Durian
Durio kutejensis fruits, also known as durian merah
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae (Bombacaceae) Genus: Durio L.
Species
There are currently 30 recognised species (see text) The name Durian is on the name list for the western north Pacific and has been used for two tropical cyclones since the name list was introduced in 2000. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families Malvaceae (mallows,...) Dipterocarpaceae Sarcolaenaceae Cistaceae Muntingiaceae Bixaceae Diegodendraceae Cochlospermaceae Sphaerosepalaceae Thymelaeaceae Neuradaceae The Malvales are an order of flowering plants, mostly comprised of shrubs and trees. ... Subfamilies Bombacoideae Brownlowioideae Byttnerioideae Dombeyoideae Grewioideae Helicteroideae Malvoideae Sterculioideae Tilioideae Malvaceae is family of flowering plants containing Malva, the mallow genus, and its relatives. ... Adansonia – Baobab Bombax – Silk_cotton tree Ceiba – Kapok Durio – Durian Ochroma – Balsa The Bombacaceae is a family of tropical trees in the order Malvales, closely related to the mallow family (Malvaceae), and often included in it, being distinguishable from that family only by the smooth pollen, and larger mature tree stature. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...

The durian (IPA: [ˈdʊəriən, -ɑn])^[1] is the fruit of trees of the genus Durio belonging to the Malvaceae, a large family which includes hibiscus, okra, cotton, mallows and linden trees. Widely known and revered in Southeast Asia as the "King of Fruits", the fruit is distinctive for its large size, unique odour, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long and 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter, and typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb). Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on the species. For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Subfamilies Bombacoideae Brownlowioideae Byttnerioideae Dombeyoideae Grewioideae Helicteroideae Malvoideae Sterculioideae Tilioideae Malvaceae is family of flowering plants containing Malva, the mallow genus, and its relatives. ... For other uses, see Hibiscus (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (L.) Moench Okra (American English: , British English ), also known as ladys finger[1], bhindi (Hindustani) and gumbo, is a flowering plant in the mallow family (along with such species as cotton and cocoa) valued for its edible green fruits. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Mallow is the common name of several closely related genera of plant in the family Malvaceae: Abelmoschus Althaea – Marsh mallow Callirhoe – Poppy mallow Kosteletzkya – Seashore mallow Lavatera – Tree mallow or rose mallow Malacothamnus – Santa Cruz Island Bush-mallow Malva – Mallow Malvaviscus – Turks cap mallow Sidalcea – Greek mallow Sphaeralcea – Globemallow... Species About 30; see text A lime-lined avenue in Alexandra Park, London Tilia leaf Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Aroma redirects here. ... The term husk is mostly used to refer to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn) as it grows on the plant. ...

The hard outer husk is covered with sharp, prickly thorns while the edible flesh within emits a distinctive odour, which is regarded as either fragrant or overpowering and offensive. The odour of the ripe fruit is strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact. Due to the unusual odour, the durian is forbidden from certain establishments such as hotels as well as public transportation in Southeast Asia. The odour has prompted many people to formulate evocative descriptions with views ranging from those of deep appreciation to intense disgust. Raised thorns on the stem of the wait-a-bit climber Prickles on rose stems Thorns of the Ocotillo A spine is a rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure on an animal, shell, or plant, presumably serving as a defense against attack by predators. ...

The durian, native to Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia, has been known to the western world for about 600 years. The British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace famously described its flesh as "a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds" in the 19th century. The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness and is used to flavour a wide variety of savoury and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked. The name durian comes from the Malay/Indonesian word duri (thorn) with suffix -an which forms an adjective. So, durian means thorny or thorny fruit. Durian also known as duren (read: doo-rent) in Indonesian daily use. Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... For the Cornish painter, see Alfred Wallis. ... Not to be confused with the Malayalam language, spoken in India. ... Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Indonesias independence in 1945, following the 1928 unifying language declaration in the Indonesian Youth Pledge. ... Look up Suffix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market; other species are sold in their local regions. There are hundreds of durian cultivars; most of them have a common name and a code number starting with "D". Many consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market. This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

Species

Durian tree, compared to human height

Durian trees are relatively large, growing to 25–50 metres (80–165 ft) in height depending on the species.^[2] The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to oblong and 10–18 centimetres (4–7 in) long. The flowers are produced in three to thirty clusters together on large branches and directly on the trunk with each flower having a calyx (sepals) and five (rarely four or six) petals. Durian trees have one or two flowering and fruiting periods per year, though the timing varies depending on the species, cultivars, and localities. A typical durian tree can bear fruit after four or five years. The durian fruit can hang from any branch and matures roughly three months after pollination. The fruit can grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long and 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter, and typically weighs one to three kilograms (2 to 7 lb).^[2] Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on the species.^[2] Among the thirty known species of Durio, nine of them have been identified as producing edible fruits: D. zibethinus, D. dulcis, D. grandiflorus, D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, D. lowianus, D. macrantha, D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarum.^[3] However, there are many species for which the fruit has never been collected or properly examined, so other species with edible fruit may exist.^[2] Among the thirty known species of Durio, so far nine species have been identified to produce edible fruits. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... This article is about plant types. ... Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ... Carpenter bee with pollen collected from Night-blooming cereus Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (containing the male gametes, sperm) to the plant carpel of flowering plants, the structure that contains the ovule (which in turn houses the female gamete... Lai (Durio kutejensis) is a primary rainforest substorey fruit tree from Borneo. ...

Durian flowers are usually closed during the daytime.

The name durian comes from the Malay word duri (thorn) together with the suffix -an (for building a noun in Malay).^[4][5] D. zibethinus is the only species commercially cultivated on a large scale and available outside of its native region. Since this species is open-pollinated, it shows considerable diversity in fruit colour and odour, size of flesh and seed, and tree phenology. In the species name, zibethinus refers to the Indian civet, Viverra zibetha. There is disagreement regarding whether this name, bestowed by Linnaeus, refers to civets being so fond of the durian that the fruit was used as bait to entrap them, or to the durian smelling like the civet.^[6] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 401 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (685 × 1024 pixels, file size: 258 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 401 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (685 × 1024 pixels, file size: 258 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Not to be confused with the Malayalam language, spoken in India. ... Look up Suffix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Phenology is the study of the times of recurring natural phenomena. ... Genera Chrotogale Cynogale Diplogale Hemigalus Arctogalidia Macrogalidia Paguma Paradoxurus Civettictis Viverra Viverricula Civets are mammals, most of which are species in the family Viverridae. ... Binomial name Viverra zibetha (Linnaeus, 1758) Categories: | | | | ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...

Durian flowers are large and feathery with copious nectar, and give off a heavy, sour and buttery odour. These features are typical of flowers pollinated by certain species of bats that eat nectar and pollen.^[7] According to research conducted in Malaysia in the 1970s, durians were pollinated almost exclusively by cave fruit bats (Eonycteris spelaea).^[2] However, a 1996 study indicated two species, D. grandiflorus and D. oblongus, were pollinated by spiderhunters (Nectariniidae) and another species, D. kutejensis, was pollinated by giant honey bees and birds as well as bats.^[8] Nectar of camellia Nectar, in botany, is a sugar-rich liquid produced by the flowers of plants in order to attract pollinating animals. ... “Chiroptera” redirects here. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... This article is about the sunbird family of birds. ... This article is about the sunbird family of birds. ...

Cultivars

Different cultivars of durian often have distinct colours. D101 (right) has rich yellow flesh, clearly distinguishable from a random variety (left).

Over the centuries, numerous durian cultivars propagated by vegetative clones have arisen in southeast Asia. They used to be grown with mixed results from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but are now propagated by layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different cultivars can be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines.^[2] Durian consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.^[9] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2848 × 2136 pixels, file size: 3 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2848 × 2136 pixels, file size: 3 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... For the cloning of human beings, see human cloning. ... Layering is a technique for plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem is encouraged to grow roots while still attached to the parent plant, and then removed and planted as a new plant. ... Grafted apple tree Malus sp. ... In woodworking, veneer refers to thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3 millimetres (1/8 inch), that are usually glued and pressed onto core panels (typically, wood, particle board or medium density fiberboard) to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and side panels for cabinets, parquet floors and... Grafting is a method of plant propagation by which one woody plant is mechanically attached to another so that the two eventually fuse together. ...

Most cultivars have a common name and a code number starting with "D". For example, some popular clones are Kop (D99 Thai: กบ, kòp), Chanee (D123, Thai: ชะนี, ʨʰániː), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 Thai: ทุเรียนเขียว, tʰúriːan kʰǐːaw), Kan Yao (D158, Thai: ก้านยาว, kâːn jaːw), Mon Thong (D159, Thai: หมอนทอง, mɔ̌ːn tʰɔːŋ), Kradum Thong (Thai: กระดุมทอง, kràdum tʰɔːŋ), and with no common name, D24 and D169. Each cultivar has a distinct taste and odour. More than 200 cultivars of D. zibethinus exist in Thailand. Chanee is the most preferred rootstock due to its resistance to infection by Phytophthora palmivora. Among all the cultivars in Thailand, only four are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Kradum Thong, Mon Thong, and Kan Yao.^[2] There are more than 100 registered cultivars in Malaysia^[10] and many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at the annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture and Agrotourism Show. In Vietnam, the same process has been done through competitions held by the Southern Fruit Research Institute. IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... Classification: Myceteae : Mastigomycota : Diplomastigomycotina : Oomycetes : Peronosporales : Pythiaceae : Phytophthora Synonyms: Phytophthora arecae (L.C. Coleman) Pethybr. ...

In recent times, Songpol Somsri, a Thai government scientist, crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No. 1, a cultivar without the characteristic odour, which is awaiting final approval from the local Ministry of Agriculture.^[11] Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport and satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour.^[11]

Cultivation and availability

Durio kutejensis from West Kalimantan, Indonesia

The durian is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. There is some debate as to whether the durian is native to the Philippines, or was introduced.^[2] The durian is grown in other areas with a similar climate; it is strictly tropical and stops growing when mean daily temperatures drop below 22 °C (72 °F).^[3] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... West Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat often abbreviated to Kalbar) is a province of Indonesia. ... Worldwide more human beings gain their livelihood from agriculture than any other endeavor; the majority are self-employed subsistence farmers living in the tropics. ...

The centre of ecological diversity for durians is the island of Borneo, where the fruit of the edible species of Durio including D. zibethinus, D. dulcis, D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarium are sold in local markets. In Brunei, D. zibethinus is not grown because consumers prefer other species such as D. graveolens, D. kutejensis and D. oxyleyanus. These species are commonly distributed in Brunei and together with other species like D. testudinarium and D. dulcis, represent rich genetic diversity.^[12] Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems. ... Φ Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. ... Genetic diversity is a characteristic of ecosystems and gene pools that describes an attribute which is commonly held to be advantageous for survival -- that there are many different versions of otherwise similar organisms. ...

A durian stall in Singapore

Although the durian is not native to Thailand, the country is currently one of the major exporters of durians, growing 781,000 tonnes (769,000 LT/861,000 ST) of the world's total harvest of 1,400,000 tonnes (1,380,000 LT/1,540,000 ST) in 1999, exporting 111,000 tonnes (109,000 LT/122,000 ST).^[13] Malaysia and Indonesia followed, both producing about 265,000 tonnes (261,000 LT/292,000 ST) each. Malaysia exported 35,000 tonnes (34,000 LT/39,000 ST) in 1999.^[13] In the Philippines, the centre of durian production is the Davao Region. The Kadayawan Festival is an annual celebration featuring the durian in Davao City. Other places where durians are grown include Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, West Indies, Florida, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea, Polynesian Islands, Madagascar, southern China (Hainan Island), northern Australia, and Pulau Ubin island in Singapore. Download high resolution version (1280x960, 460 KB)Durian stall in Singapore Photograph taken 2002 November 26 in Singapore by Eli the Bearded. ... Download high resolution version (1280x960, 460 KB)Durian stall in Singapore Photograph taken 2002 November 26 in Singapore by Eli the Bearded. ... This article is about the metric tonne. ... A long ton is the name used in the US for the unit called the ton in the avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements, as used (alongside the metric system) in the United Kingdom and to some extent in other Commonwealth countries. ... The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ... Davao redirects here. ... Motto: Love, Peace, and Progress Map of Davao Region showing the location of Davao City Coordinates: 7° 30 N, 126° E Country Region Province None Districts 1st to 3rd Districts of Davao City Barangays 184 Incorporated (town) 1848 Incorporated (city) October 16, 1936 Government  - Mayor Rodrigo Duterte (Hugpong/PDP-Laban... Anthem: Kaba Ma Kyei Capital Naypyidaw , Largest city Yangon (Rangoon) Official languages Burmese Recognised regional languages Jingpho, Shan, Karen, Mon, Rakhine Demonym Burmese Government Military junta  -  Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Senior General Than Shwe  -  Vice Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Vice-Senior General... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ... The term northern Australia is generally considered to include the Australian states and territories of Queensland and the Northern Territory. ... Pulau Ubin is a small island (10. ...

Durian was introduced into Australia in the early 1960s and clonal material was first introduced in 1975. Over thirty clones of D. zibethinus and six Durio species have been subsequently introduced into Australia.^[14] China is the major importer, purchasing 65,000 tonnes (64,000 LT/72,000 ST) in 1999, followed by Singapore with 40,000 tonnes (39,000 LT/44,000 ST) and Taiwan with 5,000 tonnes (4,900 LT/5,500 ST). In the same year, the United States imported 2,000 tonnes (2,000 LT/2,200 ST), mostly frozen, and the European Community imported 500 tonnes (490 LT/550 ST).^[13] The European Community (EC) was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...

Durian flesh packed for sale, with an exposed seed

The durian is a seasonal fruit, unlike some other non-seasonal tropical fruits such as the papaya which are available throughout the year. In Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, the season for durians is typically from June to August, which coincides with that of the mangosteen.^[2] Prices of durians are relatively high as compared with other fruits. For example, in Singapore, the strong demand for high quality cultivars such as the D24, Sultan, and Mao Shan Wang has resulted in typical retail prices of between S$8 to S$15 (US$5 to US$10) per kilogram of whole fruit.^[9] With an average weight of about 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb), a durian fruit would therefore cost about S$12 to S$22 (US$8 to US$15).^[9] The edible portion of the fruit, known as the aril and usually referred to as the "flesh" or "pulp", only accounts for about 15-30% of the mass of the entire fruit.^[2] Many consumers in Singapore are nevertheless quite willing to spend up to around S$75 (US$50) in a single purchase of about half a dozen of the favoured fruit to be shared by family members.^[9] Image File history File links Pack of durian showing segments and stone. ... Image File history File links Pack of durian showing segments and stone. ... Binomial name L. This article is about the fruit. ... Binomial name L. The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical evergreen tree, believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. ... The Singapore dollar, divided into 100 cents, is the monetary unit of Singapore (currency code SGD). ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Mature and immature arils of Taxus baccata, a European yew. ...

In season durians can be found in mainstream Japanese supermarkets while, in the West, they are sold mainly by Asian markets.

Flavour and odour

Sign forbidding durians on Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit

The unusual flavour and odour of the fruit have prompted many people to express diverse and passionate views ranging from deep appreciation to intense disgust. Writing in 1856, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace provides a much-quoted description of the flavour of the durian: Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 471 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (804 × 1024 pixel, file size: 121 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A sign present in most MRTs in Singapore, banning food/drink, flammable liquid, smoking. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 471 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (804 × 1024 pixel, file size: 121 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A sign present in most MRTs in Singapore, banning food/drink, flammable liquid, smoking. ... A diagram of the physical spread of the MRT network across the island (includes lines under construction). ... Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... For the Cornish painter, see Alfred Wallis. ...

While Wallace cautions that "the smell of the ripe fruit is certainly at first disagreeable", later descriptions by westerners are more graphic. British novelist Anthony Burgess writes that eating durian is "like eating sweet raspberry blancmange in the lavatory."^[16] Chef Andrew Zimmern compares the taste to "completely rotten, mushy onions."^[17] Travel and food writer Richard Sterling says: Anthony Burgess (February 25, 1917 – November 22, 1993) was a British novelist, critic and composer. ... A basic blancmange. ... On location for his show, Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern. ...

Hydrogen sulphide, one of the chemical compounds that may be responsible for the characteristic odour of durian

Other comparisons have been made with the civet, sewage, stale vomit, skunk spray and used surgical swabs.^[19] The wide range of descriptions for the odour of durian may have a great deal to do with the variability of durian odour itself. Durians from different species or clones can have significantly different aromas; for example, red durian (D. dulcis) has a deep caramel flavour with a turpentine odour while red-fleshed durian (D. graveolens) emits a fragrance of roasted almonds.^[20] Among the varieties of D. zibethinus, Thai varieties are sweeter in flavour and less odourous than Malay ones.^[2] The degree of ripeness has an effect on the flavour as well.^[2] Three scientific analyses of the composition of durian aroma — from 1972, 1980, and 1995 — each found a mix of volatile compounds including esters, ketones, and different sulphur compounds, with no agreement on which may be primarily responsible for the distinctive odour.^[2] Image File history File links Hydrogen-sulfide-2D-dimensions. ... Image File history File links Hydrogen-sulfide-2D-dimensions. ... For other meaning link to H2S radar. ... Genera Chrotogale Cynogale Diplogale Hemigalus Arctogalidia Macrogalidia Paguma Paradoxurus Civettictis Viverra Viverricula Civets are mammals, most of which are species in the family Viverridae. ... Sewage is the mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water, faeces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry. ... Polecat redirects here. ... Caramel candy For other uses, see Caramel (disambiguation). ... For the band, see Turpentine (band). ... For other uses, see Almond (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ester (disambiguation). ... Ketone group A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ...

This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is extremely appetising to a variety of animals from squirrels to mouse deer, pigs, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers. While some of these animals eat the fruit and dispose of the seed under the parent plant, others swallow the seed with the fruit and then transport it some distance before excreting, with the seed being dispersed as the result.^[21] The thorny, armoured covering of the fruit discourages smaller animals; larger animals are more likely to transport the seeds far from the parent tree.^[22] This article is about the animal. ... The four species of chevrotain, also known as mouse deer (not to be confused with deer mice, Peromyscus), make up the family Tragulidae. ... For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ... This article is about the primate. ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus † Elephas beyeri † Elephas celebensis † Elephas cypriotes † Elephas ekorensis † Elephas falconeri † Elephas iolensis † Elephas planifrons † Elephas platycephalus † Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation). ...

Ripeness and selection

A customer sniffs durian before purchasing it.

According to Larousse Gastronomique, the durian fruit is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack.^[23] However, the ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of D. zibethinus are nearly always cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in southern Thailand prefer their durians relatively young when the clusters of fruit within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. In northern Thailand, the preference is for the fruit to be as soft and pungent in aroma as possible. In Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be quite ripe and may even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked open. In this state, the flesh becomes richly creamy, slightly alcoholic,^[19] the aroma pronounced and the flavour highly complex. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 401 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (857 × 1280 pixels, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 401 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (857 × 1280 pixels, file size: 217 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Larousse Gastronomique is the most respected of all the food encyclopedias, produced by the French publishing company founded by Pierre Larousse (1817-1875). ... Southern Thailand is a distinct region of Thailand, connected with the Central region by the narrow Kra Isthmus. ... Northern Thailand usually describes the area covered by 17 provinces. ...

The various preferences regarding ripeness among consumers make it hard to issue general statements about choosing a "good" durian. A durian that falls off the tree continues to ripen for two to four days, but after five or six days most would consider it overripe and unpalatable.^[24] The usual advice for a durian consumer choosing a whole fruit in the market is to examine the quality of the stem or stalk which loses moisture as it ages: a big, solid stem is a sign of freshness.^[25] Reportedly, unscrupulous merchants wrap, paint, or remove the stalks altogether. Another frequent piece of advice is to shake the fruit and listen for the sound of the seeds moving within, indicating the durian is very ripe and the pulp has dried out a bit.^[25] Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petiole and new stem rising from node. ...

History

Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas da India (1563)

The durian has been known and consumed in southeastern Asia since prehistoric times, but has only been known to the western world for about 600 years. The earliest known European reference to the durian is the record of Niccolò de' Conti, who travelled to southeastern Asia in the 15th century.^[2] The Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta described durians in Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas da India published in 1563. In 1741, Herbarium Amboinense by the German botanist Georg Eberhard Rumphius was published, providing the most detailed and accurate account of durians for over a century. The genus Durio has a complex taxonomy that has seen the subtraction and addition of many species since it was created by Rumphius.^[3] During the early stages of its taxonomical study, there was some confusion between durian and the soursop (Annona muricata), for both of these species had thorny green fruit.^[2] It is also interesting to note the Malay name for the soursop is durian Belanda, meaning Dutch durian.^[26] In the 18th century, Johann Anton Weinmann considered the durian to belong to Castaneae as its fruit was similar to the horse chestnut. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Stonehenge, England, erected by Neolithic peoples ca. ... Niccolò Da Conti (also Nicolò de Conti) (1395–1469) was a Venetian merchant and explorer, born in Chioggia, who traveled to India and Southeast Asia during the early 15th century. ... Garcia de Orta was a Renaissance Portuguese medical doctor and naturalist. ... Title page of Garcia de Ortas Colóquios. ... Georg Eberhard Rumphius (1628-1702) was a Dutch company director and botanist, best known for his authorship of Herbarium Amboinense, a catalogue of the plants of the island of Ambon (then in the Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia), published posthumously in 1741. ... For the science of classifying living things, see alpha taxonomy. ... Binomial name Annona muricata L. The Soursop, Guanábana or Corossol (Annona muricata) is a broadleaf flowering evergreen tree native to the Caribbean, Central and South America, from Brazil north to the West Indies. ... Johann Anton Weinmann (1782-1858) was a German botanist who served as Inspector of the Gardens in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ... Species Castanea alnifolia - Bush Chinkapin* Castanea crenata - Japanese Chestnut Castanea dentata - American Chestnut Castanea henryi - Henrys Chestnut Castanea mollissima - Chinese Chestnut Castanea ozarkensis - Ozark Chinkapin Castanea pumila - Allegheny Chinkapin Castanea sativa - Sweet Chestnut Castanea seguinii - Seguins Chestnut * treated as a synonym of by many authors Chestnut is a...

Durio zibethinus. Chromolithograph by Hoola Van Nooten, circa 1863

D. zibethinus was introduced into Ceylon by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was reintroduced many times later. It has been planted in the Americas but confined to botanical gardens. The first seedlings were sent from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to Auguste Saint-Arromen of Dominica in 1884.^[27] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (435x640, 71 KB) Summary Chromolithograph of Durian (Durio Zibethinus) by Hoola Van Nooten (fl 1863-1885), ca. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (435x640, 71 KB) Summary Chromolithograph of Durian (Durio Zibethinus) by Hoola Van Nooten (fl 1863-1885), ca. ... Chromolithography was the first method for making true multi color prints. ... Inside the United States Botanic Garden Washington, D.C. Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes. ... For other places with the same name, see Royal Botanical Gardens (disambiguation). ...

In southeast Asia the durian has been cultivated for centuries at the village level, probably since the late 18th century, and commercially in south-eastern Asia since the mid-20th century.^[2] In My Tropic Isle, Australian author and naturalist Edmund James Banfield tells how, in the early 20th century, a friend in Singapore sent him a durian seed, which he planted and cared for on his tropical island off the north coast of Queensland.^[28]-1... Edmund James Banfield (Ted) was born at Liverpool, England on the 4 September 1852, (died 5 June 1923 at Dunk Island) and was brought while a boy to Australia by his father, who settled at Ararat, Victoria. ... Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Motto(s): Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Anna Bligh (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 28  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $158,506 (3rd...

In 1949, the British botanist E. J. H. Corner published The Durian Theory, or the Origin of the Modern Tree. His idea was that endozoochory (the enticement of animals to transport seeds in their stomach) arose before any other method of seed dispersal, and that primitive ancestors of Durio species were the earliest practitioners of that strategy, especially the red durian exemplifying the primitive fruit of flowering plants. Edred John Henry Corner (12 January 1906 - 14 September 1996) was a botanist who occupied the posts of assistant director at the Singapore Botanic Gardens (1926 - 1946) and Professor of Tropical Botany at the University of Cambridge (1949-1973). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Since the early 1990s, the domestic and international demand for durian in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region has increased significantly, partly due to the increasing affluence in Asia.^[2] Hymn The ASEAN Hymn Jakarta, Indonesia Membership 10 Southeast Asian states Leaders  -  Secretary General Ong Keng Yong Area  -  Total 4,497,4931 km²  Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character , sq mi  Population  -   estimate 566. ...

Uses

Culinary

A durian-flavoured Yule log

Durian fruit is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet edibles such as traditional Malay candy, ice kachang, dodol, rose biscuits, and, with a touch of modern innovation, ice cream, milkshakes, mooncakes, Yule logs and cappuccino. Pulut Durian is glutinous rice steamed with coconut milk and served with ripened durian. In Sabah, red durian is fried with onions and chilli and served as a side dish.^[29] Red-fleshed durian is traditionally added to sayur, an Indonesian soup made from fresh water fish.^[30] Ikan brengkes is fish cooked in a durian-based sauce, traditional in Sumatra.^[31] Tempoyak refers to fermented durian, usually made from lower quality durian that is unsuitable for direct consumption.^[32] Tempoyak can be eaten either cooked or uncooked, is normally eaten with rice, and can also be used for making curry. Sambal Tempoyak is a Sumatran dish made from the fermented durian fruit, coconut milk, and a collection of spicy ingredients known as sambal. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 976 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Yule log User:Chensiyuan Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 976 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Yule log User:Chensiyuan Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ice kacang Ice kacang or Ais kacang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally red bean ice), is a dessert served in Malaysia. ... People making Dodol Dodol is a delicacy popular in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. ... Mooncakes are a Chinese pastry traditionally eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival. ... For other uses, see yule log (disambiguation) A chocolate yule log. ... A cappuccino poured with latte art into two rosettes. ... Glutinous rice ( or Oryza glutinosa; also called sticky rice, sweet rice, waxy rice, botan rice, mochi rice, and pearl rice) is a type of short-grained Asian rice that is especially sticky when cooked. ... Coconut milk in a bowl. ... For other uses, see Sabah (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Sumatra (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... This article is about the dish. ... Indonesian cuisine reflects the vast variety of people that live on the 6,000 populated islands that make up Indonesia. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Tempoyak, made from fermented durian

In Thailand, blocks of durian paste are sold in the markets, though much of the paste is adulterated with pumpkin.^[24] Unripe durians may be cooked as vegetable, except in the Philippines, where all uses are sweet rather than savoury. Malaysians make both sugared and salted preserves from durian. When durian is minced with salt, onions and vinegar, it is called boder. The durian seeds, which are the size of chestnuts, can be eaten whether they are boiled, roasted or fried in coconut oil, with a texture that is similar to taro or yam, but stickier. In Java, the seeds are sliced thin and cooked with sugar as a confectionery. Uncooked durian seeds are toxic due to cyclopropene fatty acids and should not be ingested.^[33] Young leaves and shoots of the durian are occasionally cooked as greens. Sometimes the ash of the burned rind is added to special cakes.^[24] The petals of durian flowers are eaten in the Batak provinces of Indonesia, while in the Moluccas islands the husk of the durian fruit is used as fuel to smoke fish. The nectar and pollen of the durian flower that honeybees collect is an important honey source, but the characteristics of the honey are unknown.^[34] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 800 pixels, file size: 207 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 800 pixels, file size: 207 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Adulterants are chemical substances which should not be contained within other substances (eg. ... For other uses, see Pumpkin (disambiguation). ... Coconut oil, also known as coconut butter, is a tropical oil extracted from copra (the dried inner flesh of coconuts) with many applications. ... This article is about the plant. ... Yams at Brixton market Yam is the common name for some species in the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae). ... Cyclopropene is the simplest cycloalkene. ... Not to be confused with fats. ... This article is about the plant section. ... Leaf vegetables, also called greens or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots. ... Peel, also known as rind, is the outer protective layer of a fruit. ... For other uses, see Batak (disambiguation). ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Smoking Smoking is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to the smoke from burning or smoldering plant materials, most often wood. ... For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ...

Nutritional and medicinal

Durian fruit contains a high amount of sugar,^[22] vitamin C, potassium, and the serotoninergic amino acid tryptophan,^[36] and is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.^[30][27] It is recommended as a good source of raw fats by several raw food advocates,^[37][38] while others classify it as a high-glycemic or high-fat food, recommending to minimise its consumption.^[39][40] Discover magazine reported an incident where a woman with preexisting renal failure ate a durian and ended up critically ill from potassium overdose.^[41] Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the digestive system, absorbing water and making defecation easier. ... For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin showing coloured alpha helices. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... This article is about the nutrient. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... This article is about the nutrient. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W)[1] is one of the 20 standard amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, and an essential amino acid in the human diet. ... Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin showing coloured alpha helices. ... For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... This article is about raw food consumption by humans. ... Glycemic index (also glycaemic index, GI) is a ranking system for carbohydrates based on their effect on blood glucose levels. ... Discover is a science magazine that publishes articles about science for a general audience. ... Renal failure or kidney failure is a situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately. ... Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5. ...

In Malaysia, a decoction of the leaves and roots used to be prescribed as an antipyretic. The leaf juice is applied on the head of a fever patient.^[24] The most complete description of the medicinal use of the durian as remedies for fevers is a Malay prescription, collected by Burkill and Haniff in 1930. It instructs the reader to boil the roots of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with the roots of Durio zibethinus, Nephelium longan, Nephelium mutabile and Artocarpus integrifolia, and drink the decoction or use it as a poultice.^[42] A decoction is a method of extraction of herbal or plant material, which includes, but is not limited to: Leaves, flowers, stems, roots, bark, and rhizomes. ... Antipyretics are drugs that prevent or reduce fever by lowering the body temperature from a raised state. ... Binomial name Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Ref: ITIS 21611 The Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.; Family Malvaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to east Asia, also known as China rose and Shoe flower. ... Binomial name Nephelium lappaceum var. ... Species See text Artocarpus is a genus of about 60 trees of Southeast Asian origin and the Pacific, belonging to the mulberry family Moraceae. ... A poultice is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. ...

In the 1920s, Durian Fruit Products, Inc., of New York City launched a product called "Dur-India" as a health food supplement, selling at US$9 for a dozen bottles, each containing 63 tablets. The tablets allegedly contained durian and a species of the genus Allium from India and vitamin E. The company promoted the supplement saying that they provide "more concentrated healthful energy in food form than any other product the world affords".^[24] The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Species Some important species: Allium acuminatum - tapertip onion Allium ampeloprasum var. ... The α-tocopherol form of vitamin E. Main articles: tocopherol and tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties. ...

Customs and beliefs

Southeast Asian folk beliefs, as well as traditional Chinese medicine, consider the durian fruit to have warming properties liable to cause excessive sweating.^[43] The traditional method to counteract this is to pour water into the empty shell of the fruit after the pulp has been consumed and drink it.^[19] An alternative method is to eat the durian in accompaniment with mangosteen that is considered to have cooling properties. People with high blood pressure or pregnant women are traditionally advised not to consume durian.^[11][44] Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Hyperhidrosis. ... Binomial name L. The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical evergreen tree, believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. ... Arterial hypertension, or high blood pressure is a medical condition where the blood pressure is chronically elevated. ...

Another common local belief is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee^[19] or alcoholic beverages.^[2] The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when Rumphius declared that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and bad breath. In 1929, J. D. Gimlette stated in his Malay Poisons and Charm Cures that the durian fruit must not be eaten with brandy. In 1981, J. R. Croft wrote in his Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea that a feeling of morbidity often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions.^[2] For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ... Halitosis, oral malodor (scientific term), breath odor, foul breath, fetor oris, fetor ex ore, or most commonly bad breath are terms used to describe noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing – whether the smell is from an oral source or not. ... For other uses, see Brandy (disambiguation). ...

The Javanese believe durian to have aphrodisiac qualities, and impose a strict set of rules on what may or may not be consumed with it or shortly thereafter.^[19] A saying in Indonesian, durian jatuh sarung naik, meaning "the durians fall and the sarungs come up", refers to this belief.^[45] The warnings against the supposed lecherous quality of this fruit soon spread to the West—the Swedenborgian philosopher Herman Vetterling commented on so-called "erotic properties" of the durian in the early 20th century.^[46] Javanese redirects here. ... This article is about agents which increase sexual desire. ... Emanuel Swedenborg, 75, holding the manuscript of Apocalypsis Revelata (1766). ... Carl Herman Vetterling (1849-1931), also known by the Tibetan pseudonym of Philangi Dasa,[1] was a Swedenborgian mystic who converted to Buddhism in 1884 and took the Tibetan name. ...

Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully capable of drawing blood.

A durian falling on a person's head can cause serious injuries because it is heavy, armed with sharp thorns, and can fall from a significant height. Wearing a hardhat is recommended when collecting the fruit. Alfred Russel Wallace writes that death rarely ensues from it, because the copious effusion of blood prevents the inflammation which might otherwise take place.^[15] A common saying is that a durian has eyes and can see where it is falling because the fruit allegedly never falls during daylight hours when people may be hurt.^[47] A saying in Indonesian, ketiban durian runtuh, which translates to "getting a fallen durian", means receiving an unexpected luck or fortune.^[48] Nevertheless, signs warning people not to linger under durian trees are found in Indonesia.^[49] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixels, file size: 1. ... Yellow hard hat A hard hat is a type of helmet predominately used in workplace environments such as construction sites to protect the head from injury such as from falling objects. ... For the Cornish painter, see Alfred Wallis. ... Effusion can refer to: In literature, effusion is the process of opening the flood gates to ones emotions, so to speak. ...

A naturally spineless variety of durian growing wild in Davao, Philippines, was discovered in the 1960s; fruits borne from these seeds were also spineless.^[2] Because the bases of the scales develop into spines as the fruit matures, sometimes spineless durians are produced artificially by scraping scales off of immature fruits.^[2] Davao refers to several places in Mindanao in the Philippines. ...

Cultural influence

Singapore's Esplanade building, nicknamed "The Durian"

The durian is commonly known as the "King of the Fruits",^[30] a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour.^[50] Due to its unusual characteristics, the durian has been referenced or parodied in various cultural mediums. To foreigners the durian is often perceived as a symbol of revulsion, as it can be seen in Dodoria, one of the villains in the Japanese anime Dragon Ball Z. Dodoria, whose name has been derived from the durian,^[51] was given a brutal appearance and a sinister role. In the Castlevania videogame series, "Rotten Durian" is an item that removes 500 HP from the character if consumed; its in-game description reads "Has introduced you to a whole new world of unpleasant odors." The game Super Mario Sunshine includes several minigames where one must throw fruit into baskets. The durian is unique among the fruit, in that it cannot be picked up because of its spiny exterior and instead must be kicked like a soccer ball into the basket. The role-playing game, Tales of Destiny includes the durian (spelt Dorian by translators) as part of the edible food list. While fairly expensive and filling, the fruit, when consumed, also comes with an additional benefit of reducing random encounters by repelling monsters, presumably with its smell. The fruit was featured in the video game Madagascar where the main character battles the final boss that spews out debilitating durian breaths, with durians also used as projectile weapons. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 699 KB) Summary The Esplanade, Singapore Taken by User:Sengkang of ENglish. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 699 KB) Summary The Esplanade, Singapore Taken by User:Sengkang of ENglish. ... The durian-shaped Esplanade stands out in front of the Marina Square area The Esplanade at night. ... Dodoria is a fictional character in the second half of the manga Dragon Ball, known as Dragon Ball Z in USA. His Japanese voice actor is Yukitoshi Hori. ... Animé redirects here. ... DBZ redirects here. ... This article is about the entire video game series. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Super Mario Sunshine ) is a platform game developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube. ... A football, when used in the singular, is a ball used to play one of the sports known as football. ... This article is about games in which one plays the role of a character. ... Tales of Destiny ) is a video game in the RPG genre published for the PlayStation console by Namco on December 23, 1997 in Japan. ...

Monument to durian at the Davao International Airport

In its native southeastern Asia, however, the durian is an everyday food and portrayed in the local media in accordance with the different cultural perception it has in the region. The durian symbolised the subjective nature of ugliness and beauty in Hong Kong director Fruit Chan's 2000 film Durian Durian (榴槤飄飄, Liulian piao piao), and was a nickname for the reckless but lovable protagonist of the eponymous Singaporean TV comedy Durian King played by Adrian Pang.^[52] Likewise, the oddly shaped Esplanade building in Singapore is often called "The Durian" by locals,^[52] and "The Big Durian" is the nickname of Jakarta, Indonesia.^[53] Motto: Love, Peace, and Progress Map of Davao Region showing the location of Davao City Coordinates: 7° 30 N, 126° E Country Region Province None Districts 1st to 3rd Districts of Davao City Barangays 184 Incorporated (town) 1848 Incorporated (city) October 16, 1936 Government  - Mayor Rodrigo Duterte (Hugpong/PDP-Laban... Fruit Chan (陳果) (born April 15, 1959 in Guangdong province, China) is an independent Hong Kong film director, best known for his style of film reflecting the everyday life of Hong Kong Chinese. ... The year 2000 in film involved some significant events. ... Durian Durian (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: Liúlián Piāopiāo; Cantonese Yale: Làuh Lìn Pìu Pìu) is a 2000 Hong Kong film directed by Fruit Chan. ... Singapore actor who trained at Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). ... The durian-shaped Esplanade stands out in front of the Marina Square area The Esplanade at night. ... Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ...

One of the names Thailand contributed to the list of storm names for Western North Pacific tropical cyclones was 'Durian',^[54] which was retired after the second storm of this name in 2006. Being a fruit much loved by a variety of wild beasts, the durian sometimes signifies the long-forgotten animalistic aspect of humans, as in the legend of Orang Mawas, the Malaysian version of Bigfoot, and Orang Pendek, its Sumatran version, both of which have been claimed to feast on durians.^[55][56] Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... The name Durian is on the name list for the western north Pacific and has been used for two tropical cyclones since the name list was introduced in 2000. ... Wikinews has related news: Hurricane season, 2006 The 2006 Pacific typhoon season had no official bounds; it ran year-round in 2006, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources. ... The Orang Pendek or Orang Pendak is a cryptid that is supposedly an unclassified species of primate similar to the orangutan that inhabits remote regions of the island of Sumatra. ...

Notes

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the day. ... The Oxford English Dictionary print set The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a dictionary published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), and is the most successful dictionary of the English language, (not to be confused with the one-volume Oxford Dictionary of English, formerly New Oxford Dictionary of English, of... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Latin name redirects here. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The American Journal of Botany (ISSN 00029122) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which includes research papers on all aspects of plant biology. ... The Straits Times is an English-language broadsheet newspaper based in Singapore, currently owned by the Singapore Press Holdings (SPH). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the day. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... FAO redirects here. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Cornish painter, see Alfred Wallis. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthony Burgess (February 25, 1917 – November 22, 1993) was a British novelist, critic and composer. ... Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern is a documentary-styled travel and cuisine program hosted by Andrew Zimmern on the Travel Channel. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... YouTube is a popular video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Alan Eaton Davidson (March 30, 1924 - December 2, 2003) was a British diplomat and historian best known for his books on food and gastronomy. ... The Oxford Companion to Food is an encyclopedia about food. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Harold McGee writes about the chemistry, techniques and history of food and cooking and is the author of two books that explain kitchen science in an approachable manner. ... Larousse Gastronomique is the most respected of all the food encyclopedias, produced by the French publishing company founded by Pierre Larousse (1817-1875). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Edmund James Banfield (Ted) was born at Liverpool, England on the 4 September 1852, (died 5 June 1923 at Dunk Island) and was brought while a boy to Australia by his father, who settled at Ararat, Victoria. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Discover Magazine is a science magazine that publishes articles about science. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The CRC Press, LLC is a publishing group which specializes in producing technical books in a wide range of subjects. ... Carl Herman Vetterling (1849-1931), also known by the Tibetan pseudonym of Philangi Dasa,[1] was a Swedenborgian mystic who converted to Buddhism in 1884 and took the Tibetan name. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Binomial name L. The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical evergreen tree, believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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