County of Dumfries
Geography
Area - Total	Ranked 8th 680,217 acres (2753 km²)
County town	Dumfries
Chapman code	DFS

Dumfriesshire or the County of Dumfries (Siorrachd Dhùn Phris in Gaelic) is a registration county of Scotland. The lieutenancy area of Dumfries has similar boundaries. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Area is the measure of how much exposed area any two dimensional object has. ... This is a list of traditional counties of Scotland ordered by area. ... A county town is the capital of a county in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland. ... The Buccleuch St Bridge Devorgilla Bridge Overlooking Dumfries The Old Bridge House Dumfries ((IPA: ) pronounced dum-freece, not dum-fries) (Dùn Phris or Druim Phris in Scottish Gaelic, meaning either fort or ridge of the thicket respectively) is a former royal burgh and town with a population of around... Chapman codes are largely a superset of the ISO 3166-2:GB and BS 6879 codes identifying administrative divisions in the United Kingdom, Ireland and their surrounding islands, but covering historical divisions. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... A registration county was, in the United Kingdom, a statistical unit used for the output of census information. ... This article is about the country. ... The Lieutenancy areas of Scotland are the areas used for the ceremonial lords-lieutenant, the monarchs representatives, in Scotland. ...

Until 1975 it was a county. Its county town was Dumfries. It bordered Kirkcudbrightshire to the west, Ayrshire to the north-west, Lanarkshire, Peeblesshire and Selkirkshire to the north, and Roxburghshire to the east. To the south was the coast of the Solway Firth, and across the English border Cumberland. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... A county town is the capital of a county in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland. ... The Buccleuch St Bridge Devorgilla Bridge Overlooking Dumfries The Old Bridge House Dumfries ((IPA: ) pronounced dum-freece, not dum-fries) (Dùn Phris or Druim Phris in Scottish Gaelic, meaning either fort or ridge of the thicket respectively) is a former royal burgh and town with a population of around... Kirkcudbrightshire (pronounced Kir-COO-bri-shir, also known as the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright or as East Galloway, and Siorrachd Chille Chuithbheirt in Gaelic) is a traditional county of south-western Scotland, bounded on the north and north-west by Ayrshire, on the west and southwest by Wigtownshire, on the south... Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir in Scottish Gaelic) is a region of south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. ... Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... Peeblesshire (Siorrachd nam Pùballan in Gaelic) is a traditional county in Scotland. ... Selkirkshire or the County of Selkirk is a registration county of Scotland. ... Roxburghshire (Siorrachd Rosbroig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... Map of Solway Firth. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem specific to England — the United Kingdom anthem is God Save the Queen. ... Cumberland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ...

Dumfries had three traditional subdivisions - Annandale, Eskdale and Nithsdale. The name Annandale refers firstly to Annandale, Scotland in the valley of the River Annan. ... Eskdale is a glen in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. ... Nithsdale was formerly (1975-96) a local government district in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland. ...

Today it forms part of the Dumfries and Galloway council area. Dumfries and Galloway (Dùn Phris agus an Gall-Ghaidhealaibh in Gaelic) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. ... The 32 council areas of Scotland form the local government areas of Scotland, all of them unitary authorities. ...

See also

• Dumfriesshire Scottish Parliament constituency
• The former Dumfriesshire constituency of the House of Commons.

Dumfries is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament. ... Dumfriesshire was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708 until 2005. ...

People

Notable people from Dumfriesshire include:

• Thomas Carlyle, essayist
• Henry Duncan, clergyman
• William Jardine, Jardine Matheson founder
• William Paterson, central banker
• Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, engineer and inventor
• Thomas Telford, engineer

The most familiar view of Carlyle is as the bearded sage with a penetrating gaze. ... Henry Duncan (8 October 1774 - 12 February 1846) was a Scottish geologist and a Church of Scotland minister who founded the worlds first commercial savings bank. ... Dr. William Jardine (1784-1843) was a ship surgeon who went into the opium trading business in China, where he became a powerful merchant and was instrumental in starting the First Opium War. ... Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited SGX: J36, LSE: JAR, often called Jardines or Jardines, is a multinational corporation that is incorporated in Bermuda and which trades on the London Stock Exchange and the Singapore Exchange. ... Sir William Paterson. ... The banker Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, just north of Dumfries, was a shareholder in the Carron Company engineering works and an enthusiastic experimenter in ordnance and naval architecture, including double or triple hulled pleasure boats propelled by cranked paddlewheels placed between the hulls. ... Thomas Telford (August 9, 1757 - September 2, 1834) was born in Westerkirk, Scotland. ...

1911 Encyclopaedia entry

Geography

The coastline measures 21 miles (34 km). The county slopes very gradually from the mountainous districts of the Southern Uplands in the north, down to the sea; lofty hills alternating in parts with stretches of tableland or rich fertile holms. At various points within a few miles of the Solway are tracts of moss land, like Craigs Moss, Lochar Moss and Longbridge Moor in the west, and Nutberry Moss in the east, all once under water, but now largely reclaimed. The Southern Uplands is the southernmost of Scotlands three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Belt and the Highlands). ... In geology and earth science, a plateau (alternatively spelt in a false French spelling plâteau, the real spelling in French being plateau) is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat open country if the uplift was recent in geologic history. ... Holm may refer to several villages in Romania: Holm, a village in the town of Podu Iloaiei, Iaşi County Holm, a village in Pânceşti Commune, Neamţ County Holm may also refer to: Holm, a small residential area in the south of the city of Inverness, Scotland Category... Map of Solway Firth. ...

The principal mountains occur near the northern boundaries, the highest being White Coomb (2695 ft.), Hart Fell (2651), Saddle Yoke (2412), Swatte Fell (2389), Lowther Hills (2377), Queensberry (2285) — which gives his secondary title to the duke of Buccleuch and the title of marquess to a branch of the house of Douglas – and Ettrick Pen (2269). The three longest rivers are the Nith, the Annan and the Esk, the basins of which form the great dales by which the county is cleft from north to south — Nithsdale, Annandale and Eskdale. Queensberry is a hill at the southern end of the Lowther Hills in southern Scotland. ... The title of Duke of Buccleuch (IPA ) was created in the Peerage of Scotland on 20 April 1663 for the Duke of Monmouth, eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England, who had married Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch. ... There are at least two rivers named Nith: One is in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland and passes through the town of Sanquhar. ... The River Annan flows from Moffat, in South West Scotland, past the town of Lockerbie, and to the sea in the fishing town of Annan. ... The River Esk is a river in Dumfriesshire, Scotland that flows into the Solway Firth. ... Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ... Nithsdale was formerly (1975-96) a local government district in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland. ... Annandale is a region in the south of Scotland. ... Eskdale is a glen in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. ...

From the point where it enters Dumfriesshire, 16 mi. from its source near Enoch Hill in Ayrshire, the course of the Nith is mainly south-easterly until it enters the Solway, a few miles below Dumfries. Its total length is 65 mi., and its chief affluents are, on the right, the Kello, Euchan, Scar, Cluden and River Cargen, Cargen, and — on the left — the Crawick, Carron and Campie. There are a number of places in Scotland named Carron: Rivers: River Carron (Forth) - in Central Scotland River Carron, Wester Ross River Carron, Sutherland Carron Water, Aberdeenshire - flows into the North Sea in Stonehaven Carron Water, Dumfriesshire - flows into the River Nith near Thornhill Settlements: Carron, Speyside - a small village...

The Annan rises near the Devil's Beef Tub, a remarkable chasm in the far north, and after flowing about 40 mi (65 km), mainly in a southerly course, it enters the Solway at Barnkirk headland. It receives, on the right, the Kinnel (reinforced by the Ae), and — on the left — the Moffat, the Dryfe and the Milk. The Devils Beef Tub and the monument to John Hunter The Devils Beef Tub is a deep, dramatic hollow in the hills north of the Scottish town of Moffat. ... The bay at San Sebastián, Spain A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. ... The Water of Ae is a tributary of the River Annan which it flows into west of Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway, South West Scotland. ...

From the confluence of the White Esk (rising near Ettrick Pen) and the Black Esk (rising near Jocks Shoulder, 1754 ft.) the Esk flows in a gradually south-easterly direction until it crosses the Border, whence it sweeps to the S.W. through the extreme north-western territory of Cumberland and falls into the Solway. Of its total course of 42 mi (78 km), 12 mi (20 km) belong to the White Esk, 20 mi (32 km) are of the Esk proper on Scottish soil and 10 mi (16 km) are of the stream in its English course. On the right the Wauchope is the chief affluent, and on the left it receives the Megget, Ewes, Tarras and Line — the last being an English tributary. The River Esk is a river in Dumfriesshire, Scotland that flows into the Solway Firth. ... The River Esk is a river in Dumfriesshire, Scotland that flows into the Solway Firth. ... An editor requests that a map be made for use in this article. ...

Other rivers are the Lochar (18 mi), the Kirtle (17 mi) and the Sark (12 mi), all flowing into the Solway. For one mile of its course the Esk, and for 7 mi of its course the Sark, form the boundaries between Dumfriesshire and Cumberland. Disambiguation: for other meanings, please see Sark (disambiguation) The River Sark or Sark Water is a river best known for forming part of the western border between Scotland and England. ...

Loch Skeen in the north (1750 ft or 533 m above the sea), the group of lochs around Lochmaben, and Loch Trool in the west, only part of which belongs to Dumfriesshire, are the principal lakes. There are few glens so named in the shire, but the passes of Dalveen, Enterkin and Menock, leading up from Nithsdale to the Lowther and other hills, yield to few glens in Scotland in the wild grandeur of their scenery. For part of the way Enterkin Pass runs between mountains rising sheer from the burn to a height of nearly 2000 ft. Loch Skene finds an outlet in Tail Burn, the water of which at a short distance from the lake leaps from a height of 200 ft in a fine waterfall, known as the Grey Mare's Tail. A much smaller but picturesque fall of the same name, also known as Crichope Linn, occurs on the Crichope near Thornhill. Mineral waters are found at Moffat, Hartfell Spa, some three miles farther north, Closeburn and Brow on the Solway. Lochmaben is a small town in Scotland, United Kingdom. ... Loch Trool is a body of water in Galloway, south-west Scotland lying in the valley of Glen Trool. ... Look up glen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Grey Mares Tail beneath Loch Skeen Grey Mares Tail is a 200-foot hanging valley waterfall near to Moffat in southern Scotland. ... Crichope Linn is a gorge and waterfall near Gatelawbridge in Dumfries and Galloway, Southern Scotland. ... Thornhill is a town in the region of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, south of Sanquhar and north of Dumfries. ... Moffat is a burgh and former spa town in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, lying on the River Annan. ...

Geology

The greater portion of the county of Dumfries belongs to the Silurian tableland of the south of Scotland which contains representatives of all the divisions of that system from the Arenig to the Ludlow rocks. In geology, the Arenig group is the name applied to the lowest stage of the Ordovician System. ...

By far the largest area is occupied by strata of Tarannon and Llandovery age which cover a belt of country from 20 to 25 mi across from Drumlanrig Castle in the north to Torthorwald in the south. Consisting of massive grits, sometimes conglomeratic, greywackes, flags and shales, these beds are repeated by innumerable folds frequently inverted, striking northeast and southwest and usually dipping towards the northwest. In the midst of this belt there are lenticular bands of older strata of Arenig, Llandeilo, Caradoc and Llandovery age composed of fine sediments such as cherts, black and grey shales, white clays and flags, which come to the surface along anticlinal folds and yield abundant graptolites characteristic of these divisions. Drumlanrig Castle is a large castle in the Southwest of Scotland, near to Thornhill, in Dumfries and Galloway. ... Greywacke (German grauwacke, signifying a grey, earthy rock) is a variety of sandstone generally characterized by its hardness, dark color, and poorly-sorted, angular grains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments set in a compact, clay-fine matrix. ...

These black shale bands are typically developed in Moffatdale; indeed the three typical sections chosen by Professor Lapworth to illustrate his three great groups

(1) the Glenkill shales (Upper Llandeilo),

(2) the Hartfell shales (Caradoc),

(3) Birkhill shales (Lower Llandovery) occur respectively in the Glenkill Burn north of Kirkmichael, on Hartfell and in Dobbs Linn near St Mary's Loch in the basin of the river Annan.

In the extreme northwest of the county between Drumlanrig Castle and Dalveen Pass in the S. and the Spango and Kello Waters on the north, there is a broad development of Arenig, Liandeilo and Caradoc strata, represented by Radiolarian cherts, black shales, grits, conglomerates, greywackes and shales which rise from underneath the central Tarannon belt and are repeated by innumerable folds, in the cores of the arches of Arenig cherts there are diabase lavas, tuffs and agglomerates which are typically represented on Bail Hill east of Kirkconnel. Along the southern margin of the Tarannon belt, the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks follow in normal order, the boundary between the two being defined by a line extending from the head of the Ewes Water in Eskdale, southwest by Lockerbie to Mouswald. These consist of greywackes, flags and shales with bands of dark graptolite shales, the finer sediments being often well cleaved. They are likewise repeated by inverted folds, the axial planes being usually inclined to the southeast. The Silurian tableland in the northwest of the county is pierced by intrusive igneous rocks in the form of dikes and bosses, which are regarded as of Lower Old Red Sandstone age. Of these, the granite mass of Spango Water, northeast of Kirkconnel, is an excellent example. Along the northwest margin of the county, on the north side of the fault bounding the Silurian tableland, the Lower Old Red Sandstone occurs, where it consists of sandstones and conglomerates associated with contemporaneous volcanic rocks. The Upper Old Red Sandstone forms a narrow strip on the south side of the Silurian tableland, resting uncomfortably on the Silurian rocks and passing upwards into the Carboniferous formation. It stretches from the county boundary east of the Ewes Water, southwest by Langholm to Birrenswark. Along this line these Upper Red sandstones and shales are overlaid by a thin zone of volcanic rocks which point to contemporaneous volcanic action in this region at the beginning of the Carboniferous period. Some of the vents from which these igneous materials may have been discharged are found along the watershed between Liddesdale and Teviotdale in Roxburghshire. Kirkmichael is a village in South Ayrshire (KA19) in south west Scotland, located between Patna, Maybole and Straiton, that hosts a widely attended guitar festival for one weekend each spring. ... St Marys Loch is the largest natural loch in the Scottish Borders Region and is situated on the A708 motorway about 72km south of Edinburgh. ... Classes Polycystinea Acantharea Sticholonchea Radiolarians (also radiolaria) are amoeboid protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. ... Kirkconnel A small parish and town in Southwestern Scotland. ... Lockerbie Town Hall, 2006. ... The Old Red Sandstone is a rock formation of considerable importance to early paleontology. ... Langholm and the River Esk, showing Langholm Bridge Langholm, also known as the Muckle Toon, is a burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, on the River Esk and the A7 road. ...

The strata of Carboniferous age are found in three areas:

(1) between Sanquhar and Kirkconnel,

(2) at Closeburn near Thornhill,

(3) in the district between Liddesdale and Ruthwell.

In the first two instances (Sanquhar and Thornhill) the Carboniferous sediments lie in hollows worn out of the old Silurian tableland. In the Sanquhar basin the strata belong to the Coal Measures, and include several valuable coal-seams which are probably the southern prolongations of the members of this division in Ayrshire. At the S.E. limit of the Sanquhar Coalfield there are patches of the Carboniferous Limestone series, but towards the N. these are overlapped by the Coal Measures which thus rest directly on the Silurian platform. At Closeburn and Barjarg there are beds of marine limestone, associated with sandstones and shales which probably represent marine bands in the Carboniferous Limestone series. Sanquhar is a town in the south of Scotland in Dumfries and Galloway, on the River Nith. ...

The most important development of Carboniferous strata occurs between Liddesdale and Ruthwell. In the valleys of the Liddel and the Esk the following zones are represented, which are given in ascending order:

(1) The Whita Sandstone,

(2) the Cementstone group,

(3) the Fell Sandstones,

(4) the Glencartholm volcanic group,

(5) Marine limestone group with Coal-seams,

(6) Millstone Grit,

(7) Rowanburn coal group,

(8) Byreburn coal group,

(9) Red Sandstones of Canonbie yielding plants characteristic of the Upper Coal Measures.

The coal seams of the Rowanburn field have been chiefly wrought, and in view of their exhaustion bores have been sunk to prove the coals beneath the red sandstone of upper Carboniferous age. From a palaeontological point of view the Glencartholm volcanic zone is of special interest, as the calcareous shale associated with the tuffs has yielded a large number of new species of fishes, decapod crustaceans, phyllopods and scorpions. The Triassic rocks rest uncomfortably on all older formations within the county. In the tract along the Solway Firth they repose on the folded and eroded edges of the Carboniferous strata, and when traced westwards to the Dumfries basin they rest directly on the Silurian platform. They occur in five areas:-1... Gritstone is a sedimentary rock composed of coarse sand grains and is a coarser version of sandstone. ...

(1) between Annan and the mouth of the Esk,

(2) the Dumfries basin,

(3) the Thornhill basin,

(4) at Lochmaben and Corncockle Moor,

(5) at Moffat.

The strata consist of breccias, falsebedded sandstones and mans, the sandstones being extensively quarried for building purposes. In the sandstones of Corncockle Moor reptilian footprints have been obtained. In the Thornhill basin there is a thin zone of volcanic rocks at the base of this series which are evidently on-the horizon of the lavas beneath the Mauchline sandstones in Ayrshire. In the Sanquhar basin there are small outliers of lavas probably of this age and several vents filled with agglomerate from which these igneous materials in the Thornhill basin may have been derived. There are several striking examples of basalt dikes of Tertiary age, one having been traced from the Lead Hills south-east by Moffat, across Eskdalemuir to the English border. Eskdalemuir (moor of the valley of the River Esk) is a rural district and small village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. ...

Climate and industries

The climate is mild, with a mean yearly temperature of 48 °F (January, 38.5 °F; July, 59.5 °F), and the average annual rainfall is 53 in. Towards the middle of the 18th century farmers began to raise stock for the south, and a hundred years later 20,000 head of heavy cattle were sent annually to the English markets. The Galloways, which were the breed in vogue at first, have been to a large extent replaced by shorthorns and Ayrshire dairy cattle. Sheep breeding, of later origin, has attained to remarkable dimensions, the walks in the higher hilly country being given over to Cheviots, and the richer pasture of the low-lying farms being reserved for half-bred lambs, a cross of Cheviots and Leicesters or other long-woolled rams. Pig-feeding, once important, has declined before the imports of bacon from foreign countries. Horse breeding is pursued on a considerable scale. Grain crops, of which oats are the principal, show a downward tendency. Arable farms range from 100 acres to 300 acres (0.4 to 1.2 km²), and pastoral from 300 to 3000 acres (1.2 to 12 km²). (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Galloway is one of the worlds longest established breeds of beef cattle, named after the Galloway region of Scotland, where it originated. ... Ayrshire Cow The Ayrshire cattle is a breed of dairy cattle originated from Ayrshire in Scotland. ... Species See text. ... The Cheviot is a breed of white faced sheep which gets its name from a range of hills in the Scottish Borders. ... Binomial name Avena sativa Carolus Linnaeus (1753) The Oat (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain, and the seeds of this plant. ...

In general the manufactures are only of local importance and mostly confined to Dumfries and a few of the larger towns. Langholm is famous for its tweeds; breweries and distilleries are found at Annan, Sanquhar and elsewhere; some shipping is carried on at Annan and Dumfries; and the salmon fisheries of the Nith and Annan and the Solway Firth are of value. Tweed is a type of fabric using the twill weave. ...

Communications

The Glasgow & South Western Railway from Glasgow to Carlisle runs through Nithsdale, practically following the course of the river, and lower Annandale to the Border. The Caledonian Railway runs through Annandale, throwing off at Beattock a small branch to Moffat, at Lockerbie a cross-country line to Dumfries, and at Kirtlebridge a line that ultimately crosses the Solway to Bowness. From Dumfries westwards there is communication with Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright, Newton Stewart, Stranraer and Portpatrick. Until 1967 the North British Railway sent a short line to Langholm (via Canonbie and Gilnockie) from Riddings Junction in Cumberland, giving access to Carlisle and, by the Waverley route, to Edinburgh. The last passenger train ran on the Langholm spur line on 26 March 1967, the last freight service on 17 September in the same year, and the lines were lifted shortly thereafter. “Glaswegian” redirects here. ... , Carlisle is a city in the far north-west of England, and is the largest urban area in Cumbria. ... The Caledonian Railway was a Scottish railway company which was grouped into the London Midland and Scottish Railway by the Railways Act 1921 in 1923. ... The village of Beattock is located in the southern lowlands of Scotland, and lies within the administrative area of Dumfries and Galloway. ... See also Windermere, Florida and Windermere, Seattle, Washington. ... For the castle in South Lanarkshire, see Douglas Castle Castle Douglas (Gd: Caisteal Dhùghlais), a town in the south of Scotland in Dumfries and Galloway, lies in the eastern part of Galloway known as the Stewartry, between the towns of Dalbeattie and Gatehouse of Fleet. ... Location within the British Isles. ... , Newton Stewart (Gd: Baile Ur nan Stiùbhartach) is a burgh in Wigtown (formerly the county of Wigtownshire), Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, on the River Cree. ... Stranraer (An t-Sròn Reamhar in Gaelic) is a town in the south of Scotland in the west of the region of Dumfries and Galloway and in the county of Wigtownshire. ... Hanging on to the extreme south-westerly tip of mainland Scotland, cut into a cleft in steep cliffs, is the village of Portpatrick. ... The North British Railway was a Scottish railway company that was absorbed into the London and North Eastern Railway at the grouping in 1923. ... Langholm and the River Esk, showing Langholm Bridge Langholm, also known as the Muckle Toon, is a burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, on the River Esk and the A7 road. ... The Waverley Route is an abandoned railway line that ran south from Edinburgh in Scotland, through Midlothian and the Scottish Borders to Carlisle in England. ... , Edinburgh (() pronounced ; Scottish Gaelic: ) is the capital of Scotland and its second largest city. ...

There is also coach service between various points, as from Dumfries to New Abbey and Dalbeattie, and from Langholm to Eskdalemuir. Dalbeattie is a town in Dumfries and Galloway (formerly Kirkudbrightshire), Scotland, situated in a wooded valley on the Urr Water five miles east of Castle Douglas. ...

Population and government

The population in 1891 was 74,245, and in 1901, 72,371, when there were 176 persons who spoke Gaelic and English.

The chief towns are:

• Annan (pop. in 1901, 4,309 pop. in 1951 4,631),
• Dumfries (pop. in 1901, 14,440, pop. in 1951 26,322),
• Langholm (pop. in 1901, 3,142, pop. in 1951 2,404),
• Lockerbie (pop. in 1901, 2,358, pop. in 1951 2,621),
• Moffat (pop. in 1901, 2,530, pop. in 1951 2,114).

The county returns one member to parliament. Dumfries, the county town, Annan, Lochmaben and Sanquhar are royal burghs; Dumfries forms a sheriffdom with the shires of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown, and there is a resident sheriff-substitute at Dumfries, who sits also at Annan, Langholm and Lockerbie. The shire is under school-board jurisdiction, and some of the public schools earn grants for higher education. The county council and most of the borough councils give the bulk of the residue grant to the county besides assisting building schemes, to subsidise high schools, to provide bursaries and apparatus, and to carry on science and technical classes, embracing agriculture, dairying (at Kilmarnock Dairy school) and practical chemistry. There are academies at Dumfries, Annan, Moffat and other centres. The town of Annan stands on the River Annan in the region of Dumfries and Galloway on the Solway Firth in the south of Scotland. ... The Buccleuch St Bridge Devorgilla Bridge Overlooking Dumfries The Old Bridge House Dumfries ((IPA: ) pronounced dum-freece, not dum-fries) (Dùn Phris or Druim Phris in Scottish Gaelic, meaning either fort or ridge of the thicket respectively) is a former royal burgh and town with a population of around... Langholm and the River Esk, showing Langholm Bridge Langholm, also known as the Muckle Toon, is a burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, on the River Esk and the A7 road. ... Lockerbie Town Hall, 2006. ... Moffat is a burgh and former spa town in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, lying on the River Annan. ... A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ...

History

Archaeological remains from the neolithic and bronze age include stone circles (as in Dunscore and Eskdalemuir), tumuli and cairns (Closeburn), and sculptured stones (Dornock). A number of bank barrows and cursus have recently been discovered. Eskdalemuir (moor of the valley of the River Esk) is a rural district and small village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. ... A tumulus (plural tumuli, from the Latin word for mound or small hill, from the root to bulge, swell also found in ) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. ... For the magazine see Cairn Magazine. ...

The British tribe which inhabited this part of Scotland was called by the Romans Selgovae. They have left many signs of their presence, such as hill forts and camps (Dryfesdale). The country around Moffat especially is rich in remains. The Selgovae were a Brythonic tribe in Scotland, inhabiting roughly the central Borders area. ...

There are traces of the Roman roads which ran by Dalveen Pass into Clydesdale and up the Annan to Tweeddale, and at Birrens is one of the best preserved examples of a Roman camp. Roman altars, urns and coins are found in many places.

After the withdrawal of Roman power from Britain, the situation in Dumfries is not clear. The Selgovae were pressured by the power of Strathclyde, by Scots from Ireland, and the Angles from Northumberland. There is little writing preserved from this time, and that which did is ecclesiastical in nature. Archaeology, although rich on the ground, has rarely been investigated, and place names, used as an indication of influence, are still argued over by academics.

In the parish church of Ruthwell (pron. Rivvel: the rood, or cross, well) is preserved an ancient Anglo-Saxon cross which tells in Runic characters the story of the Crucifixion. The Saxon conquest of Dumfriesshire does not seem to have been thorough in the West, the people of Nithsdale and elsewhere maintaining some Celtic institutions up to the time of David I, although this is not certain. Ruthwell is a village and parish on the Solway Firth between Dumfries and Annan in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. ... One or more images would improve this articles quality. ... For other uses, see Rune (disambiguation). ... Crucifixion is an ancient method of execution, where the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross and left to hang until dead. ... King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I the Saint) (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). ...

As a Border county Dumfriesshire was the scene of stirring deeds at various epochs, especially in the days of Robert Bruce. Edward I besieged Caerlaverock Castle, and the factions of Bruce (who was lord of Annandale), John Comyn and John Baliol were at constant feud. The Border clans, as haughty and hot-headed as the Gaels farther north, were always at strife. There is record of a bloody fight in Dryfesdale in 1593, when the Johnstones slew 700 Maxwells, and, overtaking the fugitives at Lockerbie, there massacred most of the remnant. These factions embroiled the dalesmen until the 18th century. The highlands of the shire afforded retreat to the persecuted Covenanters, who, at Sanquhar, published in 1680 their declaration against the king, anticipating the principles of the glorious Revolution by several years. Prince Charles Edward’s ambition left the shire comparatively untouched, for the Jacobite sentiment made little appeal to the people. Robert I, King of Scots (Mediaeval Gaelic:Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; 11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce, was King of Scotland from 1306 until his death in 1329. ... Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as Longshanks[1], also as Edward the Lawgiver because of his legal reforms, and as Hammer of the Scots,[2] achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who tried to do the same to Scotland. ... Caerlaverock Castle. ... John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, nicknamed the Red Comyn, (died 10 February 1306) was a Scottish patriot and royal Competitor. ... John Balliol, the son of Devorguilla Balliol and John, 5th Baron de Balliol, was the king of Scotland from November 17, 1292-1296. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... James VI of Scotland (James I of England) was opposed by the Covenanters in his attempt to bring the Anglican Church into Scotland The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century. ... The Revolution of 1688, commonly known as the Glorious Revolution, was the overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). ... Charles Edward Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), known in Scots Gaelic as Teàrlach Eideard Stiùbhairt, was the exiled claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and was commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. ... Charles Edward Stuart, Bonnie Prince Charlie, wearing the Jacobite blue bonnet Jacobitism was (and, to a very limited extent, remains) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland. ...

Dumfriesshire is inseparably connected with the name of Robert Burns, who farmed at Ellisland on the Nith for three years, and spent the last five years of his life at Dumfries. Thomas Carlyle was born at Ecclefechan, in a house still standing, and was buried beside his parents in the kirkyard of the old Secession church (now the United Free). His farm of Craigenputtock was left to Edinburgh University in order to found the John Welsh bursaries in classics and mathematics. Robert Burns, foremost Scottish poet Robert Burns (January 25, 1759 – July 21, 1796) was a poet and a lyricist. ... Craigenputtock is a craig or whinstone hill of the puttocks (small hawks), a high moorland farm on the watershed between Dumfriesshire and Galloway, 10 miles from Dumfries. ... The University of Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: ), founded in 1582,[4] is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ...

Folk history suggests that at Holywood, near Dumfries, there stand the relic of the grove of sacred oaks from which the place derived its name, and a stone circle known locally as the Twelve Apostles.

See

• W. M'Dowall, History of the Burgh of Dumfries (Edinburgh, 1887);
• Sir Herbert Maxwell, Dumfries and Galloway (Edinburgh and London, 1897);
• J. Macdonald and J. Barbour, Birrens and its Antiquities (Dumfries, 1897);
• Sir William Fraser, The Book of Carlaverock (Edinburgh, 1873); The Douglas Book (Edinburgh, 1885);
• The Annandale Book (Edinburgh, 1894);
• G. Neilson, Annandale under the Bruces (Annan, 1887);
• C. T. Ramage, Drumlanrig Castle and the Douglases (Dumfnies, 1876).

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

• Dalveen Pass

v • d • e Counties of Scotland

Subdivisions created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 Aberdeenshire • Angus • Argyll • Ayrshire • Banffshire • Berwickshire • Bute • Caithness • Clackmannanshire • Dumfriesshire • Dunbartonshire • East Lothian • Fife • Inverness-shire • Kincardineshire • Kinross-shire • Kirkcudbrightshire • Lanarkshire • Midlothian • Moray • Nairnshire • Orkney • Peeblesshire • Perthshire • Renfrewshire • Ross and Cromarty • Roxburghshire • Selkirkshire • Shetland • Stirlingshire • Sutherland • West Lothian • Wigtownshire This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is about the country. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Scotland. ... The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1888 (52 & 53 Vict. ... The historic county of Aberdeenshire (Siorrachd Obar Dheathain in Gaelic) was until 1975 a county of Scotland. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 10th  - Total 2,182 km²  - % Water  ? Admin HQ Forfar ISO 3166-2 GB-ANS ONS code 00QC Demographics Population Ranked 19th  - Total (2005) 109,170  - Density 50 / km² Scottish Gaelic  - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics Angus Council http://www. ... Argyll, archaically Argyle (Airthir-Ghaidheal in Gaelic, translated as [the] East Gael, or [the] East Irish), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a traditional county of Scotland. ... Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir in Scottish Gaelic) is a region of south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. ... Banffshire (Siorrachd Bhanbh in Gaelic) is a small traditional county in the north of Scotland. ... Berwickshire (Siorrachd Bhearaig in Gaelic) is a committee area of the Scottish Borders Council and a Lieutenancy area of Scotland, on the border with England. ... The County of Bute (Siorrachd Bhòid in Gaelic), commonly also known as Buteshire, is one of the registration counties of Scotland. ... Caithness (Gallaibh in Gaelic)[1] is a committee area of Highland Council, Scotland; a lieutenancy area; and a registration county, Caithness was formerly a district within the Highland region from 1975 to 1996 and a local government county with its own county council from 1890 to 1975. ... Look Aboot Ye Clackmannanshire (Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn in Gaelic) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area, bordering Perth and Kinross, Stirling and Fife. ... Dunbartonshire is one of the Traditional counties of Scotland, in that part of the country formerly called Lennox (which was a title of nobility). ... East Lothian (Lodainn an Ear in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. ... This article is about the area in Scotland. ... Inverness-shire (Siorrachd Inbhir Nis in Gaelic) is one of the traditional counties of Scotland. ... Kincardineshire, also known as The Mearns (from A Mhaoirne meaning The Stewartry) is a traditional county on the coast of Northeast Scotland. ... Kinross-shire was a county of Scotland. ... Kirkcudbrightshire (pronounced Kir-COO-bri-shir, also known as the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright or as East Galloway, and Siorrachd Chille Chuithbheirt in Gaelic) is a traditional county of south-western Scotland, bounded on the north and north-west by Ayrshire, on the west and southwest by Wigtownshire, on the south... Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... The central portions of the old province of Lothian in Scotland, centred around Edinburgh, became known as Midlothian, Scotland. ... Moray, or the anglified Morayshire or Elginshire (Mhoireibh in Gaelic) was a county of Scotland, bordering the former Nairnshire to the west, Inverness-shire to the south, and Banffshire to the east. ... Nairnshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Narann in Gaelic) is a small traditional county of Scotland, centred around Nairn, the traditional county town. ... The Orkney Islands, usually called simply Orkney, are one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Peeblesshire (Siorrachd nam Pùballan in Gaelic) is a traditional county in Scotland. ... Perthshire (Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) was a county in central Scotland, which extended from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... Renfrewshire was a county of Scotland until their abolition in 1975. ... Ross and Cromarty: administrative county (1889-1975) Image:RossCromDistrict. ... Roxburghshire (Siorrachd Rosbroig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... Selkirkshire or the County of Selkirk is a registration county of Scotland. ... The Shetland Islands, also called Shetland (archaically spelled Zetland) formerly called Hjaltland, comprise one of 32 council areas of Scotland. ... Stirlingshire (Siorrachd Sruighlea in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland, based around Stirling, the traditional county town. ... Sutherland (Cataibh in Gaelic) is a committee area of the Highland Council, Scotland, a registration county, and a lieutenancy area. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 20th  - Total 427 km²  - % Water  ? Admin HQ Livingston ISO 3166-2 GB-WLN ONS code 00RH Demographics Population Ranked 10th  - Total (2005) 163,780  - Density 384 / km² Politics West Lothian Council http://www. ... Wigtownshire is a small traditional county in the south west of Scotland. ...

Coordinates: 55°10′N, 3°30′W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...