NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Duiliu Zamfirescu

Duiliu Zamfirescu (October 30, 1858-June 30, 1922) was a Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist. In 1909, he was elected a member of the Romanian Academy, and, for a while in 1920, he was Foreign Minister of Romania. Zamfirescu is best remembered for his Comăneştenilor literary cicle, comprising his novels Viaţa la ţară, Tănase Scatiu, În război, Îndreptări and Anna. A pseudonym (Greek pseudo + -onym: false name) is an artificial, fictitious name, also known as an alias, used by an individual as an alternative to a persons true name. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Vrancea is a county (judeÅ£) in the center of Romania in the Moldova region, with the capital city at FocÅŸani (population: 103,219). ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... For the album by the Kaiser Chiefs see Employment (album) Employment , one being the employer employee. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... A literary genre is one of the divisions of literature into genres according to particular criteria such as literary technique, tone, or content. ... Fiction (from the Latin fingere, to form, create) is storytelling of imagined events and stands in contrast to non-fiction, which makes factual claims that can be substantiated with evidence. ... // Lyric poetry is a form of poetry that does not attempt to tell a story, as do epic poetry dramatic poetry, but is of a more personal nature instead. ... Cover of the first English edition of 1793 of Benjamin Franklins autobiography. ... ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe. ... Junimea was a Romanian literary society founded in IaÅŸi in 1863, by the initiative of some foreign educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor and Iacob Negruzzi. ... Alexandru Macedonski (1854-1920) was a Romanian poet, especially known for having promoted French symbolism in his native country. ... Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: , IPA: ), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 â€“ November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910) was a Russian novelist, writer, essayist, philosopher, Christian anarchist, pacifist, educational reformer, moral thinker, and an influential member of the Tolstoy family. ... Titu Maiorescu Titu Maiorescu was a Romanian literary critic and a Prime Minister of Romania from 1912 to 1914. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ... The Romanian Academy (Romanian: Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Romania in 1866. ... // Foreign Affairs Ministers of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1862 - 1866 Apostol Arsache 1862 prince Alexandru Cantacuzino 1862 general Ioan G. Ghica 1862-1863 Nicolae Rosetti-BÄƒlÄƒnescu 1863-1865 Alexandru Papadopol-Callimachi 1865-1866 Ion Ghica 1866 Petre Mavrogheni 1866 Foreign Affairs Ministers of the Principality... Literary cycles are groups of stories grouped around common figures, based on mythical figures or loosely on historic ones. ...

Biography

Born in Plăineşti, Râmnicu Sărat County (present-day Dumbrăveni, Vrancea County), he attended elementary school and gymnasium in Focşani, and later studied at the Matei Basarab High School in Bucharest (1873-1876), before entering the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Law.^[1] He graduated in 1880.^[2] Vrancea is a county (judeÅ£) in the center of Romania in the Moldova region, with the capital city at FocÅŸani (population: 103,219). ... County Vrancea County Status County capital Mayor Decebal Bacinschi, Social Democratic Party, since 2004 Population (2002) 103,219 Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 kmÂ² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/kmÂ² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... University of Bucharest University of Bucharest is a university founded in 1864 by decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Saint Sava Academy into the current University of Bucharest. ...

Zamfirescu made his debut with a series of poems in Ghimpele review in 1877, and, later in the same year, became an enthusiastic supporter of the Romanian war effort during the Independence War, an experience which placed its mark on his later works and choice of subjects.^[3] Three years later, he became associated with Alexandru Macedonski's Literatorul, a circle of Symbolist writers, publishing a Romantic poem titled Levante şi Kalavryta ("Levante and Kalavryta").^[4] Also in 1880, he was appointed to an attorney position in the Northern Dobrujan town of Hârşova, while being employed, until 1884, as literary columnist for România Liberă, writing articles in which he declared his distaste for naturalism,^[5] as well as distancing himself from the Realism of his contemporaries Ion Luca Caragiale and Ioan Slavici (despite common perception, he claimed he had "nothing in common" with the latter two).^[6] At the time, he also contributed political articles under the pen name Don Padil.^[7] It has been suggested that Romanian War of Independence be merged into this article or section. ... Alexandru Macedonski (1854-1920) was a Romanian poet, especially known for having promoted French symbolism in his native country. ... La mort du fossoyeur (The death of the gravedigger) by Carlos Schwabe is a visual compendium of Symbolist motifs. ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe. ... Map of Romania with Northern Dobruja highlighted Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea in Romanian; Ð¡ÐµÐ²ÐµÑ€Ð½Ð° Ð”Ð¾Ð±Ñ€ÑƒÐ´Ð¶Ð°, Severna Dobrudzha in Bulgarian) is the part of Dobruja that is part of Romania. ... HÃ¢rÅŸova is a city in ConstanÅ£a county, Romania, with a population of 11. ... RomÃ¢nia LiberÄƒ is one of the leading newspapers in Romania. ... Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. ... Realism in the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation. ... The statue of Ion Luca Caragiale in front of the Bucharest National Theatre Ion Luca Caragiale (January 30, 1852 - July 9, 1912) was a Romanian playwright, novelist, and short story writer. ... Ioan Slavici (18 January 1848 â€“ 17 August 1925) was a Romanian writer from Transylvania. ...

In 1882, after briefly serving as a prosecutor in Târgovişte and resigning, Zamfirescu moved back to Focşani, where he practiced law and was a French language substitute teacher.^[8] Later in the same year, he settled in Bucharest and joined România Liberă's editorial staff, publishing his first volume of prose, Fără titlu ("Untitled"), in 1883.^[9] Zamfirescu authored his debut novel, În faţa vieţii ("Facing Life") in 1884 — the work was noted for the chapter "Pesimistul de la Soleni" ("The Pessimist of Soleni"), a satire of socialist thinker Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea.^[10] In 1885, he entered a competition for the office of legation Attaché, and was consequently employed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while teaching Romanian language at the Sf. Gheorghe High School.^[11] He entered the Junimea circle and began writing for its journal, Convorbiri Literare, bringing his writings to the attention of Titu Maiorescu,^[12] while becoming a regular in the literary circle formed around the restaurant Casa Capşa.^[13] The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries adopting the common law adversarial system or the civil law inquisitorial system. ... County DÃ¢mboviÅ£a County Status County capital Mayor Iulian Furcoiu, Social Democratic Party, since 2000 Population (2002) 89,429 Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... Pessimists see the world as uninviting and cruel. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea (born Solomon Katz; 1855, near Dnipropetrovsk, then in Imperial Russiaâ€”1920, Bucharest) was a Jewish Romanian Marxist theorist, politician, sociologist, literary critic, and journalist, the father of Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea. ... A legation was the term used in diplomacy to denote a diplomatic representative office lower than an embassy. ... An attachÃ© is a person who is assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission and often has special responsibilities or expertise. ... // Foreign Affairs Ministers of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1862 - 1866 Apostol Arsache 1862 prince Alexandru Cantacuzino 1862 general Ioan G. Ghica 1862-1863 Nicolae Rosetti-BÄƒlÄƒnescu 1863-1865 Alexandru Papadopol-Callimachi 1865-1866 Ion Ghica 1866 Petre Mavrogheni 1866 Foreign Affairs Ministers of the Principality... Romanian (limba romÃ¢nÄƒ, IPA: ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people[1], primarily in Romania and Moldova. ... Junimea was a Romanian literary society founded in IaÅŸi in 1863, by the initiative of some foreign educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor and Iacob Negruzzi. ... Titu Maiorescu Titu Maiorescu was a Romanian literary critic and a Prime Minister of Romania from 1912 to 1914. ... Casa CapÅŸa is a historic restaurant in Bucharest, Romania, first established in 1852. ...

Ultimately, in May 1885, Zamfirescu was dispatched to Italy, as legation secretary in Rome, a position which he filled until 1906, with a hiatus (1892-1894) during which he was asigned to Greece and later Belgium.^[14] He was a colleague of Dimitrie Ghyka,^[15] and remembered for welcoming the ethnic Romanian Transylvanian activist Badea Cârţan during the latter's celebrated trip to the Italian capital (1896).^[16] Zamfirescu married an Italian woman who died in 1920.^[17] Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban... Languages Romanian language Religions Predominantly Romanian Orthodox, but also including Romanian Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Atheist. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Badea CÃ¢rÅ£an (roughly: Brother CÃ¢rÅ£an â€“ the common nickname of Gheorghe CÃ¢rÅ£an; 24 January 1849, CÃ¢rÅ£iÅŸoara, present-day Sibiu County â€“ 7 August 1911) was a self-taught ethnic Romanian shepherd who fought for the independence of the Romanians of Transylvania (then under...

An enthusiastic admirer of Leo Tolstoy's writings, he began work on a monograph entirely dedicated to the latter (excerpts of which were first published in 1892 issues of Convorbiri Literare).^[18] With his 1894 volume of poetry Alte orizonturi ("Other Horizons"), Zamfirescu entered a prolific phase of his literary career: in 1894-1895, Convorbiri Literare serialized his novel Viaţa la ţară ("Life in the Country"), followed in 1895-1896 by Tănase Scatiu, and, in 1897-1898, În război ("At War");^[19] in 1895, he also published his collected novellas (Nuvele romane, "Roman Novellas"), followed by the poetry volumes Imnuri păgâne ("Pagan Hymns", 1897), and Poezii nouă ("New Poems", 1899).^[20] Between 1901 and 1902, his novel Îndreptări ("Betterments") was serialized by the magazine Literatură şi Artă Română, which was a sign of cooling relations between Zamfirescu and his mentor Maiorescu (nevertheless, Convorbiri Literare continued to publish Zamfirescu's novel Anna in 1906).^[21] He apparently strived to include in his work both major tendencies of 19th century Romanian literature — "art for art's sake" as preached by Maiorescu and the "tendentious art" notably advocated by Dobrogeanu-Gherea.^[22] Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: , IPA: ), commonly referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 â€“ November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910) was a Russian novelist, writer, essayist, philosopher, Christian anarchist, pacifist, educational reformer, moral thinker, and an influential member of the Tolstoy family. ... A monograph is a scholarly book or a treatise on a single subject or a group of related subjects. ... A novella is a narrative work of prose fiction somewhat longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. ... Romanian literature is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. ... Art for arts sake is the usual English rendition of a French slogan, lart pour lart, which is credited to ThÃ©ophile Gautier (1811â€“1872). ... Didacticism is an artistic philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature and other types of art. ...

In 1909, Zamfirescu was accepted to the Academy, and delivered a much-discussed speech on the influence of Poporanism in literature.^[23] The same year, he was named a Minister Plenipotentiary and the Romanian Kingdom's envoy to the Danube Commission.^[24] His Furfanţo volume of short stories and his novel Lydda were both printed in 1911.^[25] ... From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ... The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an international organisation consisting of 13 cooperating states (Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine) and the European Union. ...

During World War I, following the occupation of southern Romania by the Central Powers, Zamfirescu followed Romanian authorities in their Iaşi refuge.^[26] By late 1918, he became a founding member of the People's Party,^[27] led by General Alexandru Averescu, and edited the Iaşi-based voice of the movement, Îndreptarea.^[28] Under the second Averescu cabinet, Zamfirescu served as Foreign Minister in March-June 1920, and then as President of the Chamber of Deputies.^[29] In July 1921, he was involved in projects to crown King Ferdinand I as "King of Greater Romania".^[30] Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nikolay II Aleksey Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert H. Asquith D. Lloyd George Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna... Combatants Central Powers, Bulgaria Romania, Russia Commanders General Falkenhayn General Mackensen General Averescu, General Zaionchovsky Strength 450,000 600,000 Casualties 60,000 roughly 330,000 (50% POWs) The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkans theatre of World War I fought between Romania and Russia against armies of... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ... County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... // Foreign Affairs Ministers of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1862 - 1866 Apostol Arsache 1862 prince Alexandru Cantacuzino 1862 general Ioan G. Ghica 1862-1863 Nicolae Rosetti-BÄƒlÄƒnescu 1863-1865 Alexandru Papadopol-Callimachi 1865-1866 Ion Ghica 1866 Petre Mavrogheni 1866 Foreign Affairs Ministers of the Principality... Type Lower house President (Speaker) Bogdan Olteanu, PNL, since 2006 Number of members 332 Political groups (as of 2006 elections) PSD, PNL, PD, PRM, UDMR, PC, National minorities, Independents Meeting place Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest Web site www. ... The King of Romania was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947 when Romania was proclaimed a republic. ... Ferdinand of Romania Ferdinand or Ferdinand I (August 24, 1865-July 20, 1927) was the king of Romania from October 10, 1914 until his death Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became heir to the throne of his childless uncle, King Carol I of Romania... Anthem: TrÄƒiascÄƒ Regele Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Constitutional monarchy Head of State - 1918 - 1927 Ferdinand I of Romania - 1927 - 1930 - 1930 - 1940 - 1940 - 1947 Michael I of Romania Carol II of Romania Michael I of Romania Legislature Adunarea DeputaÅ£ilor and Senatul Historical era Interbellum Years - Kingdom...

Duiliu Zamfirescu's last published works were his poetry volume Pe Marea Neagră ("On the Black Sea", 1919) and a collection of autobiographical pieces and short stories, O muză ("A Muse", 1920).^[31] He died at Agapia in 1922, and was buried in Focşani's southern cemetery.^[32] NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ...

Notes

^ Săndulescu, p.XLIII
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIII
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIII
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIV
^ Cristea, p.XXXVII; Săndulescu, p.XLIV
^ Zamfirescu, in Cristea, p.XXXVII
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIIV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIV-XLV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLIV-XLV
^ Şontică
^ Săndulescu, p.XLV
^ Ghyka
^ Luica
^ Ghyka
^ Săndulescu, p.XLV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLV
^ Săndulescu, p.XLV-XVI
^ Cristea, p.XLI
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI
^ Scurtu
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI
^ Kirileanu
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI
^ Săndulescu, p.XVI

References

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