The dura mater (from the Latin "hard mother"), or pachymeninx, is the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The other two meninges are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura mater envelops and protects the brain and spinal cord. Around the spinal cord it forms a loose fitting sleeve called the "Dural sheath" which extends past the spinal cord (which end at L2 = second lumbar vertebra) to about the S2 (second sacreal vertebra). The meninges (singular meninx) are the system of membranes that contain the central nervous system. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the higher, supervisory center of the nervous system. ... The pia mater (Latin: tender mother, itself a translation from Arabic) is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges - the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. ... The Arachnoid mater is one of the three layers of the meninges, interposed between the dura mater and the pia mater and separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. ... Jump to: navigation, search The spinal cord is a part of the vertebrate nervous system that is enclosed in and protected by the vertebral column (it passes through the spinal canal). ...

The dura mater has two layers: a deep layer and a superficial layer that is actually the skull’s inner periosteum, the membrane that lines bone. Between the layers, blood vessels exist, which, if torn, can result in bleeding that raises intracranial pressure and puts pressure on the brain (Vinas and Pilistis, 2004). The periosteum is an envelope of fibrous connective tissue that is wrapped around the bone in all places except at joints (which are protected by cartilage). ... Jump to: navigation, search Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ... The arterial system The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... Intracranial pressure is the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid within the central nervous system. ...

The inner layer of the dura extends inward to form folds called dural reflections. One of these, the tentorium cerebelli, exists between and separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, or supratentorial space (Shepherd, 2004). Another dural reflection, the falx cerebri, which separates the two hemispheres of the brain, is located in the longitudinal cerebral fissure between the hemispheres (Williams et al, 2002). When pressure becomes too high in the brain, herniation can occur, in which the brain squeezes by the tentorium or the falx cerebri, and it may be injured by the edges of the structures. The tentorium cerebelli (Latin: tent of the cerebellum) is an extension of the dura mater that seperates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. ... Figure 1a: A human brain, with the cerebellum in purple. ... The brain stem is the stalk of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres. ... The occipital lobes are the visual processing center of mammalian brains. ... For other articles about other subjects named brain see brain (disambiguation). ... The falx cerebri (Latin: scythe of the brain) is an extension of the protective dura mater that projects into the longitudinal fissure that seperates the two cerebral hemispheres. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

A subdural hematoma occurs when there is an abnormal collection of blood between the dura and the arachnoid, usually as a result of torn veins in a case of head injury. An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the inner surface of the skull, and is usually due to arterial bleeding. A subdural hematoma, also called a subdural hemorrhage, is a collection of blood between the dura (the outer protective covering of the brain) and the arachnoid (the middle layer of the meninges). ... Jump to: navigation, search In biology, a vein is a blood vessel which returns blood from the microvasculature to the heart. ... Head injury is a trauma to the head, that may or may not include injury to the brain (see also brain injury). ... Nontraumatic epidural hematoma in a young woman. ... Section of an artery An artery or arterial is also a class of highway. ...

References

1. Shepherd S. 2004. "Head Trauma." Emedicine.com.
2. Vinas FC and Pilitsis J. 2004. "Penetrating Head Trauma." Emedicine.com.
3. Williams TH, Gluhbegovic N, Jew JY. 2002. "The Human Brain: Chapter 2: The Meninges and Blood Vessels of the Brain". University of Iowa.

daniel Jump to: navigation, search Daniel (דָּנִיֵּאל, Standard Hebrew Daniyyel, Tiberian Hebrew Dāniyyêl) is the name of at least three people from the Bible. ...