Arms of Westphalia.

The Duchy of Westphalia was a historic territory in the greater region of Westphalia, located in the east of modern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Originally, Westphalia formed with Angria and Eastphalia one of the three main regions of Saxony. Westphalia (German: Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster, Bielefeld, and Osnabrück and included in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. ... North Rhine-Westphalia (German: Nordrhein-Westfalen, usually shortened to: NRW) is - in terms of population and economic output - the largest Federal State of Germany. ... Angria, Engria, or Engern (German: ) is a historical region in present-day western German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. ... ... The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen; Sorbian: Swobodny Stat Sakska) is a federal state of Germany. ...

Creation of the Duchy of Westphalia (1102-1180)

Frederick I, the Archbishop of Cologne, had acquired half of the County of Arnsberg in 1102. The other counties of the region could not resist the encroachment of the Archbishopric, and soon after the counties of Werl, Reuthen and Volmarstein followed. The former count of Arnsberg created a new County known as Werl-Arnsberg, and successfully kept it independent of the Archbishops. When Henry the Lion of Saxony was defeated in 1180, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa promoted Philip I of Heinsberg, and officially gave to him these territories and the south of the former Duchy of Saxony as the Duchy of Westphalia. The Archbishopric of Cologne was one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. ... Werl is a small city located in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Coronation of Henry the Lion and Matilda of England (1188) Henry the Lion (face of statue on his tomb in Brunswick Cathedral) Henry the Lion (1129 - August 6, 1195; in German, Heinrich der Löwe) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony as Henry III since... The double-headed eagle The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Frederick in a 13th century Chronicle Frederick I (German: Friedrich I. von Hohenstaufen)(1122 – June 10, 1190), also known as Friedrich Barbarossa (Frederick Redbeard) was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. ...

Expansion of the Duchy (1180-1445)

The Archbishop of Cologne, Engelbert of Berg began a campaign to force the nobility in Westphalia into submission and to extract from them the stewardship of the various scattered church lands. Engelbert managed to connect the lands of the Duchy by annexing the territory from Hellweg to Diemel, and secured the south of the Sauerland at Attendorn in 1222. Further controversy of its expansion eventually leads to Engelbert's death at the hands of Frederick I of Isenberg in 1225. In 1260 by an agreement with the Dukes of Brunswick the Weser River became the official border of their spheres of influence. In 1277 the Archbishops managed to defeat a large confederation of Westphalian and Lower Rhenish opponents, but further action in 1288 forced the Archbishops to abandon intentions on much of the greater territory of Westphalia. The annexation of Werl-Arnsberg in 1368 united the territories of the north and south of the Sauerland. Note: the description Engelbert I of Berg can refer either to Count Engelbert I of Berg or to his son, Count Engelbert II of Berg, if referred to by his ecclesiastical office, when the form Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne sometimes occurs besides the more usual Engelbert I... The Diemel is a river in Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, tributary of the Weser. ... The Sauerland is a rural hilly area spreading across most of the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, heavily forested and sparsely inhabited. ... Attendorn is a town and a municipality in the district of Olpe, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Braunschweig may also refer to the administrative region of Germany. ... Weser watershed Orthographic projection centred over Bremen The Weser is a river of north-western Germany. ...

The Archbishop Frederick von Saarwerden began a hopeless campaign to maintain Colognian rights in Marck, and in 1392 was forced to abandon them. His successor, Dietrich II of Moers witnessed the last attempts by Cologne to gain rulership in Westphalia by attempting to break the powerful positions of Cleves and Marck. The financial burden placed upon the knights and cities of the Duchy of Westphalia led them into union in 1437. Cologne made peace with Cleves in 1441: this led Soest, the richest town of the duchy, to refuse recognising Colognian supremacy in 1444 in the Soester Feud, that lasted until 1449. Soest had become a part of the Duchy of Cleves. Thereafter the town of Arnsberg became the administrative capital of the duchy. Economically the loss of Soest had weakened the duchy. Especially as the surroundings of the town were very fertile and the grain was needed for the mountainous regions in the South. Peace with Marck was made in 1445 which witnessed territorial concessions from both sides. Marck may refer to: Erard de la Marck, prince-bishop of Liège John T. Marck, Beatles biographer who suggested that Real Love may have its origins in The Ballad of John and Yoko Robert Fleuranges III de la Marck, marshal of France and historian William II de la Marck... Map of Germany showing Cleves Cleves (in German Kleve, sometimes used in English as well; Dutch: Kleef) is a city in the north-west of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany, near the Dutch border and the river Rhine, at 51°47′N 6°11′E. Population: 49,398 (2002), Area... Marck may refer to: Erard de la Marck, prince-bishop of Liège John T. Marck, Beatles biographer who suggested that Real Love may have its origins in The Ballad of John and Yoko Robert Fleuranges III de la Marck, marshal of France and historian William II de la Marck... Soest This article is about the German town. ... Events January 6 - Constantine XI is crowned Byzantine Emperor. ... The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and the Netherlands (parts of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Gelderland). ... Map of Germany showing Arnsberg Arnsberg is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ...

Westphalia until the end of the Empire (1445-1806)

After the Soester Feud, the city of Soest remained part of the Duchy of Cleves. Starting from 1463, the league of knights and cities in Westphalia began a long and bitter struggle against the Archbishops. During the reign of Archbishop Herman V of Wied (1515-1546), the Reformation arrived in Westphalia. Eventually the Reformation was suppressed, but during the reign of Archbishop Gebhard II of Truchsess Waldburg (1577-1583) the Reformation returned and he was forced to attend to Westphalia in 1582 where several knights and cities had adopted the new doctrine. The newly elected Archbishop Ernest of Bavaria (1583-1612) and his brother Ferdinand of Bavaria managed to regain the Duchy for the Archbishopric at the beginning of the Cologne War in 1583, and Protestantism survived only on the border region of Waldeck and Hesse. The Duchy of Westphalia was again confirmed the hereditary territory of the Archbishops in 1590. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Ernest of Bavaria (December 17, 1554 - February 17, 1612) was Prince-elector archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne (Germany) from 1583 to 1612 as successor of the expelled Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg. ... Ferdinand of Bavaria. ... Waldeck may mean the following: Locations the County, Principality, and Free State of Waldeck or Waldeck-Pyrmont in Germany, see Waldeck (state) the City of Waldeck in Waldeck-Frankenberg District, Hesse, Germany see Waldeck, Hesse the small municipality of Waldeck in Saale-Holzland District, Thuringia, Germany see Waldeck, Thuringia A... Hesse (German: Hessen) is a state of Germany with an area of 21,110 km² and just over six million inhabitants. ...

Like most other territories of Germany, Westphalia suffered during the Thirty Years' War. In 1794 the Archbishops relocated to Westphalia after the French had annexed the territories west of the Rhine River. In the secularisation of 1803 the Duchy of Westphalia became part of Hesse-Darmstadt. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Rhine canyon (Ruinaulta) in Graubünden in Switzerland Length 1. ... // Background The German Mediatisation is a name applied to the series of mediatisations and secularisations which occurred in Germany during the Napoleonic Era (occurring 1795 - 1814AD). ... The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt came into existence in 1568, as the portion of George, youngest of the four sons of Landgrave Philipp of Hesse. ...

The Duchy after the Empire (1806-1815)

In 1807 the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia was created although it did not include the Duchy and had its' capital in Hesse at Cassel. The Congress of Vienna awarded the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia in exchange for important lands west of the Rhine, and the Duchy was incorporated into the Province of Westphalia in 1815. The Kingdom of Westphalia is a historical state in present-day Germany that existed from 1807-1813. ... Cassel is a town in the Nord France. ... The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held on the way to Vienna, Austria, from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: Prūsa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Westphalia and the other Provinces of Prussia in the German Empire. ...

See also

• Kingdom of Westphalia
• Westphalia
• Holy Roman Empire

The Kingdom of Westphalia is a historical state in present-day Germany that existed from 1807-1813. ... Westphalia (German: Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster, Bielefeld, and Osnabrück and included in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. ... The double-headed eagle The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ...

Sources

• This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.