Dukkha (Pāli; Sanskrit: duḥkha) is a central concept in Buddhism, the word roughly corresponding to a number of terms in English including sorrow, suffering, affliction, pain, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery and aversion. The term is probably derived from duḥstha, "standing badly," "unsteady," "uneasy." Dukkha is the subject of the first of the Four Noble Truths:

All of life involves dukkha.

The other three Noble Truths explain the source of dukkha, the means of eliminating it, and the method of executing its cessation. This method is known as the Noble Eightfold Path. Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha repeatedly stated that the only purpose of Buddhism is to seek the cessation of dukkha, by understanding the Four Noble Truths and acting accordingly.

The Buddha discussed three kinds of dukkha.

• Dukkha-dukkha is the obvious sufferings of physical pain, illness, old age, death, the loss of a loved one.
• Viparinama-dukkha is suffering caused by change: violated expectations, the failure of happy moments to last.
• Sankhara-dukkha is a subtle form of suffering inherent in the nature of conditioned things, including the skandhas, the factors constituting the human mind.

Dukkha is also listed among the three marks of existence.

External links

• At Access to Insight (http://www.accesstoinsight.org):
  • entry on Dukkha (http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dukkha.html)
  • Wings to Awakening: The First Truth (http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/modern/wings/3h2.html)
• Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=苦) (log in with userID "guest")