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Encyclopedia > Duchy of Brunswick
Herzogtum Braunschweig
Duchy of Brunswick
← Flag
 1815 – 1918 →
Flag Coat of arms
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Brunswick
Location of the Duchy of Brunswick within the German Empire
Capital Braunschweig
Government Monarchy
Duke
 - 1813-1815 Frederick William
 - 1913-1918 Ernest Augustus
History
 - Restoration 1815
 - Abdication 1918
Area
 - 1910 3,672 km² (1,418 sq mi)
Population
 - 1910 est. 494,339 
     Density 134.6 /km²  (348.7 /sq mi)

Brunswick was a historical state in Germany. Originally the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Holy Roman Empire, it was established as an independent duchy by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Its capital was Brunswick. Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... Image File history File links blank picture File links The following pages link to this file: Antioquia Boyacá Cundinamarca Bolívar Department Santander Department Atlántico Magdalena Department Amazonas Department, Colombia Arauca Caquetá Casanare Cauca Cesar Chocó Córdoba Department Guainía Guaviare Huila Department Guajira Department Meta Department Nari... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig. ... Brunswick was a historical state in Germany, established as a duchy by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... Image File history File links Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 451 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (777 × 1033 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Map-DR-Brunswick. ... Motto Gott mit Uns (German: God with us”) Anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I Capital Berlin Language(s) Official: German Unofficial minority languages: Danish, French, Frisian, Polish, Sorbian Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1871–1888 William I  - 1888 Frederick... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Urban district City subdivisions: 20 Boroughs Lord Mayor: Gert Hoffmann (CDU) Governing parties: CDU / FDP Basic Statistics Area: 192. ... For the comic series, see Monarchy (comics). ... A duke is a nobleman, historically of highest rank and usually controlling a duchy. ... Statue of Frederick William at Braunschweig Frederick William (German: Friedrich Wilhelm; October 9, 1771, Braunschweig, Holy Roman Empire – June 16, 1815, Quatre-Bras, Netherlands), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Oels, called The Black Duke, was a military officer and one of the bitterest opponents of Napoleonic domination in... Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Ernest Augustus (German: Ernst August) (17 November 1887, Penzing-30 January 1953, Castle Marienburg near Hanover), reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (2 November 1913-8 November 1918), was a grandson of King George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed in 1866. ... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from late September, 1814, to June 9, 1815. ... Karl Liebknecht on 9 November 1918 in the Berliner Tiergarten Statue of a revolutionary soldier, memorial to the German Revolution of 1918-1919 in East Berlin. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... Population density by country, 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire around 1630, superimposed over modern European state borders Capital None Language(s) Latin, German, many others Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 962–967 Otto I  - 973–983 Otto II  - 996–1002 Otto III  - 1014– 1024 Henry II  - 1027–1039 Conrad II  - 1046... A duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. ... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from late September, 1814, to June 9, 1815. ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Urban district City subdivisions: 20 Boroughs Lord Mayor: Gert Hoffmann (CDU) Governing parties: CDU / FDP Basic Statistics Area: 192. ...

Contents

Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

The title "Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg" (German: Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg) was held, from 1235 on, by various members of the Welf family who ruled several small territories in northwest Germany. These holdings did not have all of the formal characteristics of a state, being neither compact nor indivisible. When several sons of a Duke competed for power, the lands were often divided between them; when a branch of the family lost power or became extinct, the lands were reallocated among surviving members of the family; different dukes might also exchange territories. The unifying element of all these territories was that they were ruled by male-line descendants of Duke Otto I. Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century. ... Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 – 9 June 1252) was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death. ...


After several early divisions, Brunswick-Lüneburg was unified under Duke Magnus II (d. 1373). Following his death, his three sons jointly ruled the Duchy. After the murder of their brother Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg, brothers Bernard and Henry redivided the land, Henry receiving the territory of Wolfenbüttel. Magnus (around 1328 – 1373, Leveste), called Magnus with the Necklace (Latin Magnus Torquatus) or Magnus II, was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Henry (Latin Henricus, died 3 December 1416), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called Henry the Mild, was prince of Lüneburg from 1388 to 1409 jointly with his brother Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, from 1400 to 1409 also of Wolfenbüttel, and from 1409 until his death...


House of Brunswick

  • Henry the Mild, 1400-1408
  • Bernard, 1409-1428, brother. Returned control of Wolfenbüttel to his nephew, Henry's son.
  • William 1428-1432, nephew. Was deprived of Wolfenbüttel by his brother.
  • Henry 1432-1473, brother.
  • William 1473-1482, brother. William regained control of Wolfenbüttel after his brother's death, and left it to his two sons.
  • Co-rulers, sons of William the Victorious:
    • Frederick 1482-1484. Imprisoned and deprived of power by his younger brother.
    • William IV 1484-1491. Took control of all of Wolfenbüttel, then ceded Wolfenbüttel to his sons. Died 1495.
  • Co-rulers, sons of William IV:
    • Eric I 1491-1494. Divided the territory in 1494, taking Calenberg.
    • Henry IV 1491-1514. Sole ruler in Wolfenbüttel from 1494.
  • Henry V 1514-1568. Son of Henry IV. Converted to Lutheranism.
  • Julius 1568-1589. Son of Henry V. Acquired Calenberg in 1584 on the death of his cousin Eric II.
  • Henry Julius 1589-1613, son.
  • Frederick Ulrich 1613-1634, son. Last of the male-line descendants of Henry the Mild.

Henry (Latin Henricus, died 3 December 1416), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called Henry the Mild, was prince of Lüneburg from 1388 to 1409 jointly with his brother Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, from 1400 to 1409 also of Wolfenbüttel, and from 1409 until his death... Bernard (born between 1358 and 1364, died 11 June 1434, Celle), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled over several principalities of Brunswick-Lüneburg. ... William (German Wilhelm; ca. ... Henry (1411–7 December 1473), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Peaceful (Latin Henricus Pacificus, German Heinrich der Friedfertige), ruled over both parts of Brunswick-Lüneburg. ... William (German Wilhelm; ca. ... William (German Wilhelm; died 1495 or 1503) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Wolfenbüttel and Göttingen principalities. ... Henry (Latin Henricus; 14 June 1463 – 23 June 1514, Leerort), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called Henry the Elder or Henry the Evil, was prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1491 until his death. ... Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Henry (Latin Henricus; 10 November 1489 – 11 June 1568, Wolfenbüttel), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Younger, was prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1514 until his death. ... Portrait of Duke Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1590 Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (29 June 1528, Wolfenbüttel – 3 May 1589, Wolfenbüttel), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1568 until his death. ... Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... Henry Julius (German Heinrich Julius; 15 October 1564 – 30 July 1613), was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1589 until his death. ... Frederick Ulrich (German Friedrich Ulrich, 5 April 1591 – 11 August 1634), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1613 until his death. ...

House of Dannenberg

On Frederick Ulrich's death, his complex of territories passed to a line of distant cousins ruling in Lüneburg. Wolfenbüttel was eventually awarded to Augustus, son of Henry of Dannenberg. Henry (4 June 1533 – 19 January 1598, Dannenberg) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1559 until 1598 and ruled over the Dannenberg subdivision of the duchy. ...

Augustus (10 April 1579, Dannenberg – 17 September 1666, Wolfenbüttel), called the Younger, was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. ... Rudolph Augustus (16 May 1627 – 26 January 1704) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1666 until his death. ... Anthony Ulrich (German: Anton Ulrich; 4 October 1633, Hitzacker – 27 March 1714, Salzdahlum) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Wolfenbüttel subdivision of the duchy from 1685 until 1702 jointly with his brother, and solely from 1704 until his death. ... Capital Hanover Head of State King of Hanover Hanover (German: ) was a historical territory in todays Germany, at various times a principality, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom and a province of Prussia and of Germany. ... Combatants Habsburg Empire, England (1701-1706) Great Britain (1707-1714),[1] Dutch Republic, Kingdom of Portugal, Crown of Aragon, Others[2] Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Spain, Electorate of Bavaria, Hungarian Rebels Others[3] Commanders Eugene of Savoy, Margrave of Baden, Count Starhemberg, Duke of Marlborough, Marquis de Ruvigny, Count... Augustus William (German: August Wilhelm; 8 March 1662 – 23 March 1731), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled over the Wolfenbüttel subdivision of the duchy from 1714 until his death. ... Louis Rudolph (German Ludwig Rudolf; 22 July 1671 – 1 March 1735), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled over the Wolfenbüttel subdivision of the duchy from 1731 until his death. ...

House of Brunswick-Bevern

Frederick William's son Charles (a minor at the time of his death) became the first Duke of independent Brunswick. Brunswick-Bevern is an extinct German dynasty. ... Ferdinand Albert (German Ferdinand Albrecht; 29 May 1680 – 2 September 1735, Salzdahlum), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an officer in the army of the Holy Roman Empire. ... Charles (German: Karl; 1 August 1713, Brunswick – 26 March 1780, Brunswick), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1735 until his death. ... Wolfenbüttel is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Coordinates: Time zone: CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country: Germany State: Lower Saxony District: Urban district City subdivisions: 20 Boroughs Lord Mayor: Gert Hoffmann (CDU) Governing parties: CDU / FDP Basic Statistics Area: 192. ... Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (October 9, 1735 - November 10, German general, was born at Wolfenbüttel. ... Combatants First French Empire Kingdom of Prussia, Electorate of Saxony Commanders Napoleon I, Louis Nicolas Davout Duke of Brunswick â€ , Prince Hohenlohe Strength 90,000 (Jena); 27,000 (Auerstedt) 38,000 (Jena); 63,000 (Auerstedt) Casualties 5,000 dead and wounded (Jena); 7,000 killed, wounded, or missing (Auerstedt) 25,000... Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Oels, called The Black Duke (born October 9, 1771 in Braunschweig, Germany; died June 16, 1815 near Quatre-Bras, Belgium in battle) was the son of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand. ... Combatants France Anglo-Allies[1] Commanders Michel Ney Duke of Wellington William II of the Netherlands Strength 18,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 32 guns (a total of 24,000 troops by the end of the battle) 20,000 by the end of the battle Casualties 4,000 4...


Duchy of Brunswick

History

Formal sovereignty confirmed

The territory of Wolfenbüttel was recognized as a sovereign state by the congress in 1815. It had been a portion of the medieval Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. From 1705 onward, all other portions of Brunswick-Lüneburg except Wolfenbüttel had been held by the Duke of Calenberg and Celle, i.e the Elector of Hanover, as the Wolfenbüttel line retained its independence from Hanover. Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... // Events Construction begins on Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England. ... Brunswick-Lüneburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... Arms of Brunswick-Lüneburg Lüneburg-Celle was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. ... Capital Hanover Head of State King of Hanover Hanover (German: ) was a historical territory in todays Germany, at various times a principality, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom and a province of Prussia and of Germany. ...


The Wolfenbüttel principality had for the period from 1807 to 1813 been held as part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 turned it into an independent country under the name Duchy of Brunswick. Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Kingdom of Westphalia is a historical state in present-day Germany that existed from 1807-1813. ... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from late September, 1814, to June 9, 1815. ... April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...


Charles II (1815-1830)

The underage Duke Charles, the eldest son of Duke Frederick William (who had fallen in battle), was put under the guardianship of George IV, the Prince Regent of the United Kingdom and Hanover. Statue of Frederick William at Braunschweig Frederick William (German: Friedrich Wilhelm; October 9, 1771, Braunschweig, Holy Roman Empire – June 16, 1815, Quatre-Bras, Netherlands), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Oels, called The Black Duke, was a military officer and one of the bitterest opponents of Napoleonic domination in... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. ...


First the young duke had dispute over the date of his majority. Then, in 1827, Charles declared some of the laws made during his minority invalid, which caused conflicts. After the German Confederation intervened, Charles was forced to accept those laws. His administration was considered corrupt and misguided. Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...


In the aftermath of the July Revolution in 1830, Charles finally had to abdicate. The palace in Brunswick was completely destroyed. // The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the last of the House of Bourbons, and the ascension of his cousin Louis-Philippe, the Duc dOrléans, who himself, after eighteen precarious years on the throne, would in turn...


William VIII (1830-1884)

When Charles' brother William VIII, arrived in Brunswick on 10 September, he was received joyfully by the people. William originally considered himself only his brother's regent, but after a year declared himself ruling duke. Charles made several desperate attempts, unsuccessfully, to depose his brother. William (German Wilhelm; 25 April 1806, Brunswick – 18 October 1884, Sibyllenort), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was ruling duke of the Duchy of Brunswick from 1830 until his death. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...


William left most government business to his ministers, and spent most of his time outside of his state at his possessions in Oels. Oleśnica (German Oels or Öls. ...


While William joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation in 1866, his relationship to Prussia was strained, since Prussia refused to recognize Ernest Augustus II of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland, his nearest male-line relative, as his heir. Map of the North German Confederation Capital Berlin Political structure Federation Presidency Prussia (William I) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck History  - Constitution tabelled April 16, 1867  - Confederation formed July 1, 1867  - Elevation to empire January 18, 1871 The North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund) came into existence in 1867, following... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Ernst August 3rd Duke of Cumberland Crown Prince Ernst August II of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland, (Ernst August Wilhelm Adolf Georg Friedrich) (21 September 1845-14 November 1923), was the eldest child and only son of King George V of Hanover and his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. ...


While the kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866, the Duchy of Brunswick remained sovereign and independent. It joined first the North German Confederation and in 1871 the German Empire. Capital Hanover Head of State King of Hanover Hanover (German: ) was a historical territory in todays Germany, at various times a principality, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom and a province of Prussia and of Germany. ... Motto Suum cuique Latin: To each his own Prussia at its peak, as leading state of the German Empire Capital Königsberg, later Berlin Government Duke1  - 1525–68 Albert I (first)  - 1688–1701 Frederick III (last) King1  - 1701–13 Frederick I (first)  - 1888–1918 William II (last) Prime Minister1,2... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Map of the North German Confederation Capital Berlin Political structure Federation Presidency Prussia (William I) Chancellor Otto von Bismarck History  - Constitution tabelled April 16, 1867  - Confederation formed July 1, 1867  - Elevation to empire January 18, 1871 The North German Federation (in German, Norddeutscher Bund) came into existence in 1867, following... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Motto Gott mit Uns (German: God with us”) Anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I Capital Berlin Language(s) Official: German Unofficial minority languages: Danish, French, Frisian, Polish, Sorbian Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1871–1888 William I  - 1888 Frederick...


In 1870s at latest it became obvious that the then senior branch of the House of Welf (dukes of Brunswick) would go extinct. By house law, the House of Hanover would have ascended the ducal throne, but there was strong Prussian pressure against having George V of Hanover or his son, the Duke of Cumberland, succeed to a member state of the German Empire, at least without severe conditions, including swearing allegiance to the German constitution. George V, King of Hanover and 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August (27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the only son of Ernst August I, King of Hanover and 1st Duke of Cumberland (fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom...


By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a temporary council of regency to take over at the Duke's death, and if necessary appoint a regent. With the 1884 death of Duke William, the Wolfenbüttel line came to an end. William (German Wilhelm; 25 April 1806, Brunswick – 18 October 1884, Sibyllenort), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was ruling duke of the Duchy of Brunswick from 1830 until his death. ...


The duchy would have passed on to the Hanover line, but since the Hanoverians refused to accept the Prussian annexation of their kingdom, they were not allowed to accede to rule in Brunswick. A constitutional crisis ensued in Brunswick. The Duke of Cumberland proclaimed himself Duke of Brunswick at the Duke's death, and lengthy negotiations ensued, but were never resolved.


Regency (1884-1913)

Two regents were appointed: Prince Albert of Prussia until his death in 1906, and Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg. Prince (Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus) Albrecht of Prussia (8 May 1837-13 September 1906) was a Prussian general field marshal and, from 1885, regent of the Duchy of Brunswick. ... Duke Johann Albrecht Duke Johann Albrecht Ernst Konstantin Friedrich Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (8 December 1857-16 February 1920) was the regent of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1897-1901 and the Duchy of Brunswick from 1907-1913. ...


Ernest Augustus III (1913-1918)

This situation lasted until the accession of Ernest Augustus, the son of the Duke of Cumberland, in 1913. The duchy was governed by regents until in 1913, when the Hanover line was reconciled with the Hohenzollern dynasty and renounced its rights to the Kingdom of Hanover. The Duke of Cumberland's eldest son having died in 1912, the elderly Duke renounced Brunswick in favor of his youngest son who married the Kaiser's daughter, swore allegiance to the German Empire, and was allowed to ascend the throne of the duchy on November 1913. Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 November 1887, Penzing-30 January 1953), reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (2 November 1913-8 November 1918), was a grandson of King George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The House of Hohenzollern is a German dynasty of electors, kings, and emperors of Prussia, Germany, and Romania. ...


In 1918 the Duke had to abdicate and the Free State of Brunswick was founded as a member state of the Weimar Republic. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Brunswick was a historical state in Germany, established as a duchy by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature...


Dukes and Regents of Brunswick

House of Brunswick-Dannenberg

  1. 1815–1830: Charles II, son of Frederick William. Forced to flee Brunswick in 1830 and succeeded by his brother.
  2. 1830–1884: William VIII. Brother of Charles II. Last of the Brunswick line, following which the legal succession passed to the Hanoverian royal family, which had been dispossessed by Prussia following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.

April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Charles II, Duke of Brunswick (German Karl; 30 October 1804, Brunswick – 18 August 1873, Geneva), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled the Duchy of Brunswick from 1815 until 1830. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... William (German Wilhelm; 25 April 1806, Brunswick – 18 October 1884, Sibyllenort), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was ruling duke of the Duchy of Brunswick from 1830 until his death. ... Combatants Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hanover and some minor German States (formerly as the German Confederation) Prussia, Italy, and some minor German States Strength 600,000 Austrians and German allies 500,000 Prussians and German allies 300,000 Italians Casualties 20,000 dead or wounded 37,000 dead... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Regency

  1. 1885–1906: Albert, Prince of Prussia, regent. The German government prevented the succession of the Hanoverian Duke of Cumberland to the throne of Brunswick and substituted a Prussian regent for the Duke.
  2. 1907–1913: Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, regent

1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Albrecht of Prussia (8 May 1837–13 September 1906) was a Prussian general field marshal and, from 1885, regent of the Duchy of Brunswick. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Duke Johann Albrecht Duke Johann Albrecht Ernst Konstantin Friedrich Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (8 December 1857-16 February 1920) was the regent of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1897-1901 and the Duchy of Brunswick from 1907-1913. ...

House of Hanover

  1. 1913–1918: Ernest Augustus

The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a German royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 November 1887, Penzing-30 January 1953), reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (2 November 1913-8 November 1918), was a grandson of King George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed...

Claimants to the Duchy

Ernst August 3rd Duke of Cumberland Crown Prince Ernst August II of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland, (Ernst August Wilhelm Adolf Georg Friedrich) (21 September 1845-14 November 1923), was the eldest child and only son of King George V of Hanover and his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. ... Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince Ernst August III of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (17 November 1887, Penzing-30 January 1953), reigning Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (2 November 1913-8 November 1918), was a grandson of King George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed... Ernest Augustus IV, Prince of Hanover (German Prinz Ernst August von Hannover; 18 March 1914 - 9 December 1987) was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia. ... Ernst August, Prince of Hanover (German: Ernst August Albert Otto Rupprecht Oskar Berthold Friedrich-Ferdinand Christian-Ludwig Prinz von Hannover, in English also known as Ernest Augustus of Hanover) (born 26 February 1954 in Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany) is the eldest son of Ernest Augustus IV, Prince of Hanover (1914...

Rulers of the Republic of Brunswick

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners of the Republic of Brunswick, 1918–1919

  1. 1918–1919: Sepp Oerter (USPD)
  2. 1919–1920: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)

1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... For the Independent Social Democratic Party of Romania, see Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... SPD redirects here. ...

Minister presidents of the Republic of Brunswick, 1919–1946

  1. 1919–1920: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)
  2. 1920–1921: Sepp Oerter (USPD)
  3. 1921–1922: August Junke (SPD)
  4. 1922: Otto Antrick (SPD)
  5. 1922: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)
  6. 1924–1927: Gerhard Marquordt (DVP)
  7. 1927–1930: Heinrich Jasper (SPD)
  8. 1930–1933: Werner Küchenthal (DNVP)
  9. 1933–1945: Dietrich Klagges (NSDAP)
  10. 1945–1946: Hubert Schlebusch (SPD)
  11. 1946: Alfred Kubel (SPD)

Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This page is about the German Peoples Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1924 electoral poster, using the Admiral Tirpitz as a figurehead The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Dietrich Klagges (IPA /di:trɪç klagəs/) (born 1 February 1891 in Herringsen, nowadays part of Bad Sassendorf, (Kreis Soest); died 12 November 1971 in Bad Harzburg) was a Nazi politician and from 1933 to 1945 the appointed premier (Ministerpräsident) of the now abolished state of Braunschweig (English sometimes... The Nazi swastika symbol The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alfred Kubel (25 May 1909, Braunschweig – 22 May 1999, Bad Pyrmont) was a German socialist politician. ...

Districts

The Duchy of Brunswick was subdivided into districts (Kreise) in 1833. The following districts existed from 1833 to 1946: Local government areas called districts are used, or have been used, in several countries. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Map of Germany showing Braunschweig Braunschweig [ˈbraunʃvaik] (English & French: Brunswick) is a city of 245,500 people (as of December 31, 2004), located in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Goslar is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Helmstedt is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Holzminden is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Categories: Germany geography stubs | Cities in Germany | Towns in Lower Saxony ... Wolfenbüttel is a Kreis (district) in the southeastern part of Lower Saxony, Germany. ...

Coat of Arms

The arms of the Duchy of Brunswick
The arms of the Duchy of Brunswick

The duchy of Brunswick was formed out of the possessions of senior branch of the house of Brunswick. The house of Brunswick originated in Othbert Count Palatine of Este in Italy. This family acquired the inheritance of the Guelph family by marriage — around the year 1000 — of Azzo II with Kunigunde, daughter of Welf II. Again important possessions were gained in (Lower-)Saxony by the marriage of Henry 'the Black' to Wulfhild (d 1126), last of the Billung-family who had been dukes of Saxony for the last ages. They were made lord of Brunswick and Lüneburg in 1181 and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg on 12 August 1235. In 1546 the house of Brunswick-Lüneburg divided into the branches of Lüneburg (principality of Hanover) and Wolfenbüttel (the duchy of Brunswick). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Europe in 1000 The year 1000 of the Gregorian Calendar was the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the first millennium. ... Events Jayavarman VII assumes control of the Khmer kingdom. ... Events Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht St. ... // Events Spanish conquest of Yucatan Peace between England and France Foundation of Trinity College, Cambridge by Henry VIII of England Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg Science Architecture Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. ...


Both branches used in their arms the two lions of Brunswick (said to be granted by the English king to his son in law, the duke of Brunswick in the thirteenth century), the blue lion of Lüneburg and the white horse of Saxony. The white horse is said to be the emblem of the eighth century Saxon duke Widukind after he and his barons were forcebly baptized by Charlemagne. Before he would have flown a black horse on a yellow cloth.


The standard of the dukes of Brunswick given by Siebmachers Wappenbuch, Nurenberg 1878, shows the white horse on a red cloth. The flag was blue over yellow. 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...


The branch of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel died out however with Duke William on 18th October 1884. Brunswick and Hanover should have been rejoined at that time, but Prussia had annexed the kingdom of Hanover in 1866 and now prevented the younger branch of the house of Brunswick from taking up the ducal crown. Only in 1913 was peace sealed with the marriage of prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover to Victoria Louise, daughter of the German emperor William II. This couple was enthroned in the duchy of Brunswick. The flag they adopted shows however very much the English pattern in its form and contents. In the first and fourth quarter are the two lions of Brunswick, in the second and third the lion of Lüneburg. In the centre are the arms of Hanover (which are still on those of Great Britain!) now with a ducal crown. (source: Bulgaria Berühmte Fahnen Deutscher geschichte, Dresden 1922, p 61). To this day the princes of Hanover also are titled 'Prince(ss) of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg'. Year 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Princess Viktoria Luise (13 September 1892–11 December 1980), Duchess of Brunswick-Luneburg, was the seventh child and the only daughter of Emperor Wilhelm II and Empress Augusta Viktoria. ... Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859 - June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia from 1888 - 1918. ...


See also

Wikisource has an original article from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica about:

Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... This article gives an overview of countries (including puppet-countries) that existed in Europe after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. ...

External links
 

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