap. ... Map of Constantinople. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... This article is about historical Crusades . ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... The word sack can refer to: A large bag, typically made of heavy cloth such as hemp or burlap. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923...

During the 250 years of its life the Duchy of Athens was ruled in succession by Burgundian (1205-1311), Catalan (1311-1388) and Florentine (1388-1456) rulers. Burgundian is either of the following; An extinct language of the Germanic language group spoken by the Burgundians. ... Catalan can mean: the Catalan language inhabitant of Catalonia Eugène Charles Catalan the mathematician a Catalan solid Catalan numbers the Catalan Opening, a chess opening the Catalan forge, a type of open hearth furnace that was a precursor to the blast furnace There is also information on Catalan names. ... Florence (Italian, Firenze) is a city in the center of Tuscany, in central Italy, on the Arno River, with a population of around 400,000, plus a suburban population in excess of 200,000. ...

Burgundian Athens (1205 - 1311)

In 1204 the 4th Crusade, a crusader expedition which was supposedly destined for Egypt to fight the Saracens and recover the Holy Land was diverted to Constantinople. The crusaders had not the money to pay the Venetians for their passage, and the Venetians, who longed to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean, diverted the expedition to Constantinople. The Polis was sacked, and the Venetians were paid with the booty. Instead of continuing with the Crusade, the Crusaders then decided to divide the empire among themselves as feudal fiefdoms. // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204), originally designed to conquer Jerusalem by taking Egypt first, instead, in 1204, sacked and conquered the Orthodox Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. ... This article is about historical Crusades . ... For the rugby club Saracens see Saracens (rugby club) The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ... The phrase The Holy Land (Arabic الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah; Hebrew ארץ הקודש;, Standard Hebrew Éreẓ haQodeš, Tiberian Hebrew ʾÉreṣ haqQāḏēš; Latin Terra Sancta) generally refers to Palestine or the Land of Israel. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Venice is known for its waterways and gondolas Gondola. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... A polis (πολις) — plural: poleis (πολεις) — is a city, or a city-state. ... This article is about the medieval Crusades . ... This article is about historical Crusades . ... Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ...

Αll of Greece north of the Isthmus fell to Boniface III, Marquis of Montferrat, who held it as "King of Thessaloniki". In 1205 he arrived in Athens, where archbishop Michael Akominatos handed over to him the Acropolis, probably in order to be protected from the depredations of Leon Sgouros, the ruler of Nauplia. In accordance with Western feudal custom he parcelled out much if his lands to subordinates, in return for their support. Attica, together with Megaris, Boeotia and Locris, he gave into the hands of a Burgundian knight, Othon de la Roche. When the Burgundians arrived in Athens, they promptly plundered the cathedral treasury and library. Otho assumed the title "Grand Seigneur of Athens and Thebes", and took up residence in Thebes, installing a governor on the Acropolis. The Isthmus of Panama connects North and South America. ... Boniface III was Pope from February 19 to November 12, 607. ... Montferrat was a marquisate in Lombardy during the Middle Ages. ... Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... The Acropolis in central Athens, one of the most important landmarks in world history. ... This article refers to acropoleis in general. ... Náfplio (Ναύπλιον) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike;; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Megaris, a small but populous state of ancient Greece, south of Attica, whose inhabitants were adventurous seafarers, credited with deceitful propensities. ... Boeotia (Greek Βοιωτια) was the central area of ancient Greece. ... Locris was a region of ancient Greece, made up of two districts. ... Burgundian is either of the following; An extinct language of the Germanic language group spoken by the Burgundians. ... The silver Anglia knight, commissioned as a trophy in 1850, intended to represent the Black Prince. ... Two important places in antiquity were called Thebes: Thebes, Greece – Thebes of the Seven Gates; one-time capital of Boeotia. ... This article refers to acropoleis in general. ...

The Franks formed a ruling aristocracy, and initially they did not mix with the conquered population, who were, in the main, probably reduced to serfdom. Under Othon's rule Athens prospered, but the citizens probably enjoyed little of this, as trading privileges were granted to Venetian and Genoese merchants. The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the western regions of Germany (Franconia... Venetian could mean of Venice of the venetia territory of the Republic of Venice of the venet nation the Venetian language The Venetian, a hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada A venetian blind - a horizontally slatted window blind. ... Alternate uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ...

Pope Innocent III sent a Latin archbishop, Berard, to replace Michael Akominatos, and Latin bishops to replace the other Orthodox bishops. The Latin rite of the West replaced the Greek rite in their churches. Αll the monasteries were placed under the control of the Catholic Archbishop. Innocent III, né Lotario de Conti ( 1161–June 16, 1216), was Pope from January 8, 1198 until his death. ... Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. ...

The Orthodox monks were expelled from Daphni. Despite their shared Christianity, the conquerors did not respect the monastery church. During restoration work on the cupola in 1895, two Crusader bolts were found embedded in the eyes of the famous representation of Christ as the Pantokrator. In 1207, the pope invited the Cistercians to occupy the premisses. These 'white monks added a western-style monastic cloister. The powerful dukes of Burgundy were by tradition buried in the mother house of the Cistercian order at Citeaux, and in imitation of this practice, the Burgundian rulers of Athens were each interned at Daphni. Daphne - From the painting by Deverial. ... 1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Mount Pantokrator (sometimes Pantocrator, Παντωκράτορ in Greek) is a mountain located in north-eastern Corfu. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Cistercians coat of arms The Order of Cistercians (OCist) (Latin Cistercenses), otherwise Gimey or White Monks (from the colour of the habit, over which is worn a black scapular or apron) are a Catholic order of monks. ... 16th century Citeaux, perspective view (engraving) Cîteaux Abbey (abbaye de Cîteaux) is a Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-les-Cîteaux, south of France. ... Daphne - From the painting by Deverial. ...

The Latin clergy who came with the Crusaders were to remain a tiny and isolated minority in a hostile land. The Greeks saw the Latin priests as polluters. They rebaptized children baptized with the Latin rite, and washed clean altars used by Latin priests. No Orthodox archbishop of Athens was allowed to enter the city, and since the Latins had taken over the Parthenon, a church beside the Roman forum was adopted by the Greeks as their cathedral. The Parthenon seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west The Parthenon (Greek: Παρθενώνας) is the best-known surviving building of Ancient Greece and is regarded as one of the worlds great cultural monuments. ...

Many Orthodox monks may have retreated to the mountains to avoid persecution and to preserve their Byzantine tradition, and it is likely that the churches in the entrance of the Cave of Amomon (Davelis' cave) were erected at this time. The dome of the larger church is inscribed with the date 1234, and was decorated with a mural, now removed to the Byzantine Museum, which represented the last Greek archbishop of Athens, Michael Akominatos, suggesting the conscious championing of the disinherited rite. The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Events Canonization of Saint Dominic Collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) Deaths Emperor Chukyo of Japan Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile - Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and Leon (reigned...

In 1207 the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders toured the peninsula after restoring order among his vassals and attended a Te Deum in the Parthenon. In 1225, the homesick Othon returned to France, leaving his lands in Greece to his nephew, Guy Ι. Two mοnasteries were founded during his reign: Saint John the Hunter at Marathon and the Enclosed Monastery at Phyle. Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Henry is a male given name. ... Flanders (Flemish, Fleming) (Dutch: Vlaanderen (Vlaams, Vlaming)) has two main designations: a constituent community of the federal Belgian state through its social and political organisations, and through the institutions of the Flemish Community (with its own Flemish government and Flemish parliament) that also absorbed all the competencies of the Flemish... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ...

In 1246, William of Villhardouin Prince of Achaia, found himself at war with the Venetians and called upon his vassals to assist him. Guy de la Roche, who was technically his vassal, not only refused to aid him, but actually assisted his enemies. In retaliation, William crossed the Isthmus and confronted Guy's army at the pass of Mount Karydi. Guy fled the field of battle, leaving many of his warriors dead, and was forced to appear before the High Court of the barons of Achaia. But when Guy stood before the assembled lords, he asserted that William and the barons of Achaia were not his peers, and therefore not competent to judge him. He appealed over their heads to the most respected monarch of Christendom, King Saint Louis ΙΧ of France. At this, the assembled barons agreed to defer to the king's judgement. Guy duly appeared at the royal court, where the king decided that he had been guilty of a technical offence, but a minor one, and that his journey to Paris was penalty enough in itself. The king then told Guy he could not return empty-handed, and asked what favour he might desire. Guy requested the title 'duke of Athens', and his wish was granted. From that point onwards, the heads of the family of de la Roche rules as dukes. Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Saga, emperor of Japan. ... This article is about the modern Greek district Achaea. ...

During the reign of Guy Ι Athens prospered. Venetians moved into Porto Leone (Piraeus). Duke John, who spoke Greek, succeeded him in 1263. He was in turn succeeded by his brother, William, who had married a Greek, and then by Guy II. When he died in 1308, the title passed to Walter de Brienne. Walter ambitiously sought to extend his territories at the expense of the restored Byzantine states. When they combined against him, he called on the help of the Grand Catalan Company of mercenaries. View of Piraeus A night ferry about to leave the port of Piraeus for the Dodecanese Piraeus, or Peiraeus (Modern Greek: Πειραιάς Peiraiás or Pireás, Ancient Greek / Katharevousa: Πειραιεύς Pireéfs) is a city in the prefecture of Attica, Greece, located south of Athens. ... Events Detmold, Germany was founded. ... Events Henry VII is elected as king of the Holy Roman Empire. ... The Catalan Company, or in full the Catalan Company of the East (Companyia Catalana dOrient in Catalan) or the Grand Catalan Company of the Almogavars (Gran Compañía Catalana de los Almogávares in Spanish), was a free company of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor in early 14th... Mercenary (disambiguation). ...

The Catalans had been employed by Frederick II to place him on the throne of Sicily. Some 4,000 of them, finding peace unrewarding, had set out under the leadership of Roger de Flor, a falconer's son and former Templar, to make their fortunes in the Levant. They arrived at Constantinople in 1303, where they were used with success against the Turks in Anatolia. Having employed them, the Byzantines feared them, and sought to rid themselves of the danger by murdering Roger and attacking the Company where they were camped in the Dardanelles. The Catalans repelled all attacks, and until 1307 lived off the land, raiding the countryside up to the walls of the City. Then in that year they moved west, ravaged Thrace and Macedonia and entered central Greece. See: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194-1250, king 1211/12-1250, emperor since 1220) Frederick II of Austria (?-1246, duke of Austria 1230-1246) Frederick II of Sicily (1272-1337) - who called himself Frederick III - see the article for details. ... Sicilian disambiguates here; see also Sicilian language or Sicilian Defence. ... Roger de Flor, a military adventurer of the 13th and 14th century, was the second son of a German falconer surnamed Blum (flower) in the service of the emperor Frederick II, who fell at Tagliacozzo (1268). ... The Seal of the Knights — the two riders have been interpreted as a sign of poverty or the duality of monk/soldier. ... The Levant The Levant or ash-Shām (Arabic root word related to the term Semite)—also known as Greater Syria—is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in Southwest Asia south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and the... Map of Constantinople. ... // Events On the 20 April, Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome La Sapienza Edward I of England reconquers Scotland (see also: William Wallace, Wars of Scottish Independence) The Khilji Dynasty conquers Chittor Births Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (died 1373) Gegeen Khan, Mongol emperor of China (died 1323) Deaths... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... The Dardanelles (Turkish: Çanakkale BoÄŸazı), formerly Hellespont, is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara. ... Events July - The Knights Hospitaller begin their conquest of Rhodes. ... Thrace (Greek Θρᾴκη ThrákÄ“, Bulgarian Тракия Trakija, Turkish Trakya) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe spread over southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and European Turkey. ...

Walter offered to employ them for six months against his enemies. He paid them two months wages in advance, and for the next six months they fought very successfully on his behalf. Then they demanded the remaining four months' wages due to them, and refused to hand over some castles they had taken in southern Thessaly, pleading that they had nowhere else to go. Walter reluctantly paid some five hundred of them, and then ordered the rest to go away. They would not. Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ...

In 1311, Walter summoned all the French knights in Greece to his aid to rid the peninsula of the Catalan menace, and attacked them in Boeotia. The Catalans chose to confront the French in the Kopais marshes. There the heavily armoured French knights sank in the mud and were massacred. Of seven hundred, only four are known to have escaped with their lives. Duke Walter himself was slain and beheaded. Events Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. ... Boeotia (Greek Βοιωτια) was the central area of ancient Greece. ...

Catalan Athens (1311 - 1388)

Athens lay open to the mercenaries, who occupied it without opposition. Afraid of provoking universal wrath for upsetting the natural order of things by ruling without the sanction of royal or aristocratic blood, the Catalans decided to invite noble patronage as an insurance. They prudently asked Frederick II of Sicily to send one of his sons to be their ruler. He appointed Manfred, his five-year-old second son. For the next sixty years, as part of the duchy of Athens and Neopatras, Athens was theoretically governed from Sicily by a succession of dukes, not a single one of whom ever actually saw the Acropolis. They each governed through vicars-general. The Acropolis in central Athens, one of the most important landmarks in world history. ... See: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194-1250, king 1211/12-1250, emperor since 1220) Frederick II of Austria (?-1246, duke of Austria 1230-1246) Frederick II of Sicily (1272-1337) - who called himself Frederick III - see the article for details. ... Sicilian disambiguates here; see also Sicilian language or Sicilian Defence. ...

The first two of these officers were very competent. Despite the enmity of both the Papacy and the Venetians, under Berenguer Espanol, and Don Alfonso Fadrique the Catalans consolidated their hold over the region. At first Catalan corsairs did considerable damage to Venetian trade in the region, then in 1319, after long negotiations, Don Alfonso Fadrique agreed to disarm their vessels and attack no other ships in the Saronic Gulf, or in the vicinity of Negroponte. Such ships as they had were to be drawn on shore, a plank taken from each vessel, and its tackle to be stored on the Acropolis. They could only maintain ships in the Corinthian Gulf, where they posed no problem to the Most Serene Republic. Events Magnus VII ascends the throne of Norway and unites the country with Sweden. ... The Saronic Gulf or Gulf of Aegina in Greece forms part of the Aegean Sea and defines the eastern side of the isthmus of Corinth. ... Negroponte can refer to: Nicholas Negroponte, Romanian-Greek-American computer scientist best known as founder and director of Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Media Lab. ... This article refers to acropoleis in general. ... The Gulf of Corinth is the body of water separating Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. ... The term Most Serene Republic is a name used for three former countries: The Republic of Venice (the Most Serene Republic of Venice), city-state that existed in Italy from the 9th century until the 18th century. ...

Despite the presence of a governor, the several municipalities of the Catalans were virtually self-governing corporations; according to a contemporary "true Catalan municipalities transferred to the very heart of classic Greece". Documents for internal use were written in Catalan, and for external use in Latin. It seems likely that over time, the poorer Catalans sank to the social level of the Greeks. Continuous opposition by the Church alienated many Catalans, and in 1322 Pope John ΧΧII ordered the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople to take stern measures against apostates, suggesting that some of them had turned to Orthodoxy. Catalan can mean: the Catalan language inhabitant of Catalonia Eugène Charles Catalan the mathematician a Catalan solid Catalan numbers the Catalan Opening, a chess opening the Catalan forge, a type of open hearth furnace that was a precursor to the blast furnace There is also information on Catalan names. ... Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Events September 27/September 28 - Battle of Ampfing, often called the last battle of knights, in which Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Frederick I of Austria Births January 11 - Emperor Komyo of Japan (died 1380) Deaths January 3 - King Philip V of France (born 1293) March 16 - Humphrey de... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho (right, correct) and doxa (thought, teaching), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. ...

The Aegean was a very disordered region at this time. In 1329-30, the Turks ravaged Attica on no less than four occasions. In 1332 Turkish corsairs raided the coast, and in 1367 tried to take the Acropolis. Another danger lay in the mercenary company of Navarre, which had found a base in Boeotia. With the support of the Knights of St. John, these adventurers, so like the Catalans in their early days, also marched on Athens. They were resisted by the vicar-general, Romeo de Bellarbe and the Greek notary Demetrios Rendi. Two years later, they withdrew into the Peloponnese. Greece and the Aegean Sea The Aegean sea in Greece as seen from the island of Greek: Αιγαίον Πέλαγος, Aigaion Pelagos; Turkish: Ege denizi) is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, located between the Greek peninsula and Anatolia (Asia Minor, now part of Turkey). ... Events Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII. Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike;; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Events November 7 - Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. ... Events Battle of Najera, Peter I of Castile restored as King. ... This article refers to acropoleis in general. ... Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community and province of Spain. ... Boeotia (Greek Βοιωτια) was the central area of ancient Greece. ... The Knights Hospitaller (the or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ...

The Athenians then petitioned King Pedro IV for favours in recognition for their loyalty in this struggle. Demetrios Rendi received lands and serfs. Α village church near Athens and the area lying around it, now part of the conurbation, and still bears his name. For other uses, see Athens (disambiguation). ... Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil; Pedro IV of Portugal Pedro I of Brazil, known as Dom Pedro (October 12, 1798 - September 24, 1834), proclaimed Brazil independent from Portugal and became Brazils first Emperor. ...

In order to supplement the population of Attica, diminished by attacks from corsairs the king invited Christian Albanians to settle in Attica. In the early 1420s a group settled at Elefsina (ancient Eleusis). At this time, Nerio Acciajuoli, a Florentine adventurer who had become lord of Corinth and Megara, decided to add Athens to his dominions. He had alliances with the despot of Mistra, and the Imperial Viceroy in Thessaloniki. His forces ready, he required only a pretext. In the county of Salona, a fief of the Catalan Duchy, lived the widowed countess Helene and her daughter, Maria. Nero made her an offer of marriage to his brother-in-law, Pietro Saraceno. The dowager countess, a descendant of a Byzantine emperor, scornfully refused to give her daughter to a 'Florentine merchant.” Predictably, in 1388 Athens, together with Thebes and Levadeia, was captured by Nerio. The king of Naples cοηferred upon him the title of duke. Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike;; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Events May 21 - Treaty of Troyes. ... Eleusis (Game) The cardgame invented by Robert Abbott in 1962, and later popularized in 1977 by Martin Gardner in his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American magazine. ... Acciaiuoli, or Acciajuoli was an important family of Florence. ... Florence (Italian, Firenze) is a city in the center of Tuscany, in central Italy, on the Arno River, with a population of around 400,000, plus a suburban population in excess of 200,000. ... Temple of Apollo at Corinth Your mom goes to college. ... Megara (Greek: Μέγαρα; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an ancient city in Attica, Greece. ... For a village in the prefecture of Ioannina, see Ioannina The Vale of Laconia seen from the battlements of Mystras Mystras (also Mistra, Mystra and Mistras Greek: Μύστρας ) was a fortified town in Morea (the Peloponnesus), on Mt. ... Thessaloníki or Salonica (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal, the largest city, and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... Solin (It. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland Births September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... The Acropolis in central Athens, one of the most important landmarks in world history. ... Two important places in antiquity were called Thebes: Thebes, Greece – Thebes of the Seven Gates; one-time capital of Boeotia. ... Livadeia (Greek: Λιβαδειά - Livadeiá or Λεβάδεια - Levádeia) is a city in central Greece. ... Location within Italy Naples (Italian Napoli, Neapolitan Napule, from Greek Νέα Πόλις - Néa Pólis - meaning New City; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the largest city in southern Italy and capital of Campania Region. ... The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy...

The Catalans disappeared from Athens almost without trace. The memory of the Greeks in respect of the Catalans is uniformly negative. As late as the nineteenth century people would use the reproach "What a Catalan" !

Florentine Athens (1388 - 1456)

Nerio recognised Greek as the official language of his domains. Greek elders or demogerontes had some say in the government of the city. He asked the Patriarch of Constantinople to appoint a metropolitan to Athens, for the first time for nearly two centuries. He took up office in the church of Panayia Soteira (Our Lady of Salvation). Even though the man appointed, Dorotheus, had to be expelled in 1392 for plotting against the Acciajuoli, Nerio nevertheless accepted a replacement, Makarios. Nerio also kept a Greek mistress, no less than Maria Rendi, the daughter of Demetrios Rendi. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... Acciaiuoli, or Acciajuoli was an important family of Florence. ...

Nerio was later held hostage by the Navarrese Company after their leader had treacherously agreed to safe passage for him to meet to discuss matters of common interest and was ransomed on the pleas of the Florentines and Genovese. In order to raise the money needed, however, the silver plates were stripped from the doors of the Parthenon, and most of its treasures, accumulated over centuries, sold to secure his release.

Between 1386 and 1394 more of the Albanians who had been invited by King Pedro to settle in Attica turned up, and were allowed to stay. These settlers, who generally occupied lands in Northern Attica, were usually small 'clans' of related families, under the command of a leader whose name was perpetuated in the name of the district in which they settled. Events Battle of Sempach: Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule End of reign of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... // Events Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, travels with King Richard II of England to Ireland. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike;; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ...

When he died, Nerio left a will which seems calculated to generate maximum mischief. He left the revenues of the city to the Catholic Cathedral. The income from his famous stud farm was to be used to maintain twenty canons to pray for his soul. He also ordered that the doors of the Parthenon should be replated with silver. He left to Antonio, a natural son by Maria Rendi, who was therefore as Greek as he was Italian, property in Thebes and Livadeia. Otherwise, he appointed his youngest daughter Francesca as his heir, and committed her to the care of Venice. The Parthenon seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west The Parthenon (Greek: Παρθενώνας) is the best-known surviving building of Ancient Greece and is regarded as one of the worlds great cultural monuments. ...

The Greek archbishop Makarios, insulted by the terms of Nerio's will, which he considered effectively gave the city into the hands of the Roman Catholic archbishop, Ludovico de Prato, invited the Turks to occupy the city. Α Turkish force arrived, but the Acropolis resisted, its governor, Matteo Montana, arranging to hand over the city to the Venetians on condition they respected the rights of the citizens. The nearest Venetian official, the baillie of Negroponte (Chalkis), sent a force which drove off the Turks, and in 1395 raised the lίοn of Saint Mark over the Acropolis. Negroponte can refer to: Nicholas Negroponte, Romanian-Greek-American computer scientist best known as founder and director of Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Media Lab. ... Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis (Greek, Modern: Χαλκίδα, Ancient/Katharevousa: _is), the chief town of the island of Euboea in Greece, situated on the strait of the Euripus at its narrowest point. ... Events End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family. ... Mark the Evangelist (1st century) is traditionally believed to be the author of the Gospel of Mark, drawing much of his material from Peter. ...

The Venetians were not inspired by the ancient associations of the city; nothing seemed to move them but commerce. The Acropolis was a strong fortress, and they simply wanted it to keep it out of the hands ofthe Turks. They actually had a lot of trouble finding someone prepared to take on the responsibility of governor, or podesta, before appointing the nobleman Albano Contarίni.

At this point, in February 1395, [[Νίccοlό da Martoni], an notary from Capua, visited Athens on his way back from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He kept a full diary and spent two days in the city, providing the earliest description of Athens during the Frankish period. He wrote that the city had been reduced to the size of a small town under the shadow of the Acropolis, and estimated that it had something like one thousand hearths. Events End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family. ... Capua (modern Santa Maria Capua Vetere) was the chief ancient city of Campania, and one of the most important towns of ancient Italy, situated 25 km (16 mi) north of Neapolis, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. ... Jerusalem and the Old City. ...

Fear of the prowling Turks and the feud between Nerio's two sons-in-law, made travelling in Attica difficult and dangerous. N'iccοlό rode along the Sacred Way in fear of his life, and was relieved to reach the safety of Acrocorinth.

In 1397, Sultan Beyazit sent two generals with a force of 50,000 to devastate Greece. On returning from the Peloponnese, they may have sacked Athens in 1397, although such are the records that there is some doubt about the exact date, or even whether such a disaster ever actually happened. Events February 10 - John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset. ... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ...

Luckily for the hard-pressed Christians of the East, Sultan Beyazit was defeated by Tamerlane in 1402 at the battle of Ankara, and himself taken captive. This unexpected development ensured that for some time the power of the Turks would be eclipsed. This offered Antonio the chance to recover Athens for the Acciajuoli. He suddenly marched against the city. The bailey of Negroponte collected 6,000 men to go to its relief, but Antonio laid an ambush in the Pass of the Anephorites, took him prisoner, and resumed the siege of the Acropolis. After seventeen months, when the last horse had been eaten, the garrison surrendered and were allowed to leave. For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ... Events September 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill. ... Ankara from the Atakule Tower, looking N-NE Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... Acciaiuoli, or Acciajuoli was an important family of Florence. ... Negroponte can refer to: Nicholas Negroponte, Romanian-Greek-American computer scientist best known as founder and director of Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Media Lab. ...

Antonio paid tribute both to the Venetians and the Turks, and so preserved his (relative) independence for many years. He married a priest's daughter from Thebes, and when she died, a Byzantine aristocrat, Maria Melissini. He was able to provide Athens with an interlude of peace, when all around was in turmoil. The contemporary Athenian historian, Laonikos Chalcocondyles says that he even managed to improve the city. Two important places in antiquity were called Thebes: Thebes, Greece – Thebes of the Seven Gates; one-time capital of Boeotia. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ...

Most authorities think that it was he who erected the tall "Frankish Tower" in front of the Propylaea, opposite the Temple of Athena Nike. On a turret on top of this tall structure, beacon fires visible from Acrocorinth could be lit to give warning of corsairs in the Saronic Gulf. He built a villa by the Ilissos at the spring of Kallirhoe, and took over a nearby chapel built on the site of a temple of Artemis known as Our Lady on the Rocks, for the personal use of the ducal family. The Athena Nike was the earliest Ionic building to be built on the Acropolis around 427 BC. The temple was completed during the unrest of the Peloponnesian war. ... The Artemis of Versailles, a Roman copy of a Hellenistic marble sculpture, now at the Louvre Museum. ...

Antonio invited further Albanian settlement of areas of south-east Attica, at Spata and Liopesi, etc., where again the settlers' leaders gave their names to the districts in which they built their homes. These were unrelated to the Albanians who had already settled in the north of Attica, and even today the Arvanites of the south-east differ in dialect and customs from those of northern Attica. Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike;; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Spata (Greek: Σπάτα), ancient form and Latin: Pallene, is a suburb in the eastern part of Athens, Greece. ... Arvanites (Αρbε̰ρόρ Arbërór or Arvanites in Arvanitic, Αρβανίτες Arvanítes in Greek) are the descendants of settlers from Despotate of Epirus (today southern Albania and NW Greece) that settled in various Greek lands during the Middle Ages, principally between the 13th century and 15th century. ...

There seems to have been no antagonism between the Greeks and the small Florentine community, which boasted names like Medici and Machiavelli, for Florentine rule was infinitely preferable to Burgundian, Catalan, Venetian or Turkish. The Medici family was a powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century. ... Detail of the portrait of Machiavelli, ca 1500, in the robes of a Florentine public official Niccolò Machiavelli (May 3, 1469—June 21, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher during the Renaissance. ... Florence (Italian, Firenze) is a city in the center of Tuscany, in central Italy, on the Arno River, with a population of around 400,000, plus a suburban population in excess of 200,000. ... Burgundian is either of the following; An extinct language of the Germanic language group spoken by the Burgundians. ... Catalan can mean: the Catalan language inhabitant of Catalonia Eugène Charles Catalan the mathematician a Catalan solid Catalan numbers the Catalan Opening, a chess opening the Catalan forge, a type of open hearth furnace that was a precursor to the blast furnace There is also information on Catalan names. ... Venetian could mean of Venice of the venetia territory of the Republic of Venice of the venet nation the Venetian language The Venetian, a hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada A venetian blind - a horizontally slatted window blind. ...

When Antonio died, the Athenians felt sufficiently self-confident to make an attempt, in the person of his widow and her relative George Chalcocondyles, to take charge of the city themselves. An Athenian archon, Michael Laskaris, journeyed to the Turkish court to gain the consent of Sultan Murad II to this coup, but he was imprisoned. Antonio's cousin Nerio took over the city and banished the Chalcocondyles family. Murad II Murad II (1404 – February 3, 1451) was the sultan from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446). ...

Under Nerio II the city enjoyed a brief revival. Between 1418 and 1435 more Albanians were invited to settle, bringing their f1ocks with them. Many crossed to Salamis and Aegina. Despite occasional Turkish raids, and an outbreak of plague in [1423]], it was said that 'agriculture blossomed under the care of Albanian peasants and the wooded mountains were used for hunting and hawking.' Nicolo Machiavelli wrote to a cousin: 'You have never seen a fairer land nor yet a fairer fortress than this.' Events May 19 - Capture of Paris by John, Duke of Burgundy September - Beginning of English Siege of Rouen Mircea the Old, ruler of Wallachia dies and is succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul. ... For other uses, see number 1435. ... Salamis Island is the name of an island in the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, near Athens, Greece, where the Battle of Salamis was fought in 480 B.C.. Salamis, Cyprus is an ancient city on the east coast of Cyprus. ... Aegina (Greek: Αίγινα Egina), one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 31 miles (50 km) from Athens. ... Plague is usually understood as a generic term for Bubonic plague, the mortal disease caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis, which is spread by fleas from rats and some species of mice to human beings. ... Detail of the portrait of Machiavelli, ca 1500, in the robes of a Florentine public official Niccolò Machiavelli (May 3, 1469—June 21, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher during the Renaissance. ...

Unfortunately, this idyllic picture is only relative. There were still pirate raids to contend with. In 1424, Turkish raiders attacked the monastery of the Annunciation, known as Daou Pendeli, on the far slopes of Mount Pendeli. They returned on the next year, and beat and tortured the sole survivor of the massacre with great savagery before finally killing him by driving a burning stake through his body. A pirate digging…perhaps to bury treasure, perhaps a grave. ... Events August 17 - Battle of Verneuil - An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stuart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. ... The Annunciation, by El Greco (1575) March 25, which is nine months before the feast of the Nativity of Jesus, or Christmas, is the traditional date for the commemoration of the Annunciation of the Theotokos and Mary, the mother of Jesus. ... Pentéli or Pendeli, (Greek: Πεντέλη, ancient forms: Pentele or Pentelicus, Mendeli in medieval times) is a tall mountain and mountain range situated northeast of Athens and southwest of Marathon. ...

In 1436 Cyriacus of Ancona visited Athens, wrote about his stay, and returned in February 1444. He was very interested in ancient monuments, and marvelled at the great walls which had crumbled under the weight of centuries; the marble buildings, houses, and temples, all kinds of sculptures, rendered with wonderful skill: but now a huge mass of ruins. He copied inscriptions and made sketches. On the Museion Hill, for example, Cyriacus sketched the Philopappus monument when it was still in an almost complete state of preservation. He also visited the ruins of Piraeus, and saw the great marble lion which gave to the port its medieval name. Events April - Paris is recaptured by the French End of the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. ... Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of northeastern Italy, population 100,507 (2001). ... Events March 1 - Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg proclaimed commander of the Albanian resistance April 16 - Truce of Tours. ...

When Νeriο died, his widow and Pietro Almerio, the Venetian govemor of Nauplia, her new husband, seized the dukedom, the Athenians complained to the Sultan. He replaced Almerio by Franco Acciajuoli, a nephew of Nerio. Franco banished his aunt to Megara and then had her murdered, whereupon it was the turn of Pietro to complain to the Turks. He ordered Omer, his governor of Thessaly, to march against Athens. Desperately, Franco and some of the leading citizens tried to offer their city to various western rulers if they would come to their aid. But when Omer himself offered Thebes to Franco as compensation for surrendering the city, and the Sultan confirmed it. At the same time, the last Latin archbishop of Athens made his way into exile. Ominously, a comet appeared in the sky on 29th May 1456, and remained for several days. In June, Omer Pasha entered Athens at the head of a Turkish army. Náfplio (Ναύπλιον) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Megara (Greek: Μέγαρα; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an ancient city in Attica, Greece. ... Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Two important places in antiquity were called Thebes: Thebes, Greece – Thebes of the Seven Gates; one-time capital of Boeotia. ... // Events July 7 - Joan of Arc acquitted (but she had already been executed). ...

Dukes of Athens

• Otto de la Roche (1205–1225)
• Guy I de la Roche (1225–1263)
• John I de la Roche (1263–1280)
• William I de la Roche (1280–1287)
• Guy II de la Roche (1287–1308)
• Walter V of Brienne (1308–1311)
• Joanna of Chatillon (1311)
• Roger Deslaur (1311–1312)
• Manfred of Aragon (1312–1317)
  • Berenguer Estanyol (vicary) 1312–1317
• William II of Aragon (1317–1338)
  • Alphonse Frederic of Sicily, lord of Negroponte (vicary) 1317–1338)
• John II of Aragon marquis of Randazzo (1338–1348)
• Frederick I of Athens (son) 1348–1355
• Frederick III the Simple of Sicily (Frederick II of Athens) (1355–1377)
  • Roger de Flor (vicary) 1362–1370
  • Louis Frederick count of Salona (vicary) 1375–1380
• Mary of Sicily (1377–1388) (with Peter IV of Aragon from 1381)
• Nerio I Acciajuoli (1388–1394)
• Antonio I Acciajuoli 1394–1395
• Francesca Acciajuoli(1394–1395)
• Venetian control (1395–1402)
• Antonio I Acciajuoli (1402–1435)
• Nerio II Acciajouli (1435–1439)
• Antonio II Acciajuoli (1439–1441)
• Nerio II Acciajuoli (second time) (1441–1451)
• Claire (vidow of Nerio II) 1451
• Bartolome Contarini (married with Claire) 1451–1454
• Francesco I Contarini (son) 1451–1454
• Francesco II Acciajouli (son of Anthony II) (1455–1458)

Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... Events Detmold, Germany was founded. ... Events Detmold, Germany was founded. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... Events Henry VII is elected as king of the Holy Roman Empire. ... Walter V of Brienne (c. ... Events Henry VII is elected as king of the Holy Roman Empire. ... Events Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. ... Events Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. ... Events Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. ... Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ... Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ... Events The Great Famine of 1315-1317. ... Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ... Events The Great Famine of 1315-1317. ... Events The Great Famine of 1315-1317. ... Events Ashikaga Takauji granted title of Shogun by the emperor of Japan. ... Events The Great Famine of 1315-1317. ... Events Ashikaga Takauji granted title of Shogun by the emperor of Japan. ... Events Ashikaga Takauji granted title of Shogun by the emperor of Japan. ... Events April 7 - Charles University is founded in Prague. ... Events April 7 - Charles University is founded in Prague. ... Events January 7 - Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro - Pedro revolts and incites a civil war April - Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois Scots defeat... Frederick III of Sicily (c. ... Events January 7 - Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro - Pedro revolts and incites a civil war April - Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois Scots defeat... Events January 17 – Gregory XI enters Rome. ... Roger de Flor, a military adventurer of the 13th and 14th century, was the second son of a German falconer surnamed Blum (flower) in the service of the emperor Frederick II, who fell at Tagliacozzo (1268). ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 - 1362 - 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 See also: 1362 state leaders Events Under Edward III, English replaces French as Englands national language, for the... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events October 24 - Valdemar IV of Denmark dies and is succeeded by his grandson Olaf III of Denmark. ... Events September 8 - Battle of Kulikovo - Russian forces under Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols (the Golden Horde), stopping their advance at Kulikovo. ... Mary of Sicily (c 1370—1402), Queen of Sicily, was the daughter and heir of Frederick III The Simple. As she was very young at the time of her fathers death, her government was effectively taken over by four baronial families who styled themselves vicars. ... Events January 17 – Gregory XI enters Rome. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland Births September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... Peter IV of Aragon (1319-1387), king of Aragon (1336-1387), the Ceremonious or el del punyalet (the one of the little dagger). ... Events June 12 - Peasants Revolt: In England rebels arrive at Blackheath. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland Births September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... // Events Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, travels with King Richard II of England to Ireland. ... // Events Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, travels with King Richard II of England to Ireland. ... Events End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family. ... // Events Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, travels with King Richard II of England to Ireland. ... Events End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events September 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill. ... Events September 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill. ... For other uses, see number 1435. ... For other uses, see number 1435. ... Events Battle of Grotnik, which ended the hussite movement in Poland Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway is declared deposed in Sweden. ... Events Battle of Grotnik, which ended the hussite movement in Poland Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway is declared deposed in Sweden. ... This page is about the year 1441. ... This page is about the year 1441. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... Events February 4 - In the Thirteen Years War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... Events February 4 - In the Thirteen Years War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. ... Francesco II Acciajouli (died 1460), called Franco, was the last Duke of Athens. ... // Events February 9 - Wars of the Roses: Richard, Duke of York dismissed as Protector February 23 - Johannes Gutenberg prints the first Bible on a printing press May 22 - Wars of the Roses: First Battle of St Albans - Richard, Duke of York and his ally, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick defeat... Events January 24 - Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia Pope Pius II becomes pope Turks sack the Acropolis Births February 15 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. ...

Vicaries 1381–1388

• Mateu de Montcada
• Roger de Llúria
• Mateu de Peralta
• Luis Frederic of Aragon
• Viscount of Rocabertí
• Bernat de Cordella

Events June 12 - Peasants Revolt: In England rebels arrive at Blackheath. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland Births September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ...

Titular Dukes 1311–1388

The heirs of Walter of Brienne, recognized only in Argos and Nauplia Events Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland Births September 29 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. ... Argos and Nauplia refers to a Medieval Lordship in Morea or Achaia. ...

• Walter VI of Brienne 1311–1356
• Isabella of Brienne 1356–1360 with her son
• Sohier of Enghien 1356–1367
• Walter V of Enghien 1367–1381
• Louis of Enghien 1381–1394
• Marguerite of Enghien