A dugout is a boat which is basically a hollowed tree trunk. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. Monoxylon (pl: monoxyla) is Greek -- mono (single) + xylon (tree) -- and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. A boat is a craft or vessel designed to float on, and provide transport over, water. ...

Dugouts are the oldest boats archaeologists have found. In Germany they are called Einbaum (English translation: One tree). Einbaum dug-out boat finds in Germany date back to the Stone Age. Along with bark and hide canoes, these dugout boats were used by Native Americans. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than, e.g., bark canoes. Stone Age fishing hook. ... A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. ... A Hupa man, 1923 The term Indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the inhabitants of the Americas before its European discovery in the late 15th century, as well as many present-day ethnic groups who identify themselves with those historical peoples. ... A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. ...

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Construction

Native Americans making a dugout canoe, 1590

Construction of a dugout begins with the selection of a log of suitable dimensions. Sufficient wood needed to be removed to make the vessel relatively light in weight and buoyant, yet still strong enough to support the crew and cargo. Specific types of wood were often preferred based on their strength, durability, and weight. The shape of the boat is then fashioned to minimize drag, with sharp ends at the bow and stern. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x629, 207 KB) Summary The manner of makinge their boates by Theodor de Bry after a John White watercolor. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x629, 207 KB) Summary The manner of makinge their boates by Theodor de Bry after a John White watercolor. ...

First the bark is removed from the exterior. Before the appearance of metal tools, dugouts were then hollowed-out using controlled fires. The burnt wood was then removed using an adze. Another method using tools is to chop out parallel notches across the interior span of the wood, then split out and remove the wood from between the notches. Once hollowed out, the interior was dressed and smoothed out with a knife or adze. Adze The tool known as the adze [pronounced adds] serves for smoothing rough-cut wood in hand woodworking. ...

For travel in the rougher waters of the ocean, dugouts can be fitted with outriggers. One or two smaller logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted to either side of the hull.

Eastern Europe

De Administrando Imperio details how the Rus built and used their monoxyla against Byzantium during the Russo-Byzantine Wars of the ninth and tenth centuries. They used dugouts to attack Constantinople and to withdraw into their lands with bewildering speed and mobility. Hence, the name of Δρομΐται ("people on the run") applied to the Rus in some Byzantine sources. The Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host were also renowned for their artful use of dugouts, which issued from the Dnieper to raid the shores of the Black Sea in the 16th and 17th centuries. Each boat could hold from 40 to 70 warriors. De Administrando Imperio is the commonly used title of a scholarly work from ca. ... Rus’ (Русь, ) was a medieval East Slavic nation, which, according to the most popular but by no means the only theory, took its name from its ruling warrior class with Scandinavian roots. ... Byzantium, present day Istanbul, was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek). ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Rus (people) Kievan Rus The Rus-Byzantine Wars were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Rus (subsequently the state of Kievan Rus). Categories: | | | | | ... Map of Constantinople. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. ... This article is about the river. ... Map of the Black Sea. ...

Native American Indians

The Indians of the Pacific Northwest of what is now the United States were very skilled at crafting wood. Best known for totem poles up to 80 feet tall, they also constructed dugout canoes over 60 feet long for everyday use and ceremonial purposes. ^[1] The Pacific Northwest from space This page is about the region that includes parts of Canada and the US. For the US only region, see Northwestern United States The Pacific Northwest (abbreviated PNW, or PacNW) or Cascadia is a region in the northwest of North America. ...

Pacific Islands

In the Pacific Islands, dugout canoes are very large, made from whole mature trees and fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean, and were once used for long-distance travel. Such are the very large waka used by Māori who ventured to New Zealand many centuries ago. Such vessels carried 40 or 50 warriors in sheltered waters or smaller numbers thousands of miles across the Pacific ocean. In Hawaii, canoes are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the koa tree. They typically carry a crew of six: one steersman and five paddlers. View of the Pacific Ocean from Oregon. ... In a canoe or bangca, an outrigger is a thin, long, solid, hull used to stabilise an inherently unstable main hull. ... In the Maori language and New Zealand English, waka or Waaka are Maori watercraft, usually canoes. ... The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and to their language. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... KOA may mean: Kick Off Association - International association devoted to Dino Dinis games (Kick Off and Player Manager) and organizing annual gathering and international competitions with Kick Off 2 and real Amiga. ...

Biuki Gasa and John F. Kennedy's PT-109

In World War II, the Solomon Islanders were (and still are) using dugout canoes to travel between Japanese occupied islands. After an Australian observer saw the explosion of the torpedo boat PT-109 after it was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, he dispatched native scouts in search of survivors, even though the U.S. Navy had given them up as lost. Biuki Gasa would be recognized as one of the first two islanders to reach the shipwrecked John F. Kennedy, and deliver a message inscribed on a coconut (later displayed on the president's desk, and now in the John. F. Kennedy presidential library) by dugout canoe at risk of capture by Japanese authorities to the nearest allied base. These canoes with their small visual and noise signatures would be among the smallest boats used by the Allied forces in World War II. Gasa would be invited to Kennedy's inauguration only to be turned back by a clerk who did not understand his language. Gasa's village would construct a special canoe to send back with the National Geographic crew to present to the people of the United States so that they would remember this incident. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... PT-109 redirects here. ... Buiki Gasa would be remembered as the man who found the shipwrecked John F. Kennedy and his PT-109 crew. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, John Kennedy, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ...

Culture

Dugout canoes appear infrequently in media. Some of the more prominent ones:

• Pocahontas (1995 film)

Pocahontas is the thirty-third animated feature in the Disney animated features canon. ...

External links

• Fundamental origins of ship types
• Ship replicas in the world