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For other uses, see Duma (disambiguation).

Russia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Russia Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Emblem commemorating the 100 year anniversary of Russia Dumas Boris Gryzlov, speaker of the Russian State Duma since December 2003 The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госдума (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation... Duma can mean several things: A Duma is a representative assembly in Russia The State Duma is Russias lower house of parliament A Duma (epic) is poem of the Ukrainian Cossacks Duma (DC Comics) is a character in the Sandman comic book series Duma a 2005 film. ... Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation. ... The politics of Russia (the Russian Federation) take place in a framework of a federal presidential republic, whereby the President of Russia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ...

Constitution President: Vladimir Putin Prime Minister: Mikhail Fradkov Federal Assembly Federation Council Duma Judiciary (Russian Constitution) Constitutional Court Supreme Court Supreme Court of Arbitration Political parties Elections in Russia President: 2000 - 2004 - 2008 Parliamentary: 2003 - 2007 Subdivisions Federal subjects Human rights Foreign relations

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A Duma (Russian: Ду́ма) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. The State Duma in the Russian Empire and Russian Federation corresponds to the lower house of the parliament. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers (Boyar Duma), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia (City Duma). The President of Russia (ru: Президент России is the highest position within the Government of Russia. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the incumbent President of Russia. ... The Prime Minister of Russia is the current Head of Government of the Russian Federation. ... Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (Russian: Михаи́л Ефи́мович Фрадко́в) (born September 1, 1950) is a Russian politician, and the current Prime Minister of Russia. ... Federal Assembly of Russia (Федеральное Собрание) is the name of the parliament of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation, 1993. ... The Federation Council of Russia (Совет Федерации, Sovet Federatsii) is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament of the Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. ... The Russian judiciary has judicial appeal and judicial review at the level of the Supreme Court. ... Constitutional Court of Russian Federation (Russian: Конституционный Суд Российской Федерации) is a high court which is empowered to rule on whether or not certain laws or presidential decrees are in fact contrary to the Constitution of Russia. ... The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Russian: ) is the final instance in administrative law, civil law and criminal law cases. ... The Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation is the final instance in commercial disputes in Russia. ... Political parties in Russia lists political parties in Russia. ... Politics of Russia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Russia ... Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on March 26, 2000. ... Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on March 14, 2004. ... The Russian Presidential election of 2008, scheduled to be held in March 2008, is widely expected to be a three-horse race between the official Kremlin-backed candidate, the candidate of the left-wing nationalist forces and the nominee of the democratic opposition. ... Legislative elections were held in the Russian Federation on December 7, 2003. ... Russia will have Duma elections on December 2, 2007. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 88 subjects (Russian: ; English transliteration: subyekty, sing. ... Russias human rights record remains uneven and has worsened in some areas since the 1990s. ... Regarding the foreign relations of Russia, Russia has taken important steps to become a full partner in the worlds principal political groupings. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Emblem commemorating the 100 year anniversary of Russia Dumas Boris Gryzlov, speaker of the Russian State Duma since December 2003 The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госдума (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation... Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1924) Area Approx. ... A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... A Duma (Ду́ма in Russian) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. ...

Duma in early Russian history

The term comes from the Russian word думать (dumat’), "to think". Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand princes and tsars of Muscovy. The Duma was discontinued by Peter the Great, who transferred its functions to the Governing Senate in 1711. However, the Duma would be re-introduced later in Russian history by Tsar Nicholas II, particularly in the pre-Revolutionary period, with the aide of his many advisors such as Stolypin, Snydercha (translated from Сґђде,) amongst others. The title Grand Prince (Latin, Magnus Princeps; German, Großfürst, Finnish Suuriruhtinas, Swedish Storfurste, Lithuanian Didysis kunigaikÅ¡tis, Russian Великий князь Velikii kniaz) ranks in honour below Emperor and Tsar but higher than a sovereign Prince (Fürst) or Royal Prince. ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Peter was a tall figure, with an extremely striking build of 2. ... The Governing Senate (Правительствующий сенат) was a legislative, judicial, and executive body of Russian Monarchs, instated by Peter the Great to replace the Boyar Duma and lasted until the very... 1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...

State Duma in Imperial Russia

Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, on August 6, 1905, Tsar Nicholas II issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the subsequent October Manifesto, the Tsar pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. Though Russia was an autocracy, rather than a democracy, the State Duma is sometimes formally compared to the lower house of a parliament (the State Council of Imperial Russia being compared to the upper house). The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Monomakhs Cap symbol of Russian autocracy, the crown of Russian grand princes and tsars Czar and tzar redirect here. ... Nicholas II of Russia (May 18, 1868–July 17, 1918)[1] (Russian: , Nikolay II) was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Poland,[2] and Grand Duke of Finland. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: October Manifesto (in English) Ilya Repin 17 October 1905 The October Manifesto (Russian: ) was issued on October 17, 1905; October 30 in the Gregorian calendar) by Emperor Nicholas II of Russia under the influence of Count Sergei Witte as a response to... Civil liberties is the name given to freedoms that protect the individual from government. ... An Autocracy is a form of government in which unlimited power is held by a single individual. ... The State Council (Государственный Совет) was the supreme state advisory body to Tsar in Imperial Russia. ...

However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906, the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws that contradicted the October Manifesto in several important ways. It stated in part that Tsar's ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore, the Tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished. On the day that he dissolved the Duma, Nicholas II wrote in his diary only one sentence about the day's highlight news: Signed a decree dissolving the Duma. 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The first Russian constitution, known as the Fundamental Laws was enacted on April 23, 1906, on the eve of the opening of the first State Duma. ... A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. ... Responsible government is a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. ...

Election for the First Duma, which ran between April and June 1906, returned a significant bloc of moderate socialists and both liberal parties who demanded further reforms. For this reason, it is often called "the Duma of public anger". Sergei Muromtsev, Professor of Law at Moscow University, was elected President. Due to growing tensions between the Duma and Nicholas II's ministers (prominently Goremykin), the assembly was dissolved within ten weeks. In frustration members of the liberal 'Kadets' party then underwent the 'Vyborg Appeal', which ended in their arrest and exclusion from future Duma election. This paved the way for an alternative makeup for the second Duma. Download high resolution version (1140x373, 111 KB)Hall of the Sessions of the First State Duma in the Tauride Palace, St Petersburg. ... Sergei Andreievich Muromtsev (Russian: ) (October 5, 1850 — October 4, 1910) was a Russian lawyer and politician, and chairman of the First Imperial Duma in 1906. ... Ivan Goremykin Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (Russian: Ива́н Логгинович Горемы́кин) (November 8, 1839 - December 24, 1917) was a Russian politician. ...

Moscow City Duma.

Saint Petersburg City Duma.

The Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907) was equally short-lived. The Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries gained 188 deputies, along with members of the right-wing, which meant major conflict within the Duma and with the Tsar. Nicholas dissolved it after he heard members of the Duma criticizing harshly government administration of the army. Image File history File linksMetadata Mosdumaold. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Mosdumaold. ... Revolution Square and Moscow City Hall in 2000. ... Image File history File links City_duma. ... Image File history File links City_duma. ... Nevsky Prospekt near the City Duma in 1811. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

The Tsar was unwilling to be rid of the system of the State Duma, despite their problems, as he wished to portray the image of a 'democratic Russia' to foreign powers. Instead, using emergency power, Prime Minister Petr Stolypin changed the electoral law and gave greater electoral value to the votes of nobility and landowners. This ensured the Third Duma would be dominated by gentry, landowners and businessmen. Petr Stolypin Petr Arkadyevich Stolypin (Russian: Пётр Арка́дьевич Столы́пин) (April 14 (April 2 Old Style) 1862 - September 18 (September 5 Old Style) 1911) served as Nicholas IIs Chairman... // Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Landowner or Landholder is a holder of the estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or, simply put, an owner of land. ...

Between 1907 and 1912, the Octobrist-dominated Third Duma ran its course. Being more oriented towards conservative positions, it was able to last its full five-years term. Although the Bolsheviks later dismissed the later Dumas for being "rubber stamps of government policy", the Third Duma, through links with Stolypin and tentative movements, managed to instigate a succession of reforms (including a national insurance scheme for industrial workers). The assassination of Stolypin and increasingly reactionary policies of the Tsar and his State Council weakened the significance of the Third Duma. 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Octobrist Party (Russian Октябристы) was a non-revolutionary conservative-liberal Russian political party also called Union Of October 17 (Союз 17 Октября) whose program of moderate constitutionalism called for the fulfillment... The State Council (Государственный Совет) was the supreme state advisory body to Tsar in Imperial Russia. ...

The Fourth Duma of 1912–1914 and 1915-1917 was also of limited political influence. The inefficiency of Stolypin's various replacements and its conflcit with Rasputin made operations difficult. In August 1914 the Duma volunteered its own dissolution for the duration of the war. However, its former members became increasing displeased with Tsarist control of military and other affairs and so demanded its own reinstatement, which Nicholas conceeded to in August 1915. Its second run is considered even more ineffectual than its first though, and when the Tsar refused its call for the replacement of his cabinet with a 'Ministry of National Confidence' roughly half of the deputies formed a 'Progressive Bloc' which in 1917 became a focal point of poltiical resistance. The only role of real importance the Fourth Duma played was after its official dissoltuion during the 1917 February Revolution, where 12 members remained and formed the 'Provisional Committee', which later ruled Russia by default after tha abdication of the Romanovs , renaming itself the 'Provisional Government'.

Seats held in Imperial Dumas

The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP (Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая Па́ртия = РСДРП), also known as the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party and the Russian Social-Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party. ... Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. ... The Trudoviks or Trudoviki, also referred to as Toilers were a moderate Labour party in early 20th Century Russia. ... The Constitutional Democratic Party (Constitutional Democrats, formally Party of Popular Freedom, informally Cadets) was a liberal political party in Tsarist Russia. ... The Octobrist Party (Russian Октябристы) was a non-revolutionary conservative-liberal Russian political party also called Union Of October 17 (Союз 17 Октября) whose program of moderate constitutionalism called for the fulfillment...

State Duma in modern Russia

Main article: State Duma

The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma, common abbreviation: Госдума, Gosduma) in Russia is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia. Under Russia's 1993 constitution, there are 450 deputies of the State Duma (Article 95), each elected to a term of four years (Article 96). One half of the deputies are elected by a system of proportional representation and one half are elected by plurality in single member districts. Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma (Article 97). Emblem commemorating the 100 year anniversary of Russia Dumas Boris Gryzlov, speaker of the Russian State Duma since December 2003 The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госдума (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation... Emblem commemorating the 100 year anniversary of Russia Dumas Boris Gryzlov, speaker of the Russian State Duma since December 2003 The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: Госдума (Gosduma)) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation... A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. ... Federal Assembly of Russia (Федеральное Собрание) is the name of the parliament of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation, 1993. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. ... The Federation Council of Russia (Совет Федерации, Sovet Federatsii) is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament of the Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Latest election

Main article: Russian legislative election, 2003

Legislative elections were held in the Russian Federation on December 7, 2003. ... Vladimir Putin with United Russia emblem in the background United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya, Russian Единая Россия; the more correct translation is Unified Russia) is a political party in Russia which usually labels itself centrist. ... Communist Party supporters attend a May Day rally in Moscow The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Russian: Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации = КПРФ; translit. ... Leader of the party The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (Либерально-Демократическая Партия России, Liberalno-Demokratičeskaja Partija Rossii) is a far right political party in Russia. ... Rodina or Motherland-National Patriotic Union (Rodina - Narodno-Patriotičeskij Sojuz, Партия РОДИНА) is one of the four parties that control seats in the Russian legislature. ... Rodina or Motherland-National Patriotic Union (Rodina - Narodno-Patriotičeskij Sojuz, Партия РОДИНА) is one of the four parties that control seats in the Russian legislature. ... Party of National Revival-Narodnaya Volya (Russian: Партия Национального Возрождения «Народная Воля»), nationalist party created in December of 2001 and led by a veteran Russian nationalist politician Sergey Baburin. ... Yabloko (official title: the Russian Democratic Party Yabloko, in Russian: Российская демократическая партия Яблоко) is a Russian social-liberal party, led by Grigory Yavlinsky. ... The Union of Right Forces, or SPS (Сою́з Пра́вых Сил, СПС/Soyuz Pravykh Sil), is a Russian political party commonly associated with free market reforms, privatization, and the legacy of the Young Reformers of the 1990s: Anatoly Chubais, Boris Nemtsov, and Yegor Gaidar. ... Emblem of Agrarian Party of Russia The Agrarian Party of Russia (Agrarnaya Partiya Rossii, Аграрная Партия России, АПР) is a left-wing agrarian party in Russia. ... The Russian Pensioners Party (Rossijkaja Partija Pensionerov) is a political party in Russia. ... The Party of Russias Rebirth (Partija VozroŽdenija Rossii) is a political party in Russia. ... The Russian Party of Life (Российская партия жизни, Rossiyskaya Partiya Zhizni) is a political party in Russia, led by Sergey Mironov (Speaker of the Federation Council, the upper house of the Russian parliament). ... The Peoples Party of the Russian Federation (Narodnaja Partija Rossijskoj Federacii) is a political party in Russia. ... Unity (Edinenie) is a political party in Russia. ... In politics, an independent is a politician who is not affiliated with any political party. ...

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