Styria was a A duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. ...duchy of the The Holy Roman Empire ( German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) ( Italian: Sacro Romano Impero) ( Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium) ( Czech: Svatá říše římská) ( French: Saint Empire Romain Germanique) ( Polish: Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie Narodu Niemieckiego) ( Dutch: Heilige Roomse Rijk) was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the...Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in Events January 8 - Cape Colony becomes a British colony January 10 - Dutch in Cape Town surrender to the British January 19 - The United Kingdom occupies the Cape of Good Hope February 6 - Royal Navy victory off Santo Domingo - see:Action of 6 February 1806 March 23 - After traveling through the...1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...Austria-Hungary until it dissolved in 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...1918. Called Steiermark in German, for it formed the Mark or march (or various plural forms of these words) are derived from the Germanic word marko (boundary) and refer to an area along a border, e. ...Marches of Carantania, this mountainous and scenic region, which became a center for mountaineering in the 19th century, is often called the "green mark", because half of the area is covered with forests and one quarter with meadows, grasslands, vineyards and orchards. Styria is also rich in minerals, soft coal and iron, which has been mined at Erzberg since the time of the Romans. The Windisch Buheln is a famous Austrian wine-producing district. Styria was for long the most densely-populated and productive mountain region of Europe.

Styria, which had a population before Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...World War I that was 68% German-speaking, 32% Slovene, bordered on (clockwise) Lower Austria (Niederösterreich) is one of the nine federal states or Bundesländer in Austria. ...Lower Austria, The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság) or Hungary (Magyarország) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. ...Hungary, The Republic of Croatia is a crescent-shaped country in Europe bordering the Mediterranean, Central Europe and the Balkans. ...Croatia, Carniola (Slovenian Kranjska, German Krain) is a region in Slovenia. ...Carniola, Carinthia (German Kärnten) was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until it dissolved in 1918. ...Carinthia, This page is for the city of Salzburg. ...Salzburg and Upper Austria (Ober sterreich) is one of the nine federal states or Bundesl nder of Austria. ...Upper Austria. After World War I in 1918 the southern, Slovene-speaking third south of the river Mura (German Mur) is a river in Central Europe, a subsidiary of the bigger Drava and subsequently Danube. ...Mur was incorporated into The Republic of Slovenia ( Slovenian: Republika Slovenija) is a coastal sub-Alpine country in south central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north. ...Slovenia in the The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state which existed from December 1, 1918 to mid-April 1941. ...Yugoslavia. The remaining two thirds became a Since Austria is a federal republic according to the constitutional framework of Austrian politics, Austrias nine provinces are customarily referred to as States of Austria or Bundesländer, singular Bundesland. ...federal state of The Republic of Austria ( German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. ...Austria, while the Slovenian third ( REDIRECT Styria,_Slovenia ...Lower Styria) is an informal province in The Republic of Slovenia ( Slovenian: Republika Slovenija) is a coastal sub-Alpine country in south central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north. ...Slovenia. The traditional capital of the Duchy has always been Graz [graːts] (Slovenian: Gradec), with a population of 305,000 (council census 2000) is the second-largest city in Austria and the capital of the province of Styria (Steiermark in German). ...Graz, the residence of the governor and the seat of the administration of the province.

Styria in the first millennium

The Roman history of Styria is as part of The Roman Empire ca. ...Noricum and Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ...Pannonia, with a Celtic population of the Taurisci. During the The German term Völkerwanderung (lit. ...great migrations, various German tribes traversed the region using the river valleys and low passes, but about 600 CE the The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ...Slavs took possession and settled.

When Styria came under the hegemony of Charlemagne as a part of Karantania with Carniola around 597 Karantania sometimes Carantania, Carentania, Carinthia (in old Slovenian onomastics Korotan, or Karantanija) was the first stable and independent state of Slovenians and of Slavs. ...Karantania ( Carinthia (Kärnten in German, Koroška in Slovenian) can refer to: Carinthia - a federal state of Austria Carinthia - an informal province in Slovenia Carinthia - a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire and crownland of Austria_Hungary Karantania - the first Slovenian state This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other...Carinthia), erected as a border territory against the The word Avars can mean: The nomadic people that conquered the Hungarian Steppe in the early Middle Ages, the Eurasian Avars. ...Avar and Slavs, there was a large influx of Bavarii was a large and powerful tribe which emerged late in Teutonic tribal times, in what is now the Czech Republic (Bohemia). ...Bavarii and other Christianized Germanic peoples, whom the bishops of This page is for the city of Salzburg. ...Salzburg and the patriarchs of Aquileia (Friulian Acuilee, Slovene Oglej), an ancient town of Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 6 to. ...Aquileia kept faithful to Rome. Bishop Virgilius of Salzburg (745-84), was largely instrumental in establishing a church hierarchy in the Duchy and gained for himself the name of " Alternate meanings: See Apostle (Mormonism), The Apostle (1997 movie) The Apostles were Jewish men chosen from among the disciples, who were sent forth (as indicated by the Greek word απόστολος apostolos= messenger), by Jesus to preach the Gospel to both Jews and Gentiles, across the world. ...Apostle of Karantania". In 811 Charlemagne made the Drave (German: Drau, Slovenian and Croatian: Drava, Hungarian: Dráva) is a river in southern Central Europe, flowing East from Alto Adige, Italy through Carinthia, Austria, and Slovenia (145 km) then southeast, forming most of the Croatian-Hungarian border before joining the Danube near Osijek. ...Drava River the boundary between the Dioceses of Salzburg and Aquileia.

Steiermark

In the tenth century a part of Styria was separated from Carinthia under the name of the Carinthian Mark; it was also named the Windic March. The margraves ruling the mark (known as the The Otakars were a dynasty ruling Styria from 1056 to 1192. ...Otakars) took from the name of the fortified castle of Steier the title of Margraves of Steiermark, and the country received its German name. During the reign of Margrave Ottokar IV (born 1163, died May 5, 1192) was Margrave of Styria and Duke from 1180 onwards, when Styria, previously a margraviate subordinated to the duchy of Carinthia, was raised to the status of an independent duchy. ...Ottokar IV (1164-92) Styria was raised to a A duchy is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. ...duchy by the Emperor Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle Frederick I Hohenstaufen (1122 – June 10, 1190), also known as Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick Redbeard) was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. ...Frederick Barbarossa, in Events April 13 - Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter November 18 - France Emperor Antoku succeds Emperor Takakura as emperor of Japan Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon Artois is annexed by France Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between...1180.

With the death of Ottokar the first line of rulers of Styria became extinct; the region fell successively to the Originally from Bamberg in Franconia, now northern Bavaria, the Babenbergs or Babenberger ruled Austria as counts of the march and dukes from 976 - 1248, before the rise of the house of Habsburg. ...Babenberg family, This is a list of margraves, dukes, archdukes, and emperors of Austria. ...rulers of Austria, as stipulated in the The Georgenberg Pact was signed on August 17, 1186 on the Georgenberg above Enns and consisted of two parts. ...Georgenberg Pact; after their extinction to the control of Hungary (1254-60); to King Otakar II (also spelled Ottokar or Přemysl Otakar/Ottokar) (c. ...Ottokar of Bohemia; in 1276 to the Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ...Habsburgs, who provided it with Habsburgs for Styrian dukes during the years 1379-1439 and 1564-1619.

At the time of the Turkish invasions in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the land suffered severely and was depopulated. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; churches, monasteries, cities, and villages were destroyed and plundered, while the population was either killed or carried away into slavery.

Religious history of Styria

The The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ...Protestant Reformation made its way into the country about 1530. Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria ( Vienna June 3, 1540 – July 10, 1590 in Graz) was an Archduke of Austria and Regent of Inner Austria from the House of Habsburg from 1564. ...Duke Karl (ruling 1564 - 90), whose wife was the Catholic Duchess Maria of Bavaria, introduced the The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ...Counter-Reformation into the country; in 1573 he invited the The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...Jesuits into Styria and in 1586 he founded the Catholic University of Graz is a university located in Graz, Austria. ...University of Graz. In 1598 his son and successor Categories: People stubs | Holy Roman emperors | Rulers of Austria | Rulers of Styria | Hungarian monarchs | Bohemian monarchs | Dukes of Carinthia | 1578 births | 1637 deaths ...Ferdinand suppressed all Protestant schools and expelled the teachers and preachers: Protestant doctrines were maintained only in a few isolated mountain valleys, as in the valley of the Inn and the valley of the Mur. On a narrow reading of the The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League on September 25, 1555 at the city of Augsburg in Germany. ...Peace of Augsburg, 1555, with its principle of Cuius regio, eius religio is a phrase in Latin that means, Whose the region is, his religion. ...cuius regio eius religio, only the nobility were not forced to return to the Roman Church; each could have Protestant services privately in his own house.

After Ferdinand had become Emperor of Germany (1619) and had defeated his Protestant opponents in the Battle of White Mountain Conflict Thirty Years War Date November 8, 1620 Place Bílá Hora near Prague Result Bohemian defeat In the Battle of White Mountain, 1620 November 8, (Bílá hora is the name of White Mountain in Czech) an army 15,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian...battle of the White Mountain near Prague (1620), he forbade all Protestant church services whatsoever (1625). In 1628 he commanded the nobility also to return to the Catholic faith. A large number of noble families, consequently, emigrated from the country; but most of them either returned, or their descendants did so, becoming Catholics and recovering their possessions.

In the second half of the seventeenth century renewed action against the Protestants in the isolated mountain valleys resulted in expulsion of Protestant ministers with the peasants who would not give up Protestantism; about 30,000 chose Population transfer is a term referring to a policy by which a state forces the movement of a large group of people out of a region, invariably on the basis of ethnicity or religion. ...compulsory emigration to Transylvania ( Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvania, Polish: Siedmiogród) is a historic region that forms the western and the central parts of Romania. ...Transylvania over conversion. Only an Edict of Toleration issued by the Emperor Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Joseph II (March 13, 1741 - February 20, 1790) was a Holy Roman Emperor (1765 - 1790). ...Joseph II as late as 1781 put an end to religious repression. The Protestants then received the right to found parish communities and to exercise their religion in those enclaves undisturbed.

In 1848 all the provinces of the Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...Austro-Hungarian Empire received complete liberty of religion and of conscience, parity of religions, and the right to the public exercise of religion.

Ecclesiastically the province was historically divided into two Catholic Prince-Bishop was the title given bishops who held secular powers, beside their inherent clerical power. ...prince-bishoprics, Seckau and Lavant. Ever since the time of their foundation both have been suffragans of the Archdiocese of Salzburg. The Prince-Bishopric of Sekau was established in 1218; since 1786 the see of the prince-bishop has been Graz. The Prince-Bishopric of Lavant was founded as a bishopric in 1228, and raised to a prince-bishopric in 1446; since 1847 Marburg on the Drave has been the see of the prince-bishop.

Styria contains many old abbeys and monasteries: the collegiate foundation of the Reformed The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430), are several Roman Catholic monastic orders and congregations of both men and women living according to a guide to religious life known as the Rule of Saint Augustine. ...Augustinian Canons of Vorau (founded 1163); the The longest lasting of the western Catholic monastic orders, the Benedictine Order traces its origins to the adoption of the monastic life by St. ...Benedictine abbeys at Admont (1074); at St. Lambrecht (1066); at Seckau (founded as a house of the Augustinian Canons in 1140, suppressed in 1782, from 1883 a monastery, since 1887 abbey of the Beuronese Benedictines); the Cistercians (OCist) (Latin Cistercenses), otherwise Gimey or White Monks (from the colour of the habit, over which is worn a black Catholic order of monks. ...Cistercian abbey at Rein (1120); the Franciscans is the common name used to designate a variety of mendicant religious orders of men or women tracing their origin to Francis of Assisi and following the Rule of St. ...Franciscan monastery at Graz [graːts] (Slovenian: Gradec), with a population of 305,000 (council census 2000) is the second-largest city in Austria and the capital of the province of Styria (Steiermark in German). ...Graz (since 1515; founded in 1230 as a monastery of the Minorites), at Maria-Lankowitz (1467), at Maria-Nazareth (1632); the Minorite monasteries at Graz (1526), and of St. Peter and Paul at Pettau (1239); the For other uses, see Capuchin (disambiguation). ...Capuchin monasteries at Celje (German Cilli, Hungarian Cille) (46. ...Cilli (1611), For the German scientist, see Gottfried Leibniz Categories: Austria geography stubs ...Leibnitz (1634), Hartberg (1654), and The Schwanberg is a mountain in the rural district of Kitzingen, Regierungsbezirk Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. ...Schwanberg (1706).

19th century Styria

The Semmering Railway at Mürzzuschlag, around 1900 The Semmering Railway, Austria, which starts at Gloggnitz and leads over the Semmering to Mürzzuschlag is commonly referred to as the worlds first mountain railway, especially given the very difficult terrain and difference in height. ...Semmering Railway, completed in 1854, was a triumph of engineering in its time, the oldest of the great European mountain railways; it was remarkable for its numerous and long tunnels and viaducts spanning mountain valleys, running from Gloggnitz in Lower Austria to Mürzzuschlag in Styria, and passing through some exceedingly beautiful scenery. The railway brought tourists to alpine lake resorts and mineral springs at Rohitsch and Gleichenberg, the brine springs of Aussee, and the thermal springs of Tuffer, Neuhaus and Tobelbad.

Margraves and Dukes of Styria

• Ottokar I, Count of Steyr (died 1064), was the founder of the dynasty of the Otakars. ...Ottokar I of Styria (died Events Sunset Crater Volcano first erupts. ...1064)
• Adalbero (died 1086 or 1087) was Margrave of Styria from 1064 until 1082. ...Adalbero of Styria ( Events Sunset Crater Volcano first erupts. ...1064- Events Domesday Book is completed in England Emperor Shirakawa of Japan starts his cloistered rule Imam Ali Mosque is rebuilt by the Seljuk Malik Shah I after being destroyed by fire. ...1086 or Events May 9 - The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari. ...1087)
• Ottokar II (died 1122) was Margrave of Styria). ...Ottokar II of Styria (until Events Resolution of Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms Pierre Abélard writes Sic et Non Births Eleanor of Aquitaine at Belin (near Bordeaux) Deaths Ralph dEscures, archbishop of Canterbury Margrave Ottokar II of Styria Categories: 1122 ...1122)
• Leopold the Strong (died 1129) was Margrave of Styria from 1122 to 1129. ...Leopold the Strong ( Events Resolution of Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms Pierre Abélard writes Sic et Non Births Eleanor of Aquitaine at Belin (near Bordeaux) Deaths Ralph dEscures, archbishop of Canterbury Margrave Ottokar II of Styria Categories: 1122 ...1122- Events Emperor Toba of Japan begins his cloistered rule sharing power with Sutuku, ex-emperor Shirakawas son. ...1129)
• Ottokar III (born 1124, died December 31, 1164), was Margrave of Styria from 1129 until 1164. ...Ottokar III of Styria ( Events Emperor Toba of Japan begins his cloistered rule sharing power with Sutuku, ex-emperor Shirakawas son. ...1129- Events Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne. ...1164)
• Ottokar IV (born 1163, died May 5, 1192) was Margrave of Styria and Duke from 1180 onwards, when Styria, previously a margraviate subordinated to the duchy of Carinthia, was raised to the status of an independent duchy. ...Ottokar IV of Styria ( Events Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne. ...1164- Events The Third Crusade ends in disaster. ...1192) (Duke from Events April 13 - Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter November 18 - France Emperor Antoku succeds Emperor Takakura as emperor of Japan Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon Artois is annexed by France Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between...1180)

After Ottokar IV, Styria fell to the Austrian Originally from Bamberg in Franconia, now northern Bavaria, the Babenbergs or Babenberger ruled Austria as counts of the march and dukes from 976 - 1248, before the rise of the house of Habsburg. ...Babenberg dynasty. For later rulers, see This is a list of margraves, dukes, archdukes, and emperors of Austria. ...List of rulers of Austria.

See also

• Styria (Steiermark in German, Štajerska in Slovenian) is a federal state or Bundesland, located in the south east of Austria. ...Styria, a federal state of The Republic of Austria ( German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. ...Austria
• REDIRECT Styria,_Slovenia ...Styria, an informal province in The Republic of Slovenia ( Slovenian: Republika Slovenija) is a coastal sub-Alpine country in south central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north. ...Slovenia

External links

• Styria in the Catholic Encyclopedia (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14318a.htm)