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The Dulcinian religious movement was inspired by the Franciscan ideals, influenced by the Joachimites and derived from the Apostolics. It was led by Fra Dolcino of Novara (ca. 1250-1307), who was burnt as a heretic in 1307 on the orders of Pope Clement V. Image File history File links Acap. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Joachimites were a millenarian group that arose from the Franciscans in the thirteenth century. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apostolici. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Novara is a city of Piedmont, in North-west Italy, to the west of Milan. ... // April 30 - King Louis IX of France released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta. ... January 18 - German king Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf king of Bohemia. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... January 18 - German king Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf king of Bohemia. ... Clement V, born Bertrand de Goth (also occasionally spelled Gouth and Got) (1264 – April 20, 1314), was Pope from 1305 to his death. ...

History

The Dulcinian movement began in 1300 when Gherardo Segarelli, founder of the Apostolics sect, was burned in Parma. A brutal repression of the movement followed and his followers had to hide to save their lives. Fra Dolcino, who had joined the movement between 1288 and 1292, took over the role of a leader of the sect and published the first of his letters, where he explained his ideas about the development of epocs during history based on the theories of Gioacchino da Fiore. Gerard or Gherardo or Gherardino Segarelli or Segalelli (around 1240 Parma – July 18, 1300 Parma) was the founder of Apostolic Brethren (in Latin Apostolici). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apostolici. ... Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, famous for its architecture and the fine countryside around it. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore (1135 - 1201), was the founder of monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. ...

Reunion of the Apostolics

Soon Fra Dolcino was recognised as the leader of the Apostolics and at the beginning of 1303 he reunited the movement near Lake Garda, where he met Margherita of Trento (real name Margherita Boninsegna, his lover or sister in spirit). Here she wrote the second letter to the Apostolics. At the beginning of 1304 three members were burned by the Inquisition so Dolcino decided to move the whole movement (around 3000 people according to some sources, just a few dozens according to other) to the left side of the Sesia valley near his native Novara with a forced march through the mountains. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apostolici. ... // Events 24 February: Battle of Roslin 20 April: Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome La Sapienza Edward I of England reconquers Scotland (see also: William Wallace, Wars of Scottish Independence) The Khilji Dynasty conquers time travel Births Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (died 1373) Gegeen Khan, Mongol emperor of... Lake Garda (Italian Lago di Garda or Benaco) is the largest lake in Italy. ... Panorama of Trento. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apostolici. ... Events 20 July - Fall of Stirling Castle: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence. ... Sesia is a river in north-western Italy, tributary to the Po River. ... Novara is a city of Piedmont, in North-west Italy, to the west of Milan. ...

At first they settled in the lower parts of the valley enthusiastically welcomed by the inhabitants and there the movement grew (the number reported again vary from a few hundreds to 4000 members and even 15000) as escaped serfs and scholars from various parts of Italy joined them. Soon the troops of the Bishops of Novara and Vercelli attacked them and they were forced to move to higher ground, helped by some of the inhabitants of the valley. They were repeatedly attacked and fled again, suffering great losses. At the end of 1304 only 1400 (4000 according to other sources) Apostolics survived on the fortified Piano dei Gazzari (m 1426) on the top of Mount Parete Calva. They descended from the mountain only to depredate and kill the inhabitants of the valley responsible in their eyes for not having defended them enough against the troops of the Bishops. At this point the people started to call them "Gazzari" (from cathars) and joined the troops in an attempt to defeat them. Novara is a city of Piedmont, in North-west Italy, to the west of Milan. ... Vercelli (Varséj in Piedmontese; Vercellae in Latin) is a commune and city of about 46,000 inhabitants in the Province of Vercelli, Italy. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apostolici. ... Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209. ...

Dolcino justified everything committed by the Dulcinians in this period by affirming that they were so perfect they could do anything they wanted without Sin, basing his affirmation on Saint Paul (Epistle to Titus 1,15): To the pure all things are pure, but to the corrupt and unbelieving nothing is pure; their very minds and consciences are corrupted. Paul of Tarsus (b. ... The Pastoral Epistles are often considered together, as each throws light upon the others. ...

The League and the crusade against heretics

With the "Statutum Ligae contra Haereticos" (Statute of the League against the Heretics) signed on the 24 August 1305 in Scopello, most cities and villages of the valley united in a League to fight the Dulcinians and on the third September of the same year representatives of the communities of the Sesia valley met in the "Ecclesia Sancti Bartholomaei" (st. Bartholomew Church) of the nearby Scopa, swearing on the Gospels to fight the "Gazzari" to their death. A few historians dispute the existence of this League, affirming it was invented in 1793 to prevent a positive re-evaluation of Dolcino after the French revolution, however there do exist older documents citing the statute. Events August 5 - English troops capture William Wallace Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia Archbishop of Bordeaux, Bertrand de Got, was elected as Pope Clement V. Philip IV of France accused the Knights Templar of heresy. ... Country Italy Region Piedmont Province Province of Vercelli (VC) Mayor Elevation 659 m Area 18. ... Scopa is an Italian card game played with a standard Italian 40-card deck. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The winter of 1305 was particularly cold and the pressure from the Catholic troops and the inhabitants of the valley was particularly effective so Margherita of Trento decided to lead another march through the mountains to escape the siege. The weak and the wounded were abandoned to their fate and the Dulcinian eventually reached the mount Rubello (m 1410), on right side of the Sesia river near Vercelli in March 1306 were they fortified again. Panorama of Trento. ... Vercelli (Varséj in Piedmontese; Vercellae in Latin) is a commune and city of about 46,000 inhabitants in the Province of Vercelli, Italy. ... Events March 25 - Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland June 19 - Forces of Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruces Scottish rebels at the Battle of Methven Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property In London, a city ordinance degrees that heating with...

In the mean time Pope Clement V in 1306 called for a crusade to finally crush the movement and troops from various parts of northern Italy joined the siege of the mountain. The Dulcinians could no longer descend the mountain to find food but they resisted for a year eating rats, horses, dogs and in some cases cannibalism, after a final assault in 1307 when many (some sources say 800) Dulcinias were killed they finally surrendered and 150 of them were captured and later executed (most sources concord on this number). Clement V, born Bertrand de Goth (also occasionally spelled Gouth and Got) (1264 – April 20, 1314), was Pope from 1305 to his death. ... January 18 - German king Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf king of Bohemia. ...

The end

Margherita of Trento and Dolcino were captured alive and brougth to the nearby Biella where Margherita was burned at the stake on the 1st of Juny 1307. Dolcino was forced to watch his mistress (or sister in spirit) being burnt and later conducted to Vercelli on an open wagon, during the travel he was tortured with hot instruments, evirated, his fingers, his nose, his ears were amputated, his tongue and his eyes extirpated and when they reached Vercelli he was finally burned at the stake. Panorama of Trento. ... Biella (Latin: Bugella) is a town and comune in the northern Italian region of Piemonte, the capital of the province of the same name, with 45,500 inhabitants as of the 2001 census. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Vercelli (Varséj in Piedmontese; Vercellae in Latin) is a commune and city of about 46,000 inhabitants in the Province of Vercelli, Italy. ... Vercelli (Varséj in Piedmontese; Vercellae in Latin) is a commune and city of about 46,000 inhabitants in the Province of Vercelli, Italy. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The number of his followers was greatly exaggerated in by the Catholic Church to justify the failure to get rid of them for 3 years, and probably the smaller numbers are correct; the higher Sesia Valley at the time counted less than 500 inhabitants and the city of Novara whose troops fought initially the Dulcinian counted 5000 inhabitants at the time.

Aftermath

Three years of armed resistance in the name of Christ ended, but other Dulcinians survived dispersed. In the north of Italy there are traces of them up to 1374. Dolcino, Margherita and the Apostolics become symbols of freedom and emancipation to the present times and were never forgotten. In year 1907, 600th anniversary of the martyrdom huge celebrations were held in the Sesia valley and a 12 meter high obelisk posed in the place of their last resistance. The obelisk was later destroyed by the Fascists in 1927 and a small monument was posed again in 1974. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apostolici. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... A blonde haired, very skilled worker with a 70s look. ...

Since 1974 on the second Sunday of September every year a Dulcinian meeting is held by this obelisk and bigger celebrations are being organized for the 700th anniversary in 2007. A blonde haired, very skilled worker with a 70s look. ...

Theories

The main concepts of the Dulcinian Heresy were: Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

• Vaticinated the fall of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and return of the Church to its original ideals of humility and poverty
• Vaticinated the fall of the Feudal system which oppressed the people
• Human liberation from any restraint and from entrenched power
• Creation of a new egalitarian society based on mutual aid and respect, holding property in common and respecting equality between sexes

Fra Dolcino was inspired by the millenarist theories of Gioacchino da Fiore he thought that the history of humanity was characterized by 4 periods: Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Millenarianism or millenarism is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society after which all things will be changed in a positive (or sometimes negative or ambiguous) direction. ... Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore (1135 - 1201), was the founder of monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. ...

• The period of the Old Testament when the human race multiplied
• The period of Jesus Christ and the Apostles characterized by chastity and poverty
• The period that began with the Emperor Constantine I and Pope Sylvester I characterized by the decline of the Church caused by ambition and excessive accumulated wealth
• The period of the Apostolics lead by Segalelli and Dolcino characterized by an Apostolic way of life, by poverty, by chastity and the absence of government. This period would last for eternity.

In his first letter Dolcino gave his interpretation of the seven Angels and seven Churches of the Apocalypse of John: Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For other uses, see Twelve Apostles... Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on... ... The Revelation of St. ...

• the Angel of Ephesus was st. Benedict and his church the monastic order
• the Angel of Pergamom was Pope Sylvester I and his church the clerical order
• the Angel of Sardis was St. Francis and his church the Friars Minors
• the Angel of Laodicea was Saint Dominic and his church the Friars Preacher
• the Angel of Smyrna was Gerard of Parma and his church the Apostolics
• the Angel of Thyatira was Fra Dolcino and his church the Dulcinians
• the Angel of Philadelphia would be the new holy pope and the latest three churches would constitute the new church of these new days.

Following the death of Boniface VIII this scheme had to be corrected so Dolcino gave a scheme of 4 popes: This article is about Saint Benedict of Nursia, for other uses of the name Benedict see Benedict (disambiguation) Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. ... ... Francis of Assisi by El Greco Saint Francis of Assisi (born in Assisi, Italy, 1181; died there on October 3, 1226) founded the Franciscan Order or Friars Minor. He is the patron saint of animals, merchants, Catholic action and the environment. ... Franciscans is the common name used to designate a variety of mendicant religious orders of men or women tracing their origin to Francis of Assisi and following the Rule of St. ... Saint Dominic, Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés (1170 – August 6, 1221) was the founder of the Friars Preachers, popularly called the Dominicans or Order of Preachers (OP), a Catholic religious order. ... Laudare, Benedicere, Praedicare (Praise, Bless, Preach) Saint Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization to address the needs of his time, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities... Gerard or Gherardo or Gherardino Segarelli or Segalelli (around 1240 Parma – July 18, 1300 Parma) was the founder of Apostolic Brethren (in Latin Apostolici). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Apostolici. ... Boniface VIII, né Benedict Gaetano ( 1235 - October 11, 1303) was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303. ...

• Celestine V
• Boniface VIII and ruin would fail on him and the king of south
• his successor, again ruin would fail on him and all the Cardinals
• The new holy pope

So the advent of this new holy pope was posponed of one after the death of Boniface VIII, besides Dolcino never proposed himself as the new Pope in his letters but this was one of the accusation that the Inquisition brought against him. Celestine V, né Pietro di Morrone (1215 - May 19, 1296) was pope in the year 1294. ... Boniface VIII, né Benedict Gaetano ( 1235 - October 11, 1303) was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303. ... Charles II, known as the Lame (Fr. ... Boniface VIII, né Benedict Gaetano ( 1235 - October 11, 1303) was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303. ... Inquisition (capitalized I) is broadly used, to refer to things related to judgment of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Despite his prophecies never become true his followers always trusted him and believed to the promise that after the advent of the Angel/Pope the Apostolic would receive the Holy Spirit, preach and live in peace to the end of times.

External links

• Center for Dulcinian studies of the evangelic church (in italian) organizes a yearly Dulcinian meeting and is preparing the celebrations for the 700th anniversary

Bibliography

• Anonymous Syncronous, "Historia Fratris Dulcini Heresiarche Novariensis ab A.C. 1304 usque ad A. 1307"
• Bernardo Gui, "De secta illorum qui se dicunt esse de ordine apostolorum"
• "Additamentum ad Historiam fratris Dulcini, haeretici" ab auctore coevo scriptum
• Muratori L., "Raccolta degli Storici Italiani dal 500 al 1500", collects the previous 3 documents, book IX, part V, Città di Castello, C.E.S. Lapi, 1907.
• Johann Lorenz von Mosheim "Geschichte des Apostel-Ordens in dreien Büchern" in "Versuch eines unparteischen und gründlichen Ketzergeschichte", Helmstaedt 1748.
• Mariotti L. (Antonio Gallenga), "Historial memoir of Fra Dolcino and his times", Brown, London 1853, pp.XII-376.
• Orioli Raniero, "Venit perfidus heresiarca. Il movimento apostolico-dolciniano dal 1260 al 1307", Roma 1988.
• Berkhout, Carl T. and Jeffrey B. Russell. "Medieval heresies: a bibliography, 1960-1979." in Subsidia mediaevalia, 11. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1981 (entries Apostolici, Dolcino, Margaret, Segarelli).